V 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

PRESENTED  BY 

PROF.  CHARLES  A.  KOFOID  AND 
MRS.  PRUDENCE  W.  KOFOID 


ff 


in; 


ANDS,  FORMOSA  AND 


The  discovery  of  the  major  portion  of  the  species  herein  defined 
is  due  to  the  untiring  industry  of  Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  of  Kyoto, 
Japan,  whose  researches  bid  fair  to  surpass  those  of  any  previous 
naturalist  in  the  extent  of  his  additions  to  our  knowledge  of  the 
Japanese  molluscan  fauna. 

Illustrations  of  the  following  species  will  accompany  a  contin- 
uation of  this  paper,  now  in  preparation. 

HELIOID^. 
Eulota  succincta  var.  amblytropis  n. 

Differs  from  succincta  in  having  the  peripheral  keel  obsolete  on 
the  latter  part  of  the  last  whorl,  which  is  quite  rounded.  Pale 
yellowish,  with  a  dark  reddish-chestnut  peripheral  band,  and  two 
somewhat  lighter  reddish  bands,  one  a,bove,  the  other  wider,  mid- 
way between  periphery  and  umbilicus.  Surface  rather  smoother 
than  in  succincta. 

Alt.  17J,  diam.  26  mm. 

Alt.  16,  diam.  23  mm. 

Alt.  14,  diam.  21  mm. 

Formosa.    Coll.  A.   N.   S.    P.    (No.    78,187),    and   Univ.    of 
Michigan. 
Eulota  Sargentiana  n.  sp. 

Shell  narrowly  umbilicate,  globose-turbinate,  rather  thin, 
slightly  shining ;  light  yellowish  brown  with  a  narrow  red-brown 
band  or  line  at  the  periphery,  and  reddish  within  the  umbilicus. 
Spire  elevated,  conic,  the  apex  acute;  whorls  6,  somewhat  convex, 
slowly  increasing,  the  last  angular  at  the  periphery  in  front,  becom- 
ing rounded  on  the  latter  half,  rather  swollen  below,  but  distinctly 
flattened  around  the  umbilicus,  especially  just  behind  the  basal 
lip.  Aperture  quite  oblique,  irregularly  lunate  ;  peristome  thin, 
13 


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1901.] 


:NCES  OF 


NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA. 


NEW  MOLLTJSCA  FROM  JAPAN,  THE  LOO  CHOO  ISLANDS,  FORMOSA  AND 
THE  PHILIPPINES. 

BY  HENRY  A.   FILSBRY. 

The  discovery  of  the  major  portion  of  the  species  herein  defined 
is  due  to  the  untiring  industry  of  Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  of  Kyoto, 
Japan,  whose  researches  bid  fair  to  surpass  those  of  any  previous 
naturalist  in  the  extent  of  his  additions  to  our  knowledge  of  the 
Japanese  molluscan  fauna. 

Illustrations  of  the  following  species  will  accompany  a  contin- 
uation of  this  paper,  now  in  preparation. 


Eulota  succincta  var.  amblytropis  n. 

Differs  from  succincta  in  having  the  peripheral  keel  obsolete  on 
the  latter  part  of  the  last  whorl,  which  is  quite  rounded.  Pale 
yellowish,  with  a  dark  reddish-chestnut  peripheral  band,  and  two 
somewhat  lighter  reddish  bands,  one  a,bove,  the  other  wider,  mid- 
way between  periphery  and  umbilicus.  Surface  rather  smoother 
than  in  succincta. 

Alt.  17J,  diam.  26  mm. 

Alt.  16,  diam.  23  mm. 

Alt.  14,  diam.  21  mm. 

Formosa.  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.  (No.  78,187),  and  Univ.  of 
Michigan. 

Eulota  Sargentiana  n.  sp. 

Shell  narrowly  umbilicate,  globose-turbinate,  rather  thin, 
slightly  shining;  light  yellowish  brown  with  a  narrow  red-brown 
band  or  line  at  the  periphery,  and  reddish  within  the  umbilicus. 
Spire  elevated,  conic,  the  apex  acute;  whorls  6,  somewhat  convex, 
slowly  increasing,  the  last  angular  at  the  periphery  in  front,  becom- 
ing rounded  on  the  latter  half,  rather  swollen  below,  but  distinctly 
flattened  around  the  umbilicus,  especially  just  behind  the  basal 
lip.  Aperture  quite  oblique,  irregularly  lunate  ;  peristome  thin, 
13 


194  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [March, 

distinctly,  though  narrowly  expanded,  the  basal  lip  straightened, 
reflexed ;  rather  suddenly  dilated  at  the  columellar  insertion,  half 
covering  the  umbilicus;  parietal  callus  scarcely  perceptible. 

Alt.  22,  diam.  28  mm. 

Formosa.  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.  (No.  78,188),  and  Univ.  of 
Michigan. 

This  species  belongs  to  the  group  of  E.  succincta,  differing  from 
that  form  in  the  more  globose  and  conic  shell,  rather  acute  spire, 
and  straightened  basal  lip.  It  is  named  in  honor  of  Mr.  H.  E. 
Sargent,  the  efficient  curator  of  the  museum  of  the  University  of 
Michigan. 

ZONITIDJE. 
Lamprocystis  spadix  S  and  B.,  var.  cinctus  n.  v. 

Shell  white,  with  a  supraperipheral  red-brown  band.  Formosa 
(J.  B.  Steere).  Numerous  examples  of  the  typical  L.  spadix  were 
also  taken  by  Mr.  Steere. 

Vitrinoconus  Moellendorffi  n.  sp. 

Shell  high-conic,  thin,  light  brown ;  rather  strongly  but  irregu- 
larly striate,  the  striae  slightly  arcuate,  weaker  beneath  and  dis- 
appearing on  the  early  whorls ;  outlines  of  the  spire  almost  straight, 
the  apex  obtuse.  Whorls  9,  very  slowly  increasing,  very  slightly 
convex,  the  sutures  filled  by  a  seam-like  cord;  last  whorl  acutely 
keeled,  the  keel  compressed,  projecting;  base  slightly  convex. 
Umbilicus  contained  3J  times  in  the  total  diameter  of  the  shell, 
well-like,  with  flattened  sides,  bordered  by  a  projecting  and  com- 
pressed cord-like  keel.  Aperture  oblique,  small;  acutely  angular 
at  the  position  of  the  peripheral  keel,  and  emarginate  where  the 
umbilical  keel  terminates;  the  basal  margin  arcuate;  peristome 
perceptibly  thickened,  the  outer  lip  simple,  basal  and  columellar 
margins  a  little  expanded. 

Alt.  7.7,  diam.  10  mm.;  umbilicus  3  mm. 

Alt.  8. 2,  diam.  10  mm. ;  umbilicus  3  mm. 

Panay,  Philippines  (J.  B.  Steere  Exped. ). 

This  species  belongs  to  the  "  group  of  V.  cyathellus"  in  Dr. 
von  Mollendorff's  excellent  arrangement  of  the  genus  (Semper5  s 
Eeisen,  VIII,  p.  42),  and  to  the  first  division  of  that  group  in 
von  Mollendorff's  key,  which  to  accommodate  this  species  may  be 
supplemented  thus: 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  195 

A. — Umbilicus  bounded  by  an  angle  : 

(i. — Umbilical  angle  simple;  whorls  8-J,    .      V.  goniomplw.lus. 
a'. — Umbilical  angle  bearing  a  cord-like  keel: 

b. — Alt.  two-thirds  of    the  diam.     Width  of    umbilicus 
contained  4J  times  in  diam.  of  base.     Whorls  9£, 

V.  omphalotropis. 

b'. — Alt.    somewhat   exceeding    three-fourths   the    diam. 
Umbilicus  contained  3J  times  in  diam.     Whorls  9, 

V.  Moellendorffi. 

Besides  the  differences  between  Moellendorffi  and  omphalotropis 
given  in  the  above  table,  the  former  has  the  base  decidedly  more 
flattened. 

SUCCINEIDJB. 
Succinea  ogasawarae  n.  sp. 

Shell  short  and  broad  for  the  genus,  squarish-oblong;  very  thin, 
translucent  and  corneous  with  whitish  streaks  and  clouds,  rather 
coarsely  wrinkled  in  harmony  with  the  lines  of  growth.  Spire 
excessively  short,  obtuse,  flattened  above,  there  being  barely  two 
whorls  separated  by  a  comma-shaped  suture;  the  last  whorl  quite 
convex,  its  earlier  portion  very  convex.  Aperture  very  large, 
eleven-twelfths  the  greatest  length  of  the  shell,  very  broadly  ovate 
in  form.  Greatest  length  of  shell  (measured  obliquely  to  the 
axis)  12.5,  greatest  width  (measured  at  right  angles  to  preceding) 
8.5;  convexity  4.8;  longest  axis  of  aperture  11.5,  width  8J  mm. 

Ogasawara  (Bonin)  Islands  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  617a). 

A  remarkable  species,  in  which  the  spire  is  reduced  to  a  mere 
papilla,  and  the  last  whorl  is  large  and  convex.  If  the  measure- 
ments were  taken  in  the  conventional  manner,  the  diameter  would 
about  equal  the  altitude,  but  in  a  species  so  oblique  in  two  planes 
as  this  one,  I  have  preferred  to  give  measurements  not  involving 
the  direction  of  the  coluraellar  axis. 
Succinea  punctulispira  n.  sp. 

Shell  ovate,  very  thin  and  fragile,  pale  yellow,  subtranslucent, 
the  spire  sometimes  slightly  tinted  with  red;  sculpture  of  moder- 
ately coarse  growth  wrinkles,  and  upon  the  spire  and  earlier  portion 
of  the  last  whorl  minutely  and  densely  punctate,  the  pits  arranged 
in  spiral  series.  Spire  rather  short  and  conically  projecting,  com- 
posed of  2 \  whorls,  the  first  one  very  convex;  last  whorl  convex, 
distinctly  dilated  or  bell-shaped  at  the  mouth.  Aperture  regularly 
ovate,  the  outer  lip  evenly  curved,  columellar  lip  simple  and 


196  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ACADEMY    OF  [March, 

narrow.  Length  (measured  in  the  ordinary  manner)  13,  diani. 
9,  longest  axis  of  aperture  11,  width  7.5  mm.  Largest  specimen 
in  type  lot  14.5  mm.  long. 

Ogasawara,  or  Bonin,  Islands  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  6176.). 

I  am  no  enthusiast  on  the  subject  of  specific  differentiation  in 
the  genus  Succinea,  but  the  two  species  described  above  differ  from 
those  previously  .known  so  strongly  that  they  become  of  some 
interest.  It  is  questionable  whether  these  species  are  of  common 
ancestry  with  8.  lauta  or  8.  horticola,  the  two  Japanese  Succineas. 
I  incline  to  the  view  that  they  have  no  direct  relationship. 

Some  years  ago,  the  Abbe  A.  Vathelet  gave  me  specimens  of 
Succinea  lauta  under  the  name  "  8.  Vatheleti  Mabille."  I  do  not 
know  that  this  supposed  new  species  has  been  published. 

COLUMBBLLID^E. 
Columbella  polynyma  n.  n. 

Columbella  misera  Sow.,  Dunker,  Index  Moll.  Mar.  Jap.,  p.  54.  Not 
0.  miser  Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  I,  p.  129  bis,  PI.  38,  fig.  111. 

Columbella  japonica  Martens,  Conchol.  Misc.,  in  Archiv  f.  Naturg., 
LXIII,  1897,  p.  170,  PI.  16,  fig.  6.  Not  C.  japonica  Eeeve,  Conch. 
Icon.,  1858. 

Shell  short-fusiform,  solid,  yellow  or  orange- yellow,  typically  with 
a  subsutural  white  band  irregularly  marked  with  black-brown  or  red- 
brown,  the  slender  lower  portion  of  the  base  also  whitish  with  dark 
or  reddish  dots  or  stripes;  two  white  lines  or  girdles  likewise  dark- 
dotted  upon  the  intermediate  part  of  the  last  whorl ;  but  sometimes 
the  dark  markings  are  faint  or  in  part  wanting.  Surface  glossy, 
sculptured  with  very  short  longitudinal  folds  above,  scarcely 
reaching  the  suture  and  not  extending  below  the  periphery ;  the 
folds  on  the  spire  becoming  weak  at  both  sutures.  Base  spirally 
lirate.  Whorls  about  6J.  Aperture  rather  narrow,  the  outer  lip 
thick  and  furnished  with  a  series  of  short  folds  within;  columella 
smooth.  Length  11,  diam.  5.3,  length  of  aperture  5.5  mm. 

Kumihama,  prov.  Tango  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No.  80,556, 
coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  1,097  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

This  pretty  little  Columbella  has  fared  ill  in  the  matter  of  names, 
as  the  references  above  bear  witness.  It  is  closely  related  to  the  true 
C.  misera  of  Sowerby,  but  that  species  has  stronger  folds,  especially 
those  upon  the  spire,  and  a  white  or  nearly  white  ground-color 
profusely  marked  with  blackish-brown,  the  summit  of  each  fold 
having  a  vertical  line  or  a  spot  of  that  shade.  In  C.  polynyma 
the  folds  are  weaker,  and  the  color-scheme  quite  different. 


1901.]  NATURAL    SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  197 

C.  misera  was  taken  in  some  numbers  by  Mr.  F.  Stearns  at 
Kamakura,  prov.  Sagami.  The  specimens  vary  from  completely 
typical  to  a  broader  form.  The  habitat  of  the  type  was  unknown, 
but  from  the  exact  agreement  of  Japanese  examples  with  the 
original  figure,  it  may  not  unlikely  have  been  from  Japan.  1 
know  of  no  other  positive  locality  for  the  species. 

Prof,  von  Martens  has  quoted  the  figures  of  C.  miser  Duclos 
in  Chenu,  Illust.  Conchy  I.,  PL  21,  figs.  13-16,  as  representing  his 
C.  japonica ;  but  these  figures  show  the  characteristic  spots  on  the 
ribs  of  C.  misera,  and  in  my  opinion  do  not  represent  any  form  of 
the  present  species. 

BUCCINIDJE. 
Chrysodomus  intersculptus  var.  frater  n. 

Shell  differing  from  C.  intersculptus  Sowb.1  in  having  fewer  and 
comparatively  stronger  spiral  ribs,  the  intervals  densely  and  finely 
striate  spirally,  the  anterior  canal  longer,  more  slender,  with  no 
appearance  of  a  siphonal  funicle.  Length  84,  diam.  45,  length 
of  aperture  50  mm. 

Kizennuma,  prov.  Rikuzen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

Typical  C.  intersculptus  comes  from  the  west  coast  of  the  main 
island.  This  form  probably  replaces  it  on  the  east  or  ocean  coast. 

FASCIOLARIID^J. 
Peristernia  ustulata  var.  luchuana  n. 

Similar  in  form  and  sculpture  to  P.  ustulata  (Rve)  from  the 
Fiji  Islands,  but  with  fewer  and  larger  longitudinal  folds,  7  on  the 
last  whorl;  fleshy  buff,  usually  with  a  brown  spot  in  each  interval 
at  the  periphery,  the  aperture  yellow  and  lirate  within,  the  end  of 
the  anterior  canal  blackish  purple.  Columella  with  two  folds, 
stronger  than  in  P.  ustulata.  Length  28,  diam.  12,  length  of 
aperture  14  mm. 

Loo  Choo  Islands  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

This  form  resembles  Peristernia  infracincta  (Kobelt)2  in  colora- 
tion, but  differs  in  wanting  the  subcentral  stronger  spiral  on  the 
upper  whorls,  and  four  larger  spirals  below  the  periphery  of  the 
last  whorl,  which  Kobelt  found  constant  in  ten  specimens  of  his 

1  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.   (7),  IV,  p.  371,  Nov.  1899.     Mr.  Hirase  sends 
this  species  from  Kumihama,  prov.  Tango. 

2  Conchylien  Cabinet,  "Turbinella,"  p.  92, 157. 


198  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ACADEMY   OF  [March, 

species.  P.  ustulata,  in  the  wide  limits  given  by  Tryon,8  has  a 
somewhat  extended  range  in  the  southwest  Pacific,  but  it  has 
not  before  been  reported  from  so  far  north  as  the  Loo  Choo  group. 

LITTORINIDJE. 
Echinella  Cumingi  var.  luchuana  nov. 

Shell  similar  to  E.  cumingi  Phil,  in  having  a  circular,  deep 
umbilicus  bounded  by  a  white  marginal  rib;  but  narrower,  with  the 
last  whorl  less  depressed,  the  two  peripheral  series  of  tubercles 
much  less  prominent,  some  coarse,  subtuberculate  cords  revolving 
between  them,  and  also  below  the  sutural  series.  Base  more  con- 
vex, rfdth  finer  and  not  granose  spira)  striae  below  the  subperi- 
pheral  series  of  granules.  Flesh-colored,  violet  or  bluish,  the 
tubercles  whitish.  Aperture  orange-brown  inside;  dark  brown 
with  the  columella  purple,  in  violet  or  bluish  shells. 

Alt.  16,  diam.  14  mm. 

Alt.  13,  diam.  11  mm. 

Loo  Choo  Islands  (Frederick  Stearns,  Y*.  Hirase). 

This  is  the  form  I  reported  from  the  Loo  Choo  Islands  in  Catal. 
Mar.  Moll.  Jap.,  p.  175.  I  have  seen  a  great  many  specimens, 
but  none  approach  the  real  Cumingi  of  Polynesia. 

TURBONILLIDJE. 
Turbonilla  varicifera  n.  sp. 

Shell  long  and  slender,  white,  composed  of  at  least  15  whorls 
(the  nuclear  portion  broken  off).  Sculpture  of  close,  rather  stout 
rounded  ribs  only  very  slightly  sinuous  or  oblique,  about  19  in 
number  on  the  last  whorl  (which  ends  with  a  broad  varix),  as 
wide  as  or  slightly  wider  than  the  intervals,  and  stopping  abruptly 
just  below  the  periphery,  the  somewhat  convex  base  very  faintly 
striated  spirally.  Scattered  among  the  ribs  there  are  a  few  stout, 
wide,  rounded  varices,  at  intervals  of  several  whorls.  Aperture 
small,  subtrapezoidal,  the  columella  straight  and  vertical. 

Length  11:8,  diam.  2.6  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

This  rather  large,  many-whorled  and  varicose  species  differs 
from  T.  varicosa  in  having  the  columella  straight  above,  not 
' '  superne  valde  sinuata, ' '  as  Dunker  describes  his  species. 

3  Manual  of  Conchology,  III,  p.  84. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  199 

TROCHID^J. 
Cantharidus  (Phasianotrochjis)  Hirasei  n.  sp. 

Shell  ovate-pyramidal,  solid,  of  a  uniform  olive  or  brownish  - 
olive  color,  or  belted  with  numerous  reddish  spiral  bands.  Smooth 
except  for  faint  growth-lines  above,  the  base  scored  by  5  or  6  nar- 
row, spaced,  concentric  grooves,  stronger  near  the  axis.  Spire 
conic,  whorls  6J,  convex,  the  last  subangular  at  the  periphery, 
convex  beneath.  Aperture  oblique,  brilliantly  green  inside,  with 
a  dusky  submarginal  band,  the  edge  pale;  columella  opaque  white, 
rounded ;  the  umbilical  region  irnpertorate  or  with  a  very  minute 
perforation. 

Alt.  10,  diam.  6.5  to  7  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

This  is  a  true  Phasianotrochus,  the  first  made  known  from 
Japan,  having  the  green  nacre  of  the  interior  iridescent  with  the 
characteristic  splendor  of  the  subgenus.  The  other  species  of  this 
division  are  from  Australia  and  Tasmania. 

In  one  banded  specimen  the  earliest  three  whorls  are  variegated 
with  pink  and  white,  like  a  Phasianella,  and  assimilating  to  some 
Australian  species  of  Phasianotrochus. 
Cantharidus  bisbalteatus  n.  sp. 

Shell  elevated  conic,  imperforate  or  minutely  rimate,  glossy. 
Encircled  by  a  crimson  or  scarlet  belt  at  the  periphery  and  another 
bordering  the  suture  below,  continuous  or  interrupted  by  white 
streaks  or  spots,  and  roseate  around  the  umbilical  tract,  the  inter- 
vening spaces  somewhat  olivaceous,  with  a  few  narrow  spirals  of 
alternate  blue  or  white  and  red-brown  dots;  two  or  three  of  these 
spiral  lines  ascending  the  ?pire.  Sculpture  of  slight  growth-lines 
and  fainter  or  wholly  obsolete  fine  spiral  striae  above,  and  about 
6  fine-spaced  grooves  around  the  umbilical  region,  stronger  toward 
the  middle.  Spire  conic,  the  apex  acute ;  whorls  about  6 J,  quite 
convex,  separated  by  an  impressed  suture,  the  last  whorl  subangu- 
lar at  the  periphery,  convex  beneath.  Aperture  oblique,  rounded - 
rhombic,  pearly  and  iridescent  within,  with  green,  or  green  and  red 
reflections;  scarcely  showing  any  appearance  of  sulcation.  Co- 
lumella white,  concave  above,  somewhat  straightened  in  the 
middle ;  columellar  area  excavated,  white. 

Alt.  12.5,  diam.  8.5  to  9  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 


200  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [March, 

Compared  with  the  excessively  variable  C.  japonicus  (A.  Ad.), 
described  as  Zizyphinus  japonieus,  the  present  species  differs  in 
being  shorter  and  broader,  with  more  convex  whorls,  less  angular 
periphery  and  smoother  base,  the  concentric  grooves  being  finer, 
and  not  extending  outward  so  far. 

Clanculus  gemmulifer  n.  sp. 

Shell  low-trochiform,  solid,  angular  at  the  periphery,  slightly 
convex  beneath.  Ground-color  red  or  dull  red.  Sculpture  of 
spiral  cords  cut  into  smooth  rounded  'Jbeads,  these  cords  a  little 
narrower  than  the  intervals  on  the  upper  surface,  smaller  on  the 
base  and  about  equal  in  width  to  their  intervals.  Above  the  peri- 
phery on  the  last  whorl  there  are  five  bead-rows,  all  of  them 
dotted,  either  having  a  black  interval  between  two  white  beads, 
or  with  a  black  and  a  white  bead,  the  intervals  consisting 
of  two  or  three  red  beads;  base  similarly" variegated,  but  the  dots 
are  sometimes  brown.  Furrows  between  the  bead-rows  finely  and 
densely  decussate  by  spiral  and  oblique  raised  striae  or  threads. 
Spire  straightly  conic,  the  apex  acute,  roseate.  Whorls  about  6, 
the  last  deflexed  in  front.  Aperture  oblique,  contracted  by  a  sim- 
ple, rather  compressed  fold  at  the  foot  of  the  columella,  and 
another  near  the  upper  end  of  the  outer  lip,  several  small  folds 
between  them.  Columella  contorted  above,  deeply  entering  the 
false-umbilicus,  the  margin  of  which  is  toothed.  Parietal  callus 
strongly  plicate. 

Alt.  7.5,  diam.  9  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

Closely  related  to  C.  margaritarius  Phil.,  which  occurs  at  the 
same  locality,  but  is  larger  and  more  elevated,  with  more  whorls, 
and  further  differs  in  the  trifid  columellar  tooth,  more  rounded 
periphery,  and  in  having  the  first  and  third  bead-rows  unspotted 
except  close  to  the  aperture.  A  well -grown  specimen  of  (7.  mar- 
garitarius  measures:  alt.  15,  diam.  16  mm.  C.  unedo  is  a  more 
elevated  species,  with  heavier  columellar  fold  and  some  unspotted 
bead-rows. 

Clanculus  microdon  var.  ater  n.  v. 

Shell  black  with  a  few  inconspicuous  whitish  dots  and  bright 
rose  apex,  the  coloration  resembling  C.  atropurpureus  Old.  Spiral 
lirse  about  17  on  the  last  whorl,  with  threads  or  minor  line  in  some 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  201 

of  the  intervals.     Whorls  of  Ihe  spire  angular  by  the  prominence 
of  the  middle  beaded  cord.     Whorls  6. 

Alt.  11,  diam.  13  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen  (Y.  Hirase). 

Seems  to  agree  with  C.  microdon  except  in  coloration,  greater 
number  of  spiral  cords  and  other  characters  given  above,  but  will 
probably  be  considered  a  separate  species  eventually.  From  the 
Polynesian  C.  atropurpureus,  which  von  Martens  reports  from  the 
Mergui  Archipelago,  it  is  distinct  in  sculpture,  etc. 
Clanculus  hizenensis  n.  sp. 

Shell  turbinate,  moderately  solid,  alternately  whitish  and  dark 
brown  in  broad  radial  flames  above,  whitish  profusely  speckled 
with  olive-brown  beneath.  Sculpture  of  four  coarse,  spaced, 
beaded,  spiral  cords  above,  separated  by  intervals  of  their  own 
width,  sharply  and  densely  striate  by  the  growth-lines;  the  base 
with  9  much  smaller,  closer,  concentric  cords,  slightly  cut  by 
obliquely  radial  grooves,  the  outer  cord  larger.  Whorls  nearly  6, 
the  last  rounded  at  the  periphery,  slightly  convex  beneath.  Aper- 
ture oblique,  rounded,  the  outer  lip  usually  weakly  plicate  within 
in  fully  mature  shells;  columella  having  a  weak  fold  above,  and 
inserted  on  the  right  side  of  the  umbilicus,  terminating  below  in  a 
strongly  projecting,  simple,  tooth-like  fold.  Marginal  rib  of  the 
umbilicus  having  a  few  weak  nodules. 

Alt.  7,  diam.  7.5  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

Closely  resembles  the  more  plain-colored  specimens  of  C.  Thomasi 
Crosse,  from  New  Caledonia,  but  the  spirals  above  are  less  unequal, 
more  strongly  beaded  and  more  spaced,  with  sharply  striate  inter- 
vals. It  is  a  somewhat  larger  shell  than  C.  Thomasi.  Sometimes 
one  or  two  of  the  spaces  between  the  cords  of  the  upper  surface 
bear  a  minute  thread. 
Euchelus  ruber  A.  Ad.,  var.  brunneus  n.  v. 

Shell  similar  to  E.  ruber,  but  dull  brown  or  fleshy  brown,  with 
scattered  brown  dots. 

Alt.  6-J,  diam.  6  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen. 

Similar  to  E.  ruber  in  sculpture,  but  as  all  the  Japanese  speci- 
mens I  have  seen  are  difterent  in  color,  it  is  probably  distinguish- 
able as  a  dull-colored  race. 


202  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE    ACADEMY   OF  [March, 

Chlorostoma  argyrostomum  var.  basiliratum  n. 

Shell  imperf  orate,  smaller  than  the  typical  form,  with  coarser 
corrugation  above,  the  base  strongly  lirate  concentrically. 

Hirado,  Hizen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

This  form  is  intermediate  between  the  finely  corrugated  Chinese 
argyrostomum  and  the  coarsely  sculptured  Japanese  species  of 
Chlorostoma.  I  know  of  no  authentic  record  of  C.  argyrostomum 
from  Japan. 


Acmaea  Heroldi  var.  signata  nov. 

About  the  size  and  form  of  A.  Heroldi.  Nearly  smooth  or  with 
very  low,  weak  radial  ribs;  white,  with  eight  gray  rays  variegated 
with  brown.  Interior  white  or  brownish  within  the  muscle-scar, 
the  edge  dotted  and  maculate  with  brown. 

Length  13,  breadth  10,  alt,  4  mm. 

Otoshima,  prov.  Bitchu  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

A  form  from  Kamakura,  taken  by  Mr.  F.  Stearns,  seems  refer- 
able to  this  variety.  It  is  smaller  and  higher,  length  9.  5,  breadth 
7.5,  alt.  4  mm.,  without  a  marked  internal  margin  or  central  area, 
the  rays  showing  through. 

It  may  be  well  to  say  in  this  connection  that  the  Patella  pallida 
of  Gould,  formerly  referred  by  me  to  Helcioniscus,  is  a  true 
Acmcea  in  shell  characters.  Mr.  Hirase  has  sent  specimens  from 
Mashike,  Teshio,  in  Hokkaido. 

Patella  grata  Gould  has  "  about  the  contour  of  Helcioniscus 
eucosmius  Pils.  ,  is  quite  acutely  conic,  with  strongly  spinose  ribs,  '  ' 
according  to  a  note  I  made  on  the  type,  No.  1,965,  U.  S.  Na- 
tional Museum. 

PATELLID^. 
Patella  luchuana  n.  sp. 

Shell  small,  solid,  rounded-  oval,  conic,  the  altitude  nearly  half 
the  breadth;  apex  erect  and  acute,  situated.  a  little  in  front  of  the 
centre;  anterior  and  posterior  slopes  somewhat  convex.  Surface 
dull,  sculptured  with  many  narrow  riblets,  several  inconspicuous 
radial  threads  in  each  interval.  Greenish  gray,  indistinctly 
speckled  with  dark  brown.  Interior  bluish  or  livid  white,  the 
area  within  the  muscle-impression  large,  calloused,  the  impression 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  203 

distinct,  impressed.  Edge  beveled,  having  a  narrow  gray  or  green- 
ish border  and  profusely  or  sparingly  dotted  with  black -brown. 

Length  12,  breadth  10,  alt.  4.5  mm. 

Length  13,  breadth  10.5,  alt.  4.5  mm. 

Loo  Choo  Islands  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

A  small  species  with  inconspicuous  sculpture,  but  so  solid  that  I 
take  the  specimens  to  be  adult.  The  base  is  curved  in  some  speci- 
mens, as  though  they  had  lived  on  shells,  while  in  others  it  is 
nearly  level.  None  of  the  species  described  from  the  region 
resembles  this  one. 

CHITONIDJE. 
Onithochiton  Hirasei  n.  sp. 

Oblong,  moderately  elevated,  not  carinate,  the  dorsal  ridge 
being  rounded,  side  slopes  straight;  smooth  and  glossy,  yellow 
marbled  with  whitish,  having  a  chestnut  triangle  or  some  chestnut 
dots  at  the  ridge  of  each  valve,  several  blue  and  olive  clouds  or 
blotches  in  front  of  the  diagonal  lines,  and  with  more  or  less 
variegation  of  the  same  colors  on  the  lateral  areas. 

Anterior  valve  having  black  eyes  arranged  in  about  10  primary 
radii,  with  many  others  irregularly  scattered  or  in  shorter  rows. 
Valve  ii,  as  usual,  longer  than  iii  to  viii;  all  intermediate  valves 
beaked,  having  the  lateral  areas  indistinctly  defined,  the  diagonal 
ridge  inconspicuous  except  near  the  beaks ;  growth-lines  fine,  curv- 
ing backward  on  the  ridge;  and  adults  have  several  spaced,  deeper 
concentric  grooves  near  the  sides  and  anterior  margin  of  each 
valve ;  near  the  beaks  the  diagonal  ridge  becomes  raised  and  beaded, 
and  there  are  irregular,  forwardly -converging  zigzag  grooves  upon  the 
pleural  tracts.  A  narrow  line  of  eyes  radiates  along  the  anterior 
part  of  each  lateral  area;  and  there  are  pits  as  large  as  the  eyes, 
but  not  pigmented,  scattered  sparsely  upon  the  pleural  tracts. 
Valve  viii  depressed,  triangular,  with  the  usual  terminal  apex, 
and  linear,  rugose,  posterior  area;  the  breadth  of  the  tegmentum 
twice  its  length. 

Interior  white,  stained  with  dull  purple  and  punctulate  in  the 
middle;  valve-callus  heavy;  reflexed  border  rather  wide;  sinus 
rather  wide,  finely  denticulate;  insertion  plates  moderately  long, 
finely  pectinated  outside ;  slits  9  in  valve  i,  1-1  in  valves  ii  to  vii ; 
a  wide,  flat  ledge  in  place  of  the  insertion-plate  in  valve  viii. 


204  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ACADEMY    OF  [March, 

Girdle  dark  brown  with  irregular  buff  patches,  smooth  to  the 
eye,  but  seen  to  be  microscopically  granulose  under  a  strong  lens. 

Length  about  36,  width  20  rnm. 

Hirado,  prov.  Hizen.  Types  No.  80,571,  coll.  A.  N.  S.  P., 
from  No.  1,176  of  Mr.  Hirase's  catalogue. 

This  is  the  first  species  of  the  genus  described  since  the  publica- 
tion of  my  monograph  in  1892,  and  the  only  one  known  from 
north  of  the  equator.  The  sculpture  of  the  valves  is  unlike  any 
described  Onithochiton.  A  very  young  specimen  was  reported  as 
"  Tonicia  sp."  in  the  Nautilus,  XII,  p.  50. 

It  is  named  in  honor  of  ray  esteemed  Japanese  correspondent. 

CRYPTOPLACIDuEJ. 

Two  species  of  Cryptoplax,  the  first  known  from  north  of  the 
equator,  have  been  found  by  Mr.  Hirase,  at  Hirado,  Hizen.  One 
of  them,  which  I  call  C.  japonieus  n.  sp.,  has  valve -sculpture  like 
(7.  Gunnii  (Rve. )  of  South  Australia,  and  the  spacing  of  the 
valves  along  the  back  is  similar;  but  in  the  Japanese  species  the 
last  four  valves  are  smaller,  valve  viii  being  scarcely  longer  than 
valve  ii,  while  in  C.  Gunnii  and  C.  striatus  it  is  a  fourth  longer. 
The  girdle  is  densely  spiculose,  much  as  in  C.  striatus.  The  articu- 
1  amenta  are  green. 

Length  of  dried  animal  about  26,  breadth  5.5  mm. 

In  another  species,  C.  rhodoplax  n.  sp.,  the  valves  are  spaced 
about  as  in  C.  japonieus,  but  are  sculptured  much  as  in  C.  larvce- 
formis,  with  low,  irregular  ridges  parallel  to  the  lateral  margins  of 
the  valves,  the  articulamenta  being  bright  rose  colored.  Valve  vi 
is  the  smallest.  The  posterior  insertion-plate  of  valve  viii  is  vertical ; 
and  the  sutural  laminse  and  insertion -plates  of  all  the  valves  are 
much  shorter  than  in  C.  larvceformis. 

Length  of  the  dried  animal  28  mm. 

A  full  account  of  these  species  will  be  given  later;  and  mean- 
time I  hope  to  procure  alcoholic  specimens  for  description  and  illus- 
tration. 

PETRICOLIDJE. 
Petricola  cyclus  n.  sp. 

Shell  solid,  white,  subcircular  though  with  somewhat  irregular 
outline,  swollen,  the  beaks  full,  projecting,  turned  forward,  situ- 
ated at  about  the  anterior  third  of  the  length.  Periphery  convex 


1901.]  NATURAL    SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  205 

throughout,  the  posterior  end  sometimes  a  little  produced.  Sculp- 
ture of  slightly  irregular  radial  riblets  about  equal  to  their  inter- 
vals, often  stronger  posteriorly,  gradually  weakening  anteriorly 
and  \vholly  obsolete  on  the  anterior  half  or  third  of  the  valve; 
rude,  crowded,  bluntly  lamellar  circular  striae  everywhere  minutely 
rougrhening  the  surface.  Interior  white,  the  pallial  sinus  large 
and  rounded,  extending  to  about  the  middle  of  the  shell's  length. 
Hinge  rather  strong,  the  right  valve  with  two  diverging,  rather 
compressed,  and  long,  erect,  cardinal  teeth,  the  posterior  one  the 
more  slender;  left  valve  with  an  erect,  triangular,  bilobed  cardinal, 
with  a  subobsolete,  diverging  tooth  on  either  side.  Ligament 
short,  almost  entirely  immersed. 

Length  15,  alt.  15,  diam.  12  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No.  80,580,  coll. 
A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  1,199  of  Mr,  Hirase's  collection. 

A  very  short,  subglobular  species,  somewhat  related  to  P.  liih- 
ophaga  Retz.  of  Europe,  but  rounder,  with  more  deeply  immersed 
ligament,  stouter  hinge,  different  shaped  and  stronger  teeth.  The 
sculpture  in  some  specimens  is  not  dissimilar.  As  usual  in  the 
genus,  the  teeth  are  liable  to  fracture,  and  when  broken  often  do 
not  show  plainly  that  they  are  injured. 

In  a  variety  which  may  be  called  var.  sculpturata  the  posterior 
end  is  more  prolonged,  and  the  entire  surface  of  the  valves  ribbed. 
The  teeth  agree  with  P.  cyclus.  Types  from  Puttalam,  Ceylon 
(Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.).  One  specimen  from  Hirado,  Hizen,  seems 
to  belong  here. 

Petricola  cyclus  belongs  to  the  section  Rupellaria,*  as  defined 
by  Prof.  Dall  in  his  exposition  of  the  Petricolidce ;  5  the  section 
ClaudiconcJia  being  represented  in  Japan  by  P.  monstrosa,  and  the 
section  Petricolaria  by  P.  cequistriata  Sowb. 

VENERID^J. 
Venus  Hirasei  n.  sp. 

Shell  rounded-oval,  ventricose,  inequilateral,  very  solid  and 
strong;  cream-white,  clouded  and  maculate  with  dull  brown.  Sur- 
face lustreless,  sculptured  with  24  to  28  strong,  curved,  radial 

*  Fleurieu-Bellevu,  Journ.  de  Phys.,  LIV,  1802,  p.  345;  Bull  Soc. 
Philomath,  de  Paris,  III,  1802,  p.  106. 

5  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Institute  of  Science,  III,  Pt.  5  (December  1, 1900), 
p.  1058. 


206  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [March, 

ribs,  fully  double  the  width  of  the  interstices,  closely  and  irregu- 
larly crenulated  by  low  concentric  blunt,  crowded  laminae,  which 
on  the  later  growth  are  obsolete  in  the  grooves,  but  toward  the  beaks 
are  narrower  and  sharper,  less  crowded,  and  continuous  across  ribs 
and  intervals.  Beaks  full,  projecting,  curved  forward.  Lunule 
heart-shaped,  dark  brown,  ribbed  and  denned  by  a  groove.  Area 
well  sunken,  ribless  and.  wide  in  the  left  valve,  indistinct  in  the  right. 

Anterior  end  short,  rounded ;  posterior  end  more  broadly  rounded. 
Interior  pure  white,  the  right  valve  with  three  diverging  cardinal 
teeth,  the  posterior  two  grooved;  left  valve  with  two  cardinals, 
the  anterior  one  slender,  posterior  stouter,  shorter  and  deeply 
grooved. 

Cavity  of  the  beaks  deep.  Pallial  sinus  small,  triangular,  nar- 
row and  acute.  Valve  margins,  except  the  hinge  line,  very 
weaklv  fluted  and  closely  crenulate. 

Length  43,  alt.  37.5,  diam.  29  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

This   species   resembles   V.  jedoensis   Lischke,  but   has   hardly 
more  than  half  as  many,  and  stronger,  ribs.     There  is  a  specimen 
before  me  from  Susaki,  Awaji  Island,  besides  several  from  the 
type  locality. 
Tapes  platyptycha  n.  sp. 

Shell  oblong,  compressed,  the  length  somewhat  exceeding 
2|  times  the  diameter;  white,  profusely  marked  with  angular 
red-brown  reticulating  lines  grouped  into  triangular  spots,  or  with 
inverted  V-shaped  markings,  and  four  radial  series  of  brown 
blotches  alternating  with  white  spots.  Sculptured  with  concentric 
ridges  wider  than  their  intervals,  broad  and  flattened  toward  the 
lower  margin  and  especially  posteriorly,  fine  and  close  toward  the 
beaks.  Beaks  low,  yellow  or  purple,  situated  at  about  the  ante- 
rior fifth  of  the  length,  the  dorsal  margin  behind  them  nearly 
straight;  posterior  end  obliquely  truncate,  bluntly  regular  at  its 
junction  with  the  upper  and  basal  margins.  Anterior  end  short, 
rather  attenuated,  much  as  in  T.  adspersa.  Lunule  narrow,  indis- 
tinctly defined  by  an  impressed  line,  flattened,  marked  with  some 
oblique  brown  lines.  Area  depressed,  transversely  maculate  with 
groups  of  dark  lines.  Interior  white,  tinted  with  sulphur  yellow 
within  the  pallial  line.  Pallial  sinus  broad  and  rounded,  not  quite 
reaching  the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  shell.  Anterior  cardinal 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  207 

tooth  in  each  valve  compressed  and  simple,  the  middle  one  stouter, 
bifid. 

Length  54,  alt.  37,  diam.  21  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

This  species  stands  near  T.  quadriradiata  Desh.,  differing  in  the 
coarser  sculpture,  more  distinctly  truncate  posterior  end,  and  de- 
cidedly shallower  pallial  sinus.  The  color  of  the  interior  is  also 
different.  T.  deshayesii  Hanley  has  a  narrower  and  deeper  pallial 
sinus. 

Tapes  phenax  n.  sp. 

Shell  oblong,  rather  swollen,  the  diameter  contained  2J-  times  in 
the  length;  pale  yellow,  densely  reticulated  with  angular  reddish- 
brown  and  purplish  lines,  darker  in  four  wide  rays,  which  are  more 
or  less  blotched  with  brown ;  pale  flesh- tinted  or  whitish  toward 
the  beaks.  Sculpture  of  fine,  crowded,  concentric  rib-striae. 
Beaks  moderately  prominent,  at  about  the  anterior  fifth  of  the 
shell's  length.  Dorsal  margin  moderately  curved;  posterior 
end  rounded;  basal  margin  well  arched  ;  anterior  end  short, 
rounded.  Lunule  rather  broadly  lanceolate,  defined  by  slight 
grooves,  dark,  with  irregular  darker  lines.  Area  lanceolate, 
sunken,  smooth,  variegated.  Interior  white  at  the  margins,  ochre 
or  reddish-yellow  in  the  cavity.  Pallial  sinus  broad  and  deep, 
reaching  the  middle  of  the  shell's  length  or  slightly  past  it. 

Length  46,  alt.  31,  diam.  20.5  mm. 

Loo  Choo  Islands  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

This  handsome  species  is  far  more  finely  sculptured  and  more 
inflated  than  T.  quadriradiata  Desh.,  but  in  my  opinion  it  is  the 
form  identified  as  quadriradiata  by  Roemer  in  his  magnificent 
monograph  of  Venus,  Part  2,  PI.  18,  fig.  2.  The  crowded  rib- 
striae  of  the  surface  do  not  become  wider  on  the  lower  and  posterior 
portions  of  the  valves  as  they  do  in  T.  quadriradiata  Desh.,  and 
the  posterior  cardinal  tooth  of  the  right  valve,  while  grooved  at 
the  tip,  is  not  broadly  bifid  as  in  Deshayes'  species. 

DONACID.33. 
Donaz  'kiusiuensis  n.  sp. 

Shell  small,  rather  thin,  white  with  one  or  two  ill-defined  ochra- 
ceous  rays,  or  yellow  with  some  dusky  concentric  streaks,  the  beaks 
brown-tipped;  irregularly  triangular,  the  length  somewhat  less 


208  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ACADEMY    OF  [March, 

than  twice  the  altitude,  and  nearly  three  times  the  diameter; 
anterior  end  longer,  tapering,  rounded;  posterior  end  slightly  con- 
vex, bluntly  angular  below;  the  beaks  situated  at  about  the  pos- 
terior two-fifths  of  the  length.  Surface  glossy,  sculptured  with 
slight  growth-lines  and  exceedingly  fine,  subobsolete  radial  striae, 
angular  posteriorly,  the  posterior  area  sculptured  with  strong, 
smooth  radial  ribs  narrower  than  their  flat  intervals  and  terminating 
on  the  angle.  Ligament  very  short  and  swollen.  Interior  white 
with  brown  stains  near  the  ends;  posterior  lateral  tooth  strong; 
basal  margin  finely  but  distinctly  crenulated. 

Length  9,  alt.  5.5,  diam.  3.3  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen  (Mr.  Y.  Hi  rase). 

A  small  species  belonging  to  the  section  Chion,  chiefly  distin- 
guished by  the  strong  sculpture  of  the  posterior  end. 


Anatina  impura  n-  sp. 

Shell  oblong,  fragile,  rather  ventricose,  widely  gaping  posteriorly, 
but  slightly  so  in  front  ;  sculptured  with  low,  irregular  wrinkles, 
and  where  unworn,  with  the  usual  granulation.  White  and  pearly 
above,  where  worn  through  the  very  thin  porcellanous  coat,  cov- 
ered at  the  margins  with  a  dirty  yellowish  cuticle,  which  is  more 
persistent  and  lamellose  on  the  posterior  rostrum.  Beaks  at  the 
middle  of  the  shell's  length,  not  turned  forward,  contiguous,  one 
of  them  worn  through,  both  slit  as  usual.  Anterior  end  broadly 
rounded;  dorsal  margin  almost  straight;  posterior  end  narrow,  the 
margins  hardly  expanded;  basal  margin  parallel  with  the  upper 
margin  except  posteriorly  where  it  rises  suddenly.  Interior  whitish, 
slightly  wrinkled,  the  chondrophore  and  buttress  as  usual. 

Length  38,  alt.  20,  diam.  15  mm. 

Kamakura,  province  of  Sagami  (types  No.  68,536  and  70,812, 
coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.). 

This  species  differs  from  A.  japonica  Lischke  in  the  median  posi- 
tion of  the  beaks  and  different  shape  of  the  posterior  end.  Lischke 
has  figured  two  somewhat  diverse  forms  under  the  head  A. 
japonica.  That  represented  in  his  figs.  9,  10,  has  been  taken  by 
Mr.  Hirase  at  Hirado,  Hizen.  Having  before  me  all  of  the 
species  of  Anatina  credited  to  Japan,  as  well  as  most  of  the  Phil- 
ippine forms,  I  find  myself  unable  to  place  the  specimens  described 
above  in  any  of  the  accepted  species.  A.  kamakurana,  of  which 


PROC.  ACAb.  NAT.  SCI.  PHI  LA.   1901. 


PLATE  V. 


VANATTA.  NEW  MARINE  MOLLUSKS. 
PILSBRY.  NEW  MOLLUSKS. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OP    PHILADELPHIA.  209 

I  have  seen  a  good  many  specimens,  differs  constantly  in  its  long 
form  and  the  different  shape  of  the  posterior  end. 


Lima  Hirasei  n.  sp. 

Shell  inequilateral,  thin,  white,  broadly  gaping  anteriorly, 
slightly  so  posteriorly,  compressed,  the  valves  but  little  convex; 
beaks  a  trifle  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the  short  hinge-line.  An- 
terior auricle  minute,  triangular,  acuminate,  bent  inward;  posterior 
auricle  narrow.  Cavity  of  the  beaks  rather  deep.  A  strong  rib 
runs  along  the  posterior  margin  slightly  within  the  edge.  Surface 
closely  and  very  finely  striate  radially,  the  striation  obsolete  ante- 
riorly and  on  the  posterior  slope  and  auricle. 

Length  18,  alt.  21,  diam.  7.5  mm.;  length  of  hinge-line 
6.5  mm. 

Hirado,  prov.  Hizen,  Kiusiu,  Japan  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

L.  orientalis  Adams  and  Keeve,  and  most  of  the  other  small 
Oriental  species,  are  much  more  coarsely  sculptured  than  this 
species.  L.  Dunkeri  E.  A.  Smith  is  evenly  striated  throughout, 
the  stride  slightly  diverging  from  a  median  line,  and  it  is  nearly 
equilateral.  In  L.  Hirasei  striation  gradually  becomes  obsolete 
on  the  anterior  half  of  the  valves,  is  abruptly  discontinued  at  the 
posterior  slope,  and  there  is  no  divarication  from  a  median  line. 
The  shell  is  conspicuously  inequilateral. 

The  species  is  named  for  my  esteemed  Japanese  correspondent. 
L.  Dunkeri  also  occurs  at  Hirado,  Hizen,  whence  specimens  have 
been  received  from  Mr.  Hirase. 


Area  (Scapharca)  nipponensis  n.  sp. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  thin,  inflated,  the  left  Valve  decidedly 
larger,  the  beaks  full,  moderately  elevated,  incurved  and  'turned 
slightly  forward,  situated  at  the  anterior  two-fifths  of  the  hinge- 
line.  Sculpture  the  same  in  both  valves,  consisting  of  37  or  38 
equal  radial  ribs,  which  are  nearly  flat-topped,  at  least  near  the 
periphery,  and  separated  by  interspaces  narrower  than  the  ribs; 
the  whole  marked  by  slight  growth-lines  in  denuded  shells.  Cov- 
ered with  a  thin  chestnut  cuticle,  which  is  densely,  minutely 
striate,  and  bears  spaced  bristles  in  the  intercostal  spaces,  on  the 
median  and  posterior  portions  of  the  valves,  and  on  the  anterior 
14 


210  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE    ACADEMY    OF  [March, 

portion  is  lamellose  and  bears  flat,  triangular  processes  in  the 
interspaces.  Toward  the  beaks  the  cuticle  is  worn  off.  Hinge- 
line  two-thirds  the  greatest  length  of  the  shell,  straight,  strongly 
angular  at  both  ends.  Anterior  margin  evenly  rounded;  basal 
margin  well-arched,  the  posterior  end  noticeably  arcuate,  oblique, 
meeting  the  basal  margin  in  a  blunt  angle.  Cardinal  area  very 
narrow,  sunken  behind  the  beaks,  with  an  elevated  margin; 
slightly  wider  and  less  sunken  in  front.  Hinge  teeth  small  and 
vertical  in  the  middle,  well  inclined  and  larger  toward  the  two 
ends;  a  distinct  though  narrow  ledge  below  the  posterior  teeth. 
Interior  pure  white,  slightly  grooved  and  delicately  striate  radially 
in  the  cavity  of  the  valves,  becoming  very  deeply  grooved  toward 
the  margins,  the  summits  of  the  intervening  ridges  concave. 

Length  45,  alt.  36,  diam.  29  mm. ;  sometimes  larger,  length 
55,  alt.  46  mm. 

East  coast  of  Hondo  (Miss  A.  C.  Hartshorn).  Types  No. 
79,009,  coll.  A.  N.  S.  P. 

This  species,  of  which  we  have  six  specimens  from  two  sources 
(Nos.  79,009,  78,7.49,  70,970),  is  distinguished  by  its  well- 
rounded  contours,  unusually  narrow  cardinal  area,  the  marked 
disparity  in  size  of  the  valves,  and  the  large  number  of  ribs.  Tt  is 
somewhat  allied  to  A.  disparilis  Reeve,6  of  which  we  have  speci- 
mens from  Singapore,  but  that  is  less  orbicular,  with  more  of  a 
ridge  or  angle  denning  the  posterior  slope,  and  densely  lamellose, 
not  bristly,  in  the  intercostal  spaces. 

In  some  specimens  of  A.  nipponensis  the  cuticle  is  greenish  in 
places. 

*A.  disparilis  of  Kobelt's  monograph  is  clearly  a  species  different  from 
that  of  Reeve. 


PROCEEDINGS    OF  THE    ACADEMY    OF  [Feb., 


NEW  MARINE  MOLLUSKS. 
BY  EDWARD  G.  VANATTA. 

The  species  herein  described  were  encountered  in  determining 
material  for  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia. 
Haminea  zanzibarica  n.  sp.    PI.  V,  fig.  12. 

Shell  large,  subglobose,  thin,  shining,  translucent,  pinkish 
white,  slightly  orange-tinted  at  the  vertex  and  the  base.  The  sur- 
face is  covered  with  very  close  microscopic  wavy  spiral  striae, 
longitudinally  irregularly  coarsely  wrinkled,  sometimes  with  several 
angular  spiral  ridges  caused  by  spiral  malleation.  Vertex  im- 
pressed, imperforate,  whitened  by  an  internal  thickening  of  the 
shell.  The  aperture  is  narrow  above,  ample  below.  The  right  lip 
rises  from  the  left  side  of  the  apical  depression.  Parietal  callus 
very  thin.  The  columellar  lip  is  evenly  concave,  broadly  reflexed, 
and  the  edge  is  not  adnate  except  at  the  upper  end,  forming  a 
crescent-shaped  free  plate  over  the  axial  region. 

Alt.  20,  diam.  14  mm. 

Alt.  21,  diam.  15.5  mm. 

Locality.  — Zanzibar. 

The  type  is  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
of  Philadelphia,  No.  57,552. 

This  species  may  easily  be  distinguished  from  H.  zelandice  Gray 
by  its  less  globular  form,  less  convex  parietal  wall  and  the  micro- 
scopic waved  spiral  stride  and  free  edge  of  the  columellar  callus. 
This  species  is  larger  than  H.  natalensis  Krauss,  and  the  right  lip 
does  not  rise  so  high  above  the  vertex.  The  spiral  malleation  is 
similar  to  that  of  Limncea  palustris. 
Haminea  sucoinea  var.  solidior  n.  PI.  V,  fig.  8. 

Shell  solid,  imperforate,  finely  wave  striate,  color  waxen  white. 

This  variety  may  be  easily  distinguished  from  the  typical  H. 
succinea  Conr.  by  being  heavier  and  smaller. 

Alt.  7,  diam.  3  mm. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  181 

Of  these  nineteen  species  it  will  be  observed  that  two,  Asterias 
polaris  and  Ophiopholis  aculeata,  are  not  strictly  to  be  reckoned 
with  the  others  as  they  were  collected  in  more  southern  stations — 
the  former  off  the  coast  of  Labrador  and  off  Disco,  the  latter  in 
Battle  Harbor,  Labrador.  The  other  species  are  all  from  between 
lat.  76°  and  79°  N.,  though  some  species  were  also  found  at  the 
more  southern  stations. 

The  Arctic  Echinoderin  fauna  has  been  examined  with  care, 
and  it  was  hardly  to  be  expected  that  any  new  species  would  be 
added  to  the  list  of  those  already  known.  It  is  interesting,  how- 
ever, to  note  at  least  a  new  distribution,  for  Asterias  gunneri  has 
before  this,  I  believe,  never  been  recorded  from  Greenland  waters. 

A  comparison  is  naturally  suggested  between  this  list  and  that  of 
the  collection  made  by  Capt.  Nares,  of  the  "  Alert"  and  "  Dis- 
covery," in  1875-6  from  the  same  region,  and  published  by  Dun- 
can and  Sladen  in  the  Annals  of  Natural  History  (IV),  Vol.  XX, 
1877. 

We  have  in  addition  to  that  list  one  Holothurid,  M.  rinJdi,  and 
two  Asterids,  Asterias  gunneri  and  Cribrella  oculata ;  while  in  the 
Princeton  collection  Asteracanthion  (Pedicellaster)  palceocrystallus, 
JSolaster  forcifer,  Ophioglypha  strumtzii  and  Astrophyton  arcticum 
(a  deep-water  form)  of  the  Nares  collection  are  not  represented. 

Of  the  nineteen  species  in  the  Princeton  collection,  all  but  Aste- 
rias polaris  are  more  or  less  widely  distributed  in  both  American 
and  European  Arctic  seas. 

Increased  knowledge  of  the  distribution  of  Arctic  Echinoderms 
seems  to  increase  the  probability  that  they  are  nearly  all  circum- 
polar  and  not  confined  to  local  areas. 


190  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF         [Feb., 

radially  striate;  pallial  sinus  extending  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the 
shell's  length ;  the  margin  finely  crenate. 

Length  15.5,  all.  6,  diam  4.5  mm. 

Found  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Malone  in  ballast  from  South  Africa. 

Types  are  No.  79,532,  Coll.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 

This  species  is  somewhat  allied  to  D.  Oweni  Gray,  but  the  beaks 
are  nearer  the  posterior  end,  the  valves  are  not  keeled  ;  the  poste- 
rior costulation  extends  further,  and  between  and  upon  the  riblets 
fine  radial  striae  are  conspicuous ;  finally,  the  basal  margin  is  finely 
and  strongly  crenulated  inside  and  the  shell  is  smaller. 

It  is  named  in  honor  of  M.  Victor  Bertin,  whose  excellent 
Revision  des  Donacidees  (1881)  and  various  other  papers  on 
bivalves  give  evidence  of  a  well -trained  and  acute  mind,  unfor- 
tunately lost  to  science  by  death  at  the  beginning  of  a  useful 
career. 

The  following  species  of  Donax  occurred  with  D.  Bertini :  D. 
Madagascariensis  Wood,  D.  bipartitus  Sowb.,  D.  spiculum  Rve.,  D. 
Erythrceensis  Bertin. 

Fossams  capensis  n.  sp.    PI.  V,  fig.  13. 

Shell  perforate,  turbinate,  white,  the  last  whorl  encircled  by 
three  very  strong,  compressed,  flange-like  keels,  the  largest  peri- 
pheral in  position,  the  smallest  surrounding  the  columellar  region, 
another  of  intermediate  dze  between  these  two.  Surface  irregu- 
larly striatulate,  with  some  lamellar  riblets  toward  the  aperture; 
densely  spirally  striate,  especially  between  the  keels.  Spire  acute; 
whorls  about  6,  the  last  three  showing  the  peripheral  keel  above 
the  sutures.  Aperture  semicircular,  the  peristome  continuous, 
notched  at  the  terminations  of  the  keels. 

Alt.  6,  diam.  4  mm. 

In  ballast  from  South  Africa. 

Type  in  Coll.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  No.  79,820. 

The  spire  is  more  elevated  than  in  F.  ambiguus  (L.)  or  F. 
pusillus  (Gld.). 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  189 

eastern  Asia  in  which  the  operculum  is  peculiarly  modified,  as 
described  above.  This  subgeneric  group  I  propose  to  call  Idio- 
poma,  the  above-described  species  being  the  type. 

Ampullaria  Winkleyi  n.  sp.    PI.  V,  figs.  2,  3. 

Shell  narrowly  umbilicate,  globose ;  yellowish -olive,  uniform  or 
with  few  or  numerous  dusky  olive  spiral  bands,  the  earlier  whorls 
eroded,  blackish  or  ruddy.  Surface  smooth,  somewhat  shining, 
under  a  strong  lens  seen  to  be  very  densely,  microscopically  striated 
spirally,  the  strise  minutely  granulose;  spire  low-conic;  sutures 
impressed,  the  whorls  flattened  below  them,  elsewhere  symmetrically 
convex.  Aperture  vertical,  semi-rotund,  narrower  above,  reddish- 
tawny  and  sometimes  banded  within,  becoming  white  near  the  lip; 
peristome  a  trifle  expanded  below,  white  or  dirty  yellowish,  the 
outer  margin  equably  curved,  columella  concave,  blunt  and  more 
or  less  thickened  but  not  reflexed.  parietal  callus  rather  thin, 
white,  thinner  within. 

Alt.  58,  diam.  50,  longest  axis  of  aperture  43  mm. 

Operculum  (fig.  3)  thick  and  solid,  concave  externally,  and 
partially  covered  with  a  thin,  yellowish -brown  cuticle.  Inside 
bluish,  with  a  mica-like  gleam,  the  scar  of  attachment  sunken,  the 
columellar  side  concentrically  striate,  the  enclosed  eminence  nar- 
row, curved  and  smooth. 

Henzada,  Burma.  Types  No.  76,011.  Coll.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phila. 

It  is  somewhat  allied  to  A.  Begini  Morlet. 

Donax  Bertini  n.  sp. 

Shell  long  and  narrow,  the  height  contained  about  2J  times  in  the 
length,  thin,  polished,  the  color  varying  from  pure  white  through 
various  tints  of  pink  to  purple;  beaks  situated  at  the  posterior 
third  of  the  length ;  anterior  end  rounded,  posterior  end  obliquely 
truncate,  rounded  at  the  extremity ;  the  upper  margin  anterior  to 
the  beaks  straight,  basal  margin  but  slightly  curved ;  ridge  defining 
the  posterior  area  rounded.  Surface  sculptured  with  slight  growth 
wrinkles,  and  faintly  showing  some  fine  radial  striae,  which,  how- 
ever, are  almost  completely  obsolete,  though  plainly  visible  by 
looking  through  the  shell,  except  near  the  anterior  end;  the  pos- 
terior area  is  sculptured  with  deep  oblique  grooves,  the  summits  of  the 
intervening  ridges  cut  by  finer  radial  stride.  Interior  smooth  or 


188  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ACADEMY    OF  [Feb. 


NEW  SPECIES  OF  MOLLUSKS  FROM  SOUTH  AFRICA  AND  BURMA. 
BY  HENRY  A.   PILSBRY. 

The  Academy  has  received  from  the  Rev.  H.  W.  Winkley  good 
series  of  an  Ampullaria  and  a  Vivipara  from  Henzada,  Burma, 
which  though  without  striking  features  do  not  seem  referable  to 
any  of  the  numerous  described  species.1 

Vivipara  henzadensis  n.  sp.    PI.  V,  fig.  l. 

Shell  umbilicate,  broadly  ovate-conic;  olive-green  with  some 
narrow  slightly  darker  streaks;  surface  glossy  and  smooth,  under 
a  lens  showing  fine,  delicate  and  spaced  spiral  striae,  which  become 
crowded  and  somewhat  granulose  on  the  base.  Spire  short,  obtuse, 
the  earlier  whorls  eroded,  the  eroded  portion  reddish,  tipped  with 
black.  Sutures  deeply  impressed,  the  whorls  strongly  swollen  just 
below  them;  last  whorl  angular  at  the  periphery  in  front,  the 
angle  disappearing  on  the  last  half  whorl,  which  is  rounded; 
umbilicus  narrow,  excavated  behind  the  columellar  lip,  sur- 
rounded by  an  angle.  Aperture  oblique,  rounded-ovate,  bluish 
white  inside;  peristome  narrowly  expanded  at  the  edge,  blunt, 
black,  with  a  blackish  border  inside  and  out;  continuous  across  the 
parietal  margin. 

Alt.  23,  diam.  16|-17£  mm. 

Operculum  chestnut-brown  and  slightly  wrinkled  outside,  with  a 
conspicuous  raised  or  reflexed  cuticular  border;  inside  with  a  con- 
spicuously raised  and  minutely  roughened  ovate  area  nearer  the 
columellar  side,  radiating  strise  on.  the  outside  of  this  area,  and  a 
raised  border  all  around. 

This  species  closely  resembles  the  African  V.  helidformis  Ffld. 
in  form  and  color.  It  belongs,  however,  to  a  group  of  south- 

1  From  Cochin  China  and  neighboring  countries  Fischer  enumerates  no 
less  than  fifteen  species  of  Ampullaria  and  thirty-eight  of  Paludina,  in  his 
useful  Catalogue  et  Distribution  Geographique  des  Moll.  terr. ,  fluv.  et 
marins  d'une  partie  de  I'Indo-Chine  (Autun,  1891).  To  this  number  a 
few  additions  have  been  made  since  the  publication  of  that  catalogue. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA.  187 

and  less  rostrate,  also  in  having  a  predominance  of  concentric 
sculpture  in  the  median  portion  of  the  valve;  the  posterior  end 
radially  closely  ribbed,  narrower  lunule  and  much  finer  crenula- 
tion  of  the  ventral  margin.  The  crenulation  of  the  margins  inside 
is  much  like  V.  mariea. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  V. 

Fig.  1. —  Vimpara  henzadensis  Pils.,  p.  188. 

Fig.  2. — Ampullaria  winkleyi  Pils.,  p.  189. 

Fig.  3. — Ampullaria  winkleyi,  operculum. 

Figs.  4,  5. —  Venus  maloneiV&n..,  p.  185. 

Figs.  6,  7. — Tornatlna  bermudensis  Vaii.,  p.  183. 

Fig.  8. — Haminea  succinea  var.  nolidior  Van.,  p.  182. 

Fig.  9.—  Atys  sharpi  Van.,  p.  183. 

Figs.  10,  11. — Lucina  (Divaricella)  dalliana  Van.,  p.  184. 

Fig.  12. — Haminea  zanzibarica  Van.,  p.  162. 

Fig.  13.—  Fossarus  capensis  Pils.,  p.  190. 

Figs.  14,  15. — Lucina  (Dwaricella)  huttoniana  Van.,  p.  184. 


186  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ACADEMY    OF  [Feb., 

radial  ribs  predominate  at  each  end,  while  the  concentric  sculpture 
is  strongest  in  the  middle  of  the  valve.  Anteriorly  the  first  eight 
radial  ribs  are  prominent  and  densely  granulose ;  the  median  por- 
tions of  the  valves  are  regularly  concentrically  costate  and  radially 
ribbed,  with  finer  closely  packed  costse  prominent  in  the  interstices; 
the  concentric  costse  are  cut  into  even  granules  by  the  crossing 
radial  costse ;  at  the  posterior  angle  of  the  valve  there  are  about 
five  or  six  prominent  heavy  squamose  radial  ribs;  from  this  point 
the  radial  ribs  predominate,  and  gradually  become  finer  to  the  pos- 
terior margin.  Beaks  prominent,  directed  forward,  smooth, 
except  a  few  concentric  growth  lines.  Lunule  impressed,  a  little 
convex,  narrow,  about  one-fourth  the  length  of  Ihe  shell,  generally 
of  a  darker  color  than  the  rest  of  the  shell  and  provided  with  six 
or  eight  longitudinal  granulose  ribs.  The  groove  of  the  ligament 
is  linear,  tapering  at  the  extremities.  The  margin  is  dorsally  quite 
evenly  arcuate;  rounded  anteriorly,  a  trifle  convex  at  the  lunule; 
evenly  arcuate  ventrally;  posterior  obliquely  truncate,  with  a  very 
blunt  obtuse  angle  near  the  centre.  The  margin  is  very  finely 
crenulate ;  beginning  at  the  anterior  side  of  the  beak  it  is  minutely 
crenulate  along  the  edge  of  the  lunule,  becoming  coarser  ven- 
trally, then  gradually  becoming  finer,  and  ends  abruptly  at  the 
posterior  end  of  the  ligament.  The  hinge  is  broad  under  the  con- 
vex lunule,  narrower  posteriorly,  with  three  teeth  in  each  valve. 
The  right  valve  has  the  anterior  tooth  small,  lamellar  and  nearly 
parallel  with  lunule;  the  middle  tooth  is  triangular  and  directed 
forward,  its  posterior  end  is  nearly  vertical,  while  the  anterior  end 
is  oblique  and  almost  parallel  to  the  anterior  tooth;  posterior  tooth 
large,  about  the  size  of  the  triangular  central,  slightly  bifid  or 
grooved  at  the  summit,  directed  backward.  The  left  valve  is  three - 
toothed,  anterior  tooth  lamellar,  higher  than  the  rest,  directed 
forward;  central  nearly  lamellar,  vertical,  with  a  bifid  or  grooved 
summit;  posterior  small,  lamellar,  directed  obliquely  backward, 
with  a  pointed  summit.  The  adductor  muscle  scars  of  nearly 
equal  size,  pallial  line  evenly  arched,  with  a  moderately  deep  pallial 
sinus.  Alt.  15,  diam.  21,  diam.  9  mm. 

Locality. — In  ballast  from  South  Africa. 

•""  Types  in  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Phila- 
delphia, No.  79,395,  collected  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Malone. 

This  species  differs  from  V.  squamosa  Linn,   by  being  smaller 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OP    PHILADELPHIA.  185 

only.  The  limule  is  very  narrow,  beginning  as  a,  broad  impres- 
sion under  the  beak  and  tapers  forward,  ending  in  a  shallow  point 
just  above  the  anterior  lateral  tooth  of  the  hinge.  The  anterior 
area  under  the  lunule  is  strongly  defined  by  the  termination  of 
the  diverging  lines,  and  is  sculptured  with  irregular  rough  concentric 
striae  with  more  or  less  yellow  epidermis  in  the  interstices.  The 
groove  of  the  ligament  is  bounded  on  the  inner  side  by  a  ridge 
which  begins  as  an  angle  near  the  beak  and  gradually  becomes 
higher  to  a  point  about  four  millimeters  from  the  end  of  the  hinge 
line,  then  suddenly  descends  almost  to  the  end  of  the  hinge  line. 
The  inner  margin  of  the  shell  is  smooth,  neither  layer  being  crenu- 
late.  The  hinge  of  the  right  valve  has  a  large  heavy  cardinal  tooth 
in  the  centre,  with  a  deep  pit  on  each  side  and  a  smaller  cardinal  in 
front  directed  forward.  The  anterior  lateral  is  a  large  tubercle 
with  a  deep  chink  where  the  adductor  muscle  truncates  it;  there  is 
scarcely  any  trace  of  a  tubercle  at  the  posterior  end  of  the  hinge. 
The  left  valve  has  the  pits  for  the  corresponding  cardinals  of  the 
right  valve  and  a  rather  large  posterior  cardinal,  an  anterior  lateral 
like  the  other  valve  and  no  posterior  lateral.  The  anterior  adduc- 
tor muscle  scar  is  very  long  and  narrow,  while  the  posterior  scar  is 
short  oval. 

Alt.  29.5,  diam.  32,  thickness  of  right  valve  8  mm. 

Locality. — Auckland,  New  Zealand. 

Types  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia,  No.  63,758. 

This  species  differs  from  L.  dentata  Wood  in  lacking  the  dentate 
margin,  from  L.  quadrisulcata  Orb.  in  lacking  the  crenulate 
margin.  Jt  is  distinguished  from  L.  cumingii  Ad.  and  Ang.  by 
having  a  long  narrow  lunule,  more  delicate  texture  and  lower  beaks ; 
it  is  also  much  less  globose. 

Venus  (Anomalocardia)  malonei  n.  sp.    PI.  V,  figs.  4,  5. 

Shell  triangular,  posteriorly  rostrate,  moderately  convex,  longer 
than  high,  solid.  The  color  is  variable:  some  specimens  are 
creamy  white  with  irregular  transverse  zigzag  brown  spots  or 
stripes,  some  are  almost  entirely  dark  brown,  and  others  are  light 
brown  with  a  few  very  light  radial  bands  and  dark-brown 
blotches.  The  interior  is  generally  purple,  shading  into  a  white 
margin  with  a  brown  band  within  the  pallial  line,  but  some  lack 
the  white  margin.  Sculpture  both  concentric  and  radial.  The 


184  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE    ACADEMY   OF  [Feb., 

Lucina  (Divaricella)  dalliana  n.  sp.    PI.  V,  figs.  10,  11. 

Shell  almost  circular,  somewhat  truncate  posteriorly,  nearly 
equilateral,  moderately  convex,  shining  white,  porcellanous,  sur- 
face sculpture  divaricate;  in  full-grown  examples  there  is  a  smooth 
band  where  the  diverging  lines  would  meet.  The  beaks  aie 
slightly  raised  above  the  hinge  line,  directed  forward  and  located 
hardly  in  advance  of  the  centre;  they  are  sculptured  with  micro- 
scopic concentric  strise  only  which  are  worn  off  in  the  largest  speci- 
men we  have.  The  lunule  is  about  one-eighth  the  length  of  the 
shell  The  anterior  area  under  the  lunule  is  not  distinctly  marked. 
The  groove  of  the  ligament  is  long  and  narrow.  The  margin 
has  the  interior  layer  very  finely  cronulate,  but  the  outer  layer 
smooth.  The  hinge  of  the  right  valve  is  provided  with  a  heavy 
cardinal  tooth  with  a  pit  on  each  side,  and  a  single  tubercular 
anterior  and  posterior  lateral,  the  posterior  one  being  about  twice  as 
far  from  the  beak  as  the  anterior  one.  The  muscle  scars  are  of 
moderate  size,  the  anterior  one  being  long  and  narrow,  while  the 
posterior  one  is  more  elliptical. 

Alt.  19,  diarn.  20,  thickness  of  right  valve  4.5  mm. 

Alt.  21,  diam.  22.5,  thickness  of  right  valve  5.5  mm. 

Locality. — In  ballast  from  South  Africa. 

Types  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia,  No.  79,380,  collected  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Malone. 

This  species  is  distinguished  from  L.  dentata  Wood  by  not 
having  the  outer  layer  of  the  margin  heavily  dentate;  from  L. 
cumingii  A.  and  A.  in  having  the  diverging  sculpture  extending 
across  the  anterior  area  to  the  lunule,  and  the  inner  layer  of  the 
margin  is  crenulate;  from  L.  quadrisuleata  Orb.  in  having  a  smooth 
band  where  the  diverging  lines  would  meet  in  full-grown  examples; 
from  L.  Tiuttoniana  n.  sp.  in  having  the  inner  layer  of  the  margin 
crenulate,  and  in  the  smooth  band. 
Lucina  (Divaricella)  huttoniana  n.  sp.  PI.  V,  figs.  14, 15. 

Shell  almost  circular,  posterior  extremity  squarely  truncate, 
nearly  equilateral,  bluish  white  with  white  concentric  streaks, 
glossy,  porceilanous,  surface  sculpture  divaricate,  the  diverging 
sculpture  extending  to  the  edge  of  the  comparatively  broad  ante- 
rior area  below  the  lunule.  The  beaks  are  slightly  raised  above 
the  hinge  line,  directed  forward,  located  slightly  in  advance  of 
the  centre,  sculptured  with  rather  coarse  close  concentric  costellae 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF   PHILADELPHIA.  183 

Locality. — St.  Martin  and  St.  Bartholomew,  West  Indies,  and 
Progreso,  Yucatan. 

The  type  is  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sci- 
ences of  Philadelphia,  No.  57,900,  collected  by  Dr.  B.  Sharp  at 
St.  Martin. 

Atys  sharp!  n.  sp.    PI.  V,  fig.  9. 

Shell  small,  subcylindrical,  solid,  porcellanous,  glossy,  translu- 
cent bluish  white,  very  finely  spirally  striate,  striae  strongest  above 
and  below.  Apex  with  an  extremely  small  perforation.  Base 
umbilicate.  Aperture  narrow  above,  broader  below.  The  lip  rises 
from  the  right,  side  of  the  apical  perforation  and  describes  a  more 
or  less  even  arc  above  without  the  twist  so  common  in  this  genus; 
the  outer  lip  descends  in  a  gentle  curve  and  the  basal  lip  is  arcu- 
ate. The  columella  is  concave  with  a  slight  twist. 

Alt.  7.84,  diam.  3.8  mm. 

Locality. — St.  Martin,  West  Indies. 

Types  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
of  Philadelphia,  No.  60,735,  collected  by  JDr.  B.  Sharp. 

This  species  is  easily  recognized  by  the  lack  of  a  twist  on  the 
evenly  curved  upper  part  of  the  lip. 

Tornatina  bermudensis  n.  sp.    PI.  V,  figs.  6,  7. 

Shell  small,  cylindrical,  porcellanous,  shining  bluish  white, 
smooth.  The  spire  is  composed  of  about  three  whorls,  the  first 
being  turned  up  forms  a  large  tubercle,  the  other  two  are  round- 
shouldered.  The  suture  is  a  very  slightly  impressed  canal,  body 
whorl  descending  in  front.  The  aperture  is  nearly  four-fifths  the 
entire  length  of  the  shell,  narrow  above  and  broader  below,  upper 
part  of  aperture  with  a  deep  wide  sutural  notch,  parietal  wall 
and  columella  covered  by  a  very  heavy  callus,  no  columellar  fold. 
The  base  is  squarely  truncate  and  receding. 

Alt.  2.87,  diam.  1.41  mm. 

Locality.  — Bermuda. 

Type  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia,  No.  70,160,  collected  by  Prof.  Angelo  Heilprin. 

This  species  may  be  distinguished  from  T.  canalieulata  and  T. 
decurrens  V.  and  B.  by  its  heavy  parietal  callus  and  the  lack  of 
a  columellar  fold. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  343 

"  New  Mollusea  from  Japan  and  the  Loo  Choo  Islands, "  by 
Henry  A.  Pilsbry. 

"  A  Peculiar  Condition  of  wCEdogonium,"  by  Ida  A.  Keller. 

"  Crystalline  and  Crystalloidal  Substances  and  their  Relation 
to  Plant  Structure,"  by  Henry  Kraemer. 


JUNE  18. 
Mr.  ARTHUR  ERWIN  BROWN,  Vice- President,  in  the  Chair. 

Ten  persons  present. 

Papers  under  the  following  titles  were  presented  for  publication ; 
"  The  Acrididse,  Tettigonidse  and  Gryllidse  Collected  by  Dr.  A. 
Donaldson  Smith  in  Northeast  Africa,"  by  James  A.  G.  Rehn. 


JUNE  25. 
Mr.  ARTHUR  ERWIN  BROWN,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

Nine  persons  present. 

A  paper  entitled  "  The  Nasal  Passages  of  the  Florida  Alliga- 
tor, "  by  A.  M.  Reese,  was  presented  for  publication. 

Henry  Kraemer  was  elected  a  member. 
The  following  were  ordered  to  be  printed : 


344  PKOCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [June, 


NEW  LAND  MOLLUSCA  FBOM  JAPAN  AND  THE  LOO  CHOO  ISLANDS. 
BY  HENRY  A.  PILSBRY. 

The  collectors  sent  out  by  Mr.  Hirase  in  the  early  months  of  this 
year  have  already  transmitted  much  new  and  valuable  material, 
in  the  study  of  which  it  is  my  privilege  to  assist.  As  Mr.  Hirase 
desires  to  supply  such  species  as  have  been  collected  in  copious 
quantity  to  his  correspondents  in  America  and  Europe,  the  prompt 
publication  of  full  descriptions  of  the  novelties  is  necessary  to 
avoid  the  inconvenience  attending  the  publicity  of  manuscript 
names.  The  full  report,  with  figures  of  the  new  forms,  may  best 
be  deferred  until  the  results  of  the  season's  collecting  can  be  pre- 
sented in  connected  form.  Most  of  the  following  species  are  from 
Kunchan,  the  northern  and  least  settled  province  of  the  island 
Okinawa,  or  Great  Luchu  (Loo  Choo),  and  from  Oshima,  hitherto 
unexplored  for  land  mollusks. 
Trochomorpha  horiomphala  (Pfr.). 

Specimens  have  been  sent  by  Mr.  Hirase  (No.  631)  from  Kun- 
chan, the  northern  province  of  Okinawa.  They  are  more  depressed 
than  Pfeiffer's  type,  but  there  is  considerable  variation  in  the 
species  in  this  respect.  Trochomorpha  Fritzei  Bttg.  is  a  synonym. 
No  definite  locality  has  been  known  hitherto  for  Pfeiffer's  species, 
which,  moreover,  has  been  lost,  so  to  speak,  in  the  group  Plecto- 
tropis.  It  was  doubtless  this  error  of  classification  which  led 
Boettger  to  redescribe  the  shell  as  T.  Fritzei. 
Trochomorpha  Gouldiana  n.  sp. 

Shell  low-conic  above,  convex  beneath,  umbilicate,  the  umbilicus 
one- fourth  the  diameter  of  the  shell,  broadly  open  to  the  apex ;  of 
a  dark  reddish  brown  color,  glossy ;  delicately  striate,  the  striae  cut 
into  minute  granules  by  finer,  very  shallow  spiral  strise,  both 
above  and  below.  Spire  straightly  conic,  the  apex  slightly  ob- 
tuse. Whorls  6J,  slowly  widening,  slightly  convex  below,  and 
slightly  concave  above  each  suture ;  the  last  whorl  acutely  carinate, 
concave  above  and  below  the  keel;  base  convex  in  the  middle, 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  345 

the  margin  of  the  umbilicus  abrupt  but  not  keeled.  Aperture  small, 
rhombic,  the  peristome  simple,  obtuse  and  whitish  in  fully  adult 
specimens.  Alt.  5.3,  diam.  12.7  mm 

Oshima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  650). 

This  species  differs  widely  from  T.  cathcartce  (Rve. )  and  T.  hori- 
ompfiala  (Pfr. ),  the  two  species  known  from  the  Loo  Choo  group, 
in  its  higher  spire  and  less  spreading  form.  It  is  closely  related 
to  T.  Shermani  (Pfr.)  of  Formosa,  but  differs  in  being  smaller, 
with  straightly  conic  spire,  the  whorls  concave  above  keel  and 
suture,  and  the  aperture  narrower,  less  rounded  below. 

It  is  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  A.  A.  Gould,  who  described  the 
Japanese  shells  collected  by  the  Ringgold  and  Rogers  Expedition. 

I  find  two  specimens  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy,   labeled 

II  H.  horiomphala  Pfr.     Oosima." 

Macro chlamys  perfragilis  n.  sp. 

Shell  perforate,  depressed,  excessively  thin,  transparent,  pale 
yellow,  fragile.  Surface  brilliantly  glossy,  with  faint  growth-lines 
and  almost  obsolete,  scarcely  perceptible  spiral  striae.  Spire  low- 
conic.  Whorls  4J,  somewhat  convex,  rather  slowly  widening, 
separated  by  a  narrowly  margined  suture,  the  last  whorl  much 
wider,  rounded  at  the  periphery,  rather  convex  beneath,  narrowly 
impressed  around  the  perforation.  Aperture  very  broadly  lunale, 
somewhat  oblique,  the  lip  fragile,  columellar  margin  with  a  short, 
triangular  reflection  partially  concealing  the  perforation. 

Alt.  10,  greater  diam.  18,  lesser  15  mm. 

Alt.  8£,  greater  diam.  16,  lesser  14^  mm. 

Kunchan,  Okinawa  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  637). 

A  capacious,  very  fragile  species,  somewhat  like  M.  Stearnsi  Pils. 
of  China,  and  quite  different  from  anything  yet  described  from 
Japan  or  the  Loo  Choo  group. 

Macrochlamys  Gudei  n.  sp. 

Shell  minutely  perforate,  depressed-conoidal,  thin,  somewhat 
translucent,  corneous-brown.  Surface  glossy,  sculptured  with 
weak  growth-wrinkles,  and  on  the  base  some  coarse  but  shallow 
and  inconspicuous  spiral  sulci,  obsolete  in  places.  Spire  conic; 
whorls  6f ,  rather  strongly  convex,  slowly  widening,  the  last  wider, 
subangular  at  the  periphery,  the  angle  obvious  in  front,  but  dis- 
appearing near  the  aperture.  Base  convex,  sunken  around  the 


346  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [June, 

perforation.  Aperture  lunate,  the  lip  simple  and  thin,  columellar 
margin  hardly  thickened,  dilated  above,  a  triangular  reflection 
partially  covering  the  perforation. 

Alt.  7,  diam.  10  mm. 

Kunchan,  Okinawa  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  635). 

This  species  has  about  the  size,  form  and  appearance  of  the 
American  Gastrodonta  ligera  (Say),  though  the  whorls  are  more 
convex  and  less  striate  above,  and  there  is,  of  course,  no  callus 
lining  the  basal  part  of  the  interior.  The  generic  position  assigned 
is  somewhat  doubtful. 

It  is  named  in  honor  of  my  friend  G.  K.  Gude,  who  has  pro- 
duced several  meritorious  papers  upon  Japanese  land  snails. 

Kaliella  borealis  n.  sp. 

Shell  minutely  perforate,  pyramidal  with  slightly  convex  lateral 
outlines  and  flattened  base,  thin,  corneous-brown.  Surface  some- 
what shining,  sculptured  above  with  regularly  spaced,  very  delicate 
whitish  hair-like  striae,  the  base  showing  fine  spiral  strise,  and  ex- 
cept near  the  periphery,  minutely  but  rather  roughly  pitted. 
Whorls  7,  nearly  flat,  the  suture  but  slightly  impressed,  narrowly 
margined;  the  last  whorl  acutely  carinate.  Aperture  rhombic,  the 
peristome  thin  and  fragile,  columellar  margin  abruptly  dilated  and 
reflexed  partly  over  the  perforation. 

Alt.  3f,  diam.  3J  mm. 

Kayabe,  Ojima,  Hokkaido  Island   (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  641). 

A  rather  straightly  pyramidal  species,  distinct  from  any  of  the 
numerous  species  known  to  me  from  Hondo. 

Eulota  (Euhadra)  oshimae  n.  sp. 

Shell  globose-subdepressed,  umbilicate,  rather  thin  but  solid,  of 
a  rich  reddish  chestnut  color,  darker  within  the  umbilicus  and  on 
the  back  of  the  lip,  and  with  a  very  dark  chestnut,  almost  black 
band  just  above  the  periphery,  bordered  above  and  below  with 
greenish-yellow  bands ;  the  convexity  of  the  base  sometimes  fading 
to  the  same  pale  tint.  Surface  rather  glossy,  but  in  part  dull, 
sculptured  with  slight  growth-striae  only  ;  several  inner  whorls, 
after  the  apical  one,  minutely  wrinkled  and  marked  with  points  in 
oblique  lines.  Spire  conic,  more  or  less  elevated.  Whorls  varying 
from  6f  in  large  to  5f  in  small  specimens,  quite  convex,  slowly 
widening,  the  last  rounded  at  the  periphery,  very  slightly  and 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA.  347 

slowly  descending  in  front,  convex  beneath.  Aperture  broadly 
lunate,  slightly  oblique,  bluish  and  showing  the  band  inside ;  peris- 
tome  expanded  and  rather  narrowly  reflexed,  thickened  within, 
purple,  with  'the  extreme  edge  pale  ;  columellar  margin  broadly 
dilated,  very  dark,  half  covering  the  umbilicus. 

Alt.  35,  diam.  43  mm. 

Alt.  29,  diam.  37  mm. 

Alt.  26,  diam.  33  mm. 

Alt.  25,  diam.  32  mm. 

Alt.  20£,  diam.  27  mm. 

Alt.  19-J,  diam.  26  mm. 

Oshima^  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  357). 

This  magnificent  species  is  related  to  both  E.  caliginosa^  and  E. 
mercatoria^  but  is  more  globose  than  either,  with  more  convex 
whorls.  It  differs  conspicuously  from  E.  caliginosa  in  having  the 
base  of  the  shell  and  aperture  rounded,  not  conspicuously  flattened, 
as  they  are  in  caliginosa.  The  basal  lip,  moreover,  is  not  sinuous. 
E.  oshimce  resembles  E.  mercatoria  in  the  form  of  the  aperture, 
but  differs  in  being  more  globose,  with  a  larger  umbilicus  in  shells 
of  the  same  size,  and  the  whorls  are  more  convex. 

The  variation  in  size,  as  shown  by  the  above  measurements,  is 
extraordinary,  but  there  seems  to  be  a  complete  series  of  interme- 
diate specimens.  The  smaller  shells  are  those  most  resembling  E. 
mercatoria.  E.  oshimce  is  thus  related  to  species  of  Okinawa,  and 
not  to  the  luchuana  group  of  Japan  proper. 

Chlorites  euoharistus  n.  sp. 

Shell  umbilicate,  thin,  concave  above,  of  a  rich,  dark  chestnut 
color.  Densely  hairy,  the  hairs  long,  regularly  arranged  in 
diagonal  lines  descending  forwardly  and  backward,  the  surface 
between  them  minutely  papillose.  Whorls  4J,  the  earlier  ones 
forming  a  rather  deeply  sunken  spire,  the  last  third  of  the  last 
whorl  deeply  descending  to  the  periphery,  the  whorl  preceding  this 
coiled  in  a  plane.  The  first  whorl  is  glossy  and  smooth;  the  last 
whorl  widens  toward  the  aperture,  and  is  obscurely  gibbous  and 
then  contracted  behind  the  lip;  the  base  convex,  having  a  small 
excavation  behind  the  basal  lip,  producing  a  low  prominence  just 
within  the  basal  margin  of  the  aperture.  Aperture  very  oblique, 

1  Catal.  Marine  Moll.  Japan,  PL  10,  figs.  1-3,  6. 

2  Ibid.,  fig.  5. 


348  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [June, 

very  broadly  lunate;  peristome  rather  narrowly  reflexed,  purple, 
the  margins  somewhat  approaching,  connected  across  the  parietal 
wall  by  a  slender,  raised  cord. 

Alt.  9,  greater  diam.  19,  lesser  15J  mm. 

Alt.  9^-,  greater  diam.  18,  lesser  15  mm. 

Alt.  7J,  greater  diam.  15,  lesser  12  mm.  (small  form). 

Oshima,  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  354). 

This  fine  species  has  the  sunken  spire  of  the  typical  forms  of  the 
genus  from  the  Moluccas,  etc.  It  is  a  larger  and  much  finer  species 
than  the  two  hitherto  described  from  Japan,  C.  oscitans  (Martens) 
and  G.  fragilis  Gude,  neither  of  which  has  the  well-developed  per- 
istome of  C.  eucharistus.  Three  of  the  specimens  sent  are  of 
about  the  same  size,  but  another  is  conspicuously  smaller,  with  the 
spire  perceptibly  more  sunken,  and  the  low  "tooth"  within  the 
basal  margin  of  the  peristome  is  subobsolete. 

Suooinea  Hirasei  n.  sp. 

A  species  grouping  with  8.  pfeifferi  of  Europe  and  8.  retusa  of 
America.  Elongate,  fragile,  reddish  or  corneous,  amber- colored, 
composed  of  2^-  very  rapidly  enlarging  whorls,  the  last  one  very 
large,  roughened  by  rather  coarse  growth-wrinkles.  Aperture  long- 
ovate,  somewhat  effuse  below,  the  margins  regularly  arcuate. 

Length  16,  diam.  9,  longest  axis  of  aperture  13,  width  6J  mm. 

Tsuchiura,  Hitachi,  in  eastern  Hondo  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No. 
642). 

Both  of  the  Succineas  previously  known  from  Japan,  S.  lauta 
Old.  and  S.  horticola  Reinh. ,  belong  to  the  group  of  species  having 
very  convex  whorls,  like  S.  putris  or  S.  obliqua.  This  new  one 
goes  with  the  lengthened  species,  and  is  very  like  8.  retusa  Lea 
(ovalis  Gld. ),  but  the  Japanese  form  is  rather  less  effuse  than  the 
American. 

Cyclophorus  Hirasei  n.  sp. 

Shell  narrowly  umbilicate,  turbinate,  with  elevated  spire,  solid  ; 
greenish  yellow,  with  a  rather  wide  black  belt  just  below  the  peri- 
phery, which  is  marked  with  a  pale  belt,  and  several  dark  lines 
and  bands  beneath,  more  or  less  interrupted  at  short  intervals;  the 
upper  surface  marked  with  numerous  dark  bands,  interrupted 
obliquely  or  in  zigzag  fashion;  the  bands  retaining  their  distinct- 
ness or  more  or  less  confluent  into  zigzag  stripes.  Whorls  5J-  to 


1901.]  NATURAL    SCIENCES    OP    PHILADELPHIA.  349 

nearly  6,  very  convex,  the  last  flattened  below  the  suture,  else- 
where well  rounded.  Aperture  circular,  somewhat  oblique,  bluish 
and  showing  the  bands  inside;  peristome  rather  narrowly  reflexed, 
its  face  rounded,  faintly  red-tinted  or  bright  red,  continued  in  a 
callus  across  the  very  short  parietal  wall;  the  columellar  margin 
overhanging  and  partially  concealing  the  small  umbilicus. 

Alt.  30,  diam.  32  mm. ;  antero- posterior  diameter  of  aperture 
21,  width  191  mm. 

Alt.  29,  diam.  31  mm. ;  antero -posterior  .diameter  of  aperture 
20^,  width  19  mm. 

Operculum  circular,  multispiral,  concave  externally;  diam. 
15^  mm. 

Oshima,  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  644). 

Related  to  C.  jourdyi  Mori.,  fulguratus  Pfr.,  courbeti  Anc.,  and 
their  allies,  species  of  Tonquin  and  Burma.     It  is  remarkable  for 
its  elevated  spire  and  brilliant  peristome. 
Pupinella  oshimae  n.  sp. 

Shell  pupiform,  dark  purplish  brown  under  a  papery  whitish  outer 
color,  apparently  the  result  of  weathering,  densely  and  finely  striate 
when  unworn.  Whorls  6,  slightly  convex,  the  first  four  forming 
a  conic  spire,  the  penultimate  and  last  whorls  of  about  equal  diam- 
eter ;  last  whorl  somewhat  produced  forward  below.  Aperture 
vertical,  the  opening  small  and  circular;  peristome  broadly  reflexed, 
white  or  nearly  so,  very  heavily  thickened  on  the  face,  produced 
forward  in  a  flange  around  the  opening,  interrupted  by  minute 
channels  at  the  base  of  the  columella  and  posterior  end  of  the  lip, 
these  channels  expanding  funnel-like  outwardly;  parietal  callus 
very  strong  at  its  right  end,  emitting  a  branch  which  rises  high 
above  the  termination  of  the  outer  lip. 

Length  10,  diam.  4.8  mm.;  diam.  of  aperture,  inside  of  peris- 
tome, 2.2  mm. 

Oshima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  645). 

This  species  differs  strongly  from  P.  rufa  Sowb.  and  its  slightly 
differentiated  local  forms  fnihstorferi  and  tsushimana,  in  the  rela- 
tively enormous  development  of  the  peristome,  reducing  the  open- 
ing of  the  aperture;  in  the  vertical,  not  oblique  plane  of  the  aper- 
ture, and  especially  in  having  the  tongue  of  the  parietal  callus 
defining  the  posterior  canal,  very  much  longer,  rising  high  above 
the  termination  of  the  outer  lip.  The  latter  is  abruptly  truncated 


350  PROCEEDINGS   OF    THE    ACADEMY    OF  [June, 

on  a  level  with  the  suture,  not  produced  upward,  as  in  the  otner 
species  mentioned.  The  upper  foramen  of  the  lip  shows  from  in 
front  as  a  slit,  not  an  orifice,  as  in  P.  rufa. 

P.  fruhstorferi  and  tsushimana,  from  Iki  Island  and  Tsushima 
respectively,  are  hardly  distinguishable  from  rufa.  With  a  series 
of  P.  rufa  before  me  from  Kobe,  Awaji,  Hyuga  province  in 
Kiushiu,  and  other  localities,  and  specimens  of  fruhstorferi  and 
tsushimana  Mlldff.  received  from  Fruhstofer,  1  am  unable  to  find 
any  differential  characters  for  Dr.  von  Mollendorff  s  supposed  spe- 
cies and  subspecies  except  their  distribution.  The  deeply  dissected 
western  coast  of  Kiushiu  indicates  subsidence  of  an  area  long  ex- 
posed to  denudation,  and  points  to  the  recent  isolation  of  Tsushima 
and  neighboring  islands.  Their  fauna  has  much  in  common  with 
Kiushiu,  and,  so  far  as  we  now  know,  but  few  special  species 
strongly  differentiated  from  those  of  the  greater  island. 

DIPLOMMATINIDJE. 

The  Japanese  Diplommatinidce  fall  into  three  groups  :  D. 
pusilla  v.  Mart,  and  its  var.  omiensis  Pils.  are  sinistral  forms, 
pusilla  being  placed  in  the  genus  Palaina,  subgenus  Cylin- 
dropataina  by  Kobelt  and  Mollendorff;3  but  their  genera  Palaina 
and  Diplommatina  seem  to  stand  in  need  of  some  rearrangement, 
judging  by  the  lists  of  species. 

All  of  the  other  Japanese  species  apparently  belong  to  the  sec- 
tion Sinica  of  the  genus  Diplommatina,  with  the  single  exception 
of  D.  turris,  which  differs  strongly  from  all  other  known  Japanese 
species. 

Diplommatina  turris  n.  sp. 

Shell  minute,  tapering-turreted,  whitish;  the  last  two  whorls  of 
about  equal  diameter,  those  above  slowly  tapering.  Whorls  7-J 
to  8,  extremely  convex,  the  first  two  smooth,  the  apex  obtuse;  the 
last  whorl  but  slightly  ascending  in  front.  Surface  regularly  sculp- 
tured with  rather  widely  spaced  thread-like  rib-strise.  Aperture 
subcircular,  the  columellar  tooth  hardly  visible  from  in  front,  but 
seen  in  an  oblique  view  in  the  aperture  to  be  moderately  strong; 
peristome  narrowly  expanded,  its  inner  edge  built  forward  beyond 

3  Catalog  der  gegenwartig  lebend  bekannten  Pncumonopomen,  p.  53. 


1901. J  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  351 

the  expansion;  continued  in  an  adnate  callus  across  the  parietal 
wall.  Palatal  fold  short,  to  the  left  of  the  parietal  callus. 

Length  2.2,  diam.  0.9  mm. 

Oshima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  648). 

This  species  is  not  related  to  any  other  form  known  from  Japan 
or  the  Loo  Choo  group.  The  turreted  shape,  extremely  convex 
whorls,  and  regular  spaced  rib-strife  are  its  prominent  features. 

Diplommatina  saginata  n.  sp. 

Shell  dextral,  imperforate,  shortly  oblong-conic,  obese,  amber- 
colored  or  white,  densely  sculptured  with  delicate  thread-like  rib- 
strise,  about  25  in  the  space  of  a  millimeter  on  the  penultimate 
whorl,  slightly  wider  apart  on  the  earlier  whorls;  no  spiral  stria- 
tion.  Penultimate  whorl  widest,  those  above  forming  a  regularly 
conic  spire.  Whorls  6^-,  the  first  obtuse  and  smooth;  last  whorl 
much  smaller  than  the  penultimate,  strongly  ascending  in  front. 
Aperture  subcircular;  colurnellar  tooth  strong,  as  usual.  Peris- 
tome  narrowly  reflexed,  thickened  on  the  face,  continuous  in  a 
delicate  cord  across  the  parietal  margin.  Palatal  fold  above  the 
columella,  rather  long. 

Length  2.3,  diarn.  1.2  mm. 

Nase,  Oshima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  6496) ;  also  Furuniga, 
Oshima  (No.  649a). 

A  smaller,  shorter  species  than  D.  insularum  of  Kunchan, 
Okinawa,  or  D.  cassa  of  Hondo.  In  one  specimen  the  outer  lip 
is  duplicate,  in  the  others  merely  thickened.  The  upper  margin  of 
the  peristome  rises  nearly  to  the  preceding  suture.  A  specimen 
from  Furuniya  measures,  length  2.24,  diam.  1.28  mm. 

Diplommatina  oshimae  n.  sp. 

Shell  dextral,  imperforate,  bright  red -amber  colored,  the  penulti- 
mate whorl  widest,  those  above  regularly  tapering,  forming  a  long, 
attenuated  spire.  Whorls  7,  convex,  the  first  two  or  three  dark 
red,  smooth,  the  next  two  having  conspicuous  thread-like,  wide- 
spaced  riblets,  the  last  two  whorls  densely  sculptured  with  low,  more 
delicate  rib-strise;  the  last  whorl  somewhat  contracted,  ascending 
in  front,  gibbous  on  the  base  behind  the  columellar  lip.  Aperture 
circular,  the  peristome  reflexed,  not  doubled,  its  inner  edge  a  little 
thickened  and  built  forward,  scarcely  continuous,  the  parietal  callus 


352  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [June, 

being  but  slightly  developed.  Coluraellar  tooth  strong,  as  usual. 
Palatal  fold  wanting. 

Length  3,  diam.  1.4  mm. 

Oshima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  651). 

This  species  has  a  longer,  more  attenuated  spire  than  D. 
luchuana,  and  it  differs  from  that  and  all  other  described  Japanese 
species  in  the  widely  spaced  riblets  of  the  spire.  Moreover,  no 
palatal  fold  is  seen  through  the  front  of  the  whorl,  and  upon  open- 
ing a  specimen  I  found  it  wanting. 

Diplommatina  ludmana  u.  sp. 

Shell  small,  dextral,  oblong-conic,  brown,  finely  striate,  the  striae 
much  less  strong  than  in  other  described  species  of  Japan  or  the 
Loo  Choo  Islands.  Whorls  6,  convex,  the  penultimate  and  last 
of  about  equal  diameter,  those  above  regularly  tapering,  forming 
a  long,  conic  spire.  Last  whorl  ascending  to  the  aperture,  con- 
stricted at  its  beginning  in  front.  Aperture  somewhat  longer  than 
wide,  the  left  margin  straightened;  peristome  continuous,  the  outer 
lip  reflexed,  duplicate  by  a  narrow  crest  close  behind  it ;  columellar 
tooth  strong;  palatal  fold  very  short.  Length  2.3,  diam. 
1.15  mm. 

Province  of  Kunchan,  Okinawa  (Loo  Choo)  Island  (Mr.  Y. 
Hirase,  No.  629). 

Decidedly  conic  above,  as  in  the  larger  D.  Kobelti  Ehrm.  The 
striation  is  weaker  than  in  other  Japanese  species  of  the  group, 
none  of  which,  except  D.  Kobelti,  have  so  tapering  a  spire.  The 
palatal  fold  is  shorter  than  in  the  other  species  of  the  region.  The 
surface  seems  to  have  no  spiral  stride  between  the  longitudinal  strise. 
Diplommatina  septentrionalis  n.  sp. 

Shell  dextral,  corneous  or  pale  brown,  cylindric-oblong,  finely 
rib-striate,  about  12  strise  in  the  space  of  a  millimeter  on  the  penul- 
timate whorl,  the  strise  more  widely  spaced  on  the  last  whorl ; 
under  a  high  magnification  showing  excessively  minute,  close, 
crenulated  spiral  striae  between  the  rib-striae.  Whorls  nearly  6|, 
convex,  the  first  three  forming  a  short  terminal  cone,  the  others 
wide,  last  whorl  ascending  to  the  aperture.  Aperture  subcircular, 
the  lip  continuous,  reflexed,  duplicate  by  a  narrow  crest  close  behind 
it;  columellar  tooth  moderately  strong;  palatal  fold  rather  long. 
Length  2.9,  diam.  1.56  mm. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  353 

Kayabe,  prov.  Ojima,  Hokkaido  Island  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No. 
639). 

This  is  one  of  the  northernmost  known  species  of  the  genus.  It 
is  somewhat  larger  than  D.  uzenensis,  the  rib-striae  are  more  widely 
spaced  and  under  a  high  power  there  are  fine,  dense,  spiral  stride, 
wanting  in  D.  uzenensis.  D.  cassa  is  somewhat  more  cylindric. 
with  finer  striation. 

D.  pusilla  Mart,  also  occurs  at  Kayabe,  Ojima,  whence  speci- 
mens have  been  sent  by  Mr.  Hirase.  They  measure  2.1  mm.  long, 
1  wide,  and  have  about  11  or  12  riblets  in  the  space  of  a  millimeter, 
measured  on  the  last  or  penultimate  whorls.  The  surface  between 
the  riblets  has  excessively  fine  spiral  striae,  and  I  find  that  these 
are  present  in  var.  omiensis,  as  well  as  in  what  I  take  to  be  typical 
D.  pusilla,  although  I  overlooked  them  on  the  occasion  of  a  former 
examination.4  I  cannot  see  that  the  specimens  from  Hokkaido 
Island  differ  from  those  of  middle  Hondo. 

*  These  Proceedings  for  1900,  p.  382. 


23 


354  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [June, 


CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  THE  LIFE-HISTORY  OF  PLANTS.    No.  XV. 

BY  THOMAS  MEEHAN. 
THE  BENDING  OF  MATURE  WOOD  IN  TREES. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science  held  in  Philadelphia  in  1884,  Prof.  Charles  E. 
Bessey  exhibited  a  drawing  of  the  trunk  of  a  Balsam  Fir  that  had 
blown  over  and  had  bent  in  such  a  manner  that  the  curvature  could 
only  have  occurred  after  the  trunk  had  become  several  years  old. 
The  prevalent  impression  is  that  trees  and  branches  grow  into  their 
various  forms;  or,  as  the  popular  phrase  expresses  it,  "  as  the  twig 
is  bent  the  tree's  inclined."  No  one  was  prepared  to  believe  that 
the  tree,  once  inclined,  could  at  any  time  thereafter  change  its 
form.  There  was  nothing  in  the  text-books  to  indicate  the  possi- 
bility of  such  phenomena.  Prof.  Bessey 's  specimen  was  looked 
upon  as  interesting  and  curious,  but  it  has  had  no  influence  in 
our  text-book  teachings.  Up  to  the  present  time  we  are  taught 
to  look  to  light,  gravitation,  tension,  turgescence,  or  some  one  or 
another  of  the  surrounding  conditions  to  account  for  the  direc- 
tion which  stems  or  branches  assume — the  independent  energy 
developed  from  plant  life  itself  receiving  but  slight  recognition, 
probably  because  its  exact  nature  is  so  far  incomprehensible. 
Prof.  Bessey' s  experience  seemed  to  throw  more  light  on  some 
of  my  own  observations.  In  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  for  1866,  p.  401,  appears 
my  paper  "  On  the  Consumption  of  Force  by  Plants  in  Over 
coming  Gravitation, "  in  which  is  clearly  shown  that  life-energy, 
sustained  by  nutrition,  was  an  enormous  power  in  the  life- 
history  of  the  plant.  I  was  encouraged  to  make  actual  experi- 
ments and  wide  observations,  that  have  extended  from  that  time 
till  now,  only  to  find  the  surprising  fact  that  the  recurving  and 
incurving  of  mature  growth  is  among  the  commonest  of  phenomena 
in  the  vegetable  world.  Before  proceeding  to  prepare  this  paper, 
I  inquired  of  Prof.  Bessey  if  he  had  investigated  the  matter  fur- 
ther, and  received  the  following  interesting  letter: 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  385 


NEW  JAPANESE  MARINE,  LAND  AND  FRESH-WATER  MOLLUSCA. 

BY  HENRY  A.   PILSBRY. 

• 

The  present  paper  continues  the  description  of  new  species  of 
inollusks  discovered  by  Mr.  Y.  Hirase.  I  have  taken  this  oppor- 
tunity to  illustrate  the  Japanese  marine  shells  described  in  a  former 
communication.1 

PLEUROTOMID^E. 
Daphnella  fragilis  var.  articulata  nov.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  26. 

General  form  of  D.  fragilis  (Rve. )  or  D.  lymnceformis  (Kien. ). 
Apical  two  whorls  smooth;  several  whorls  following  sculptured 
with  unequal  spiral  cords,  as  coarse  as  those  on  the  last  whorl, 
densely  crenulate  or  beaded  by  close  fine  longitudinal  laminae, 
much  less  prominent  and  closer  than  the  spirals.  Last  whorl 
densely  and  evenly  latticed  by  alternately  larger  and  smaller  spiral 
cords  intersecting  scarcely  less  prominent,  but  rather  closer,  longi- 
tudinal rib-strise.  Pale  brown,  every  fourth  cord  marked  with 
brown  in  narrow  lines  along  the  cord,  alternating  with  diffused 
white  spots;  a  row  of  alternately  brown  and  white  squarish  spots 
below  the  suture;  the  early  whorls  brown.  Aperture  smooth 
within,  the  outer  lip  thin,  regularly  arcuate,  rather  strongly 
retracted  above.  Length  19,  diam.  7,  largest  axis  of  aperture 
11  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen,  in  western  Kiusiu  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  903), 
types  No.  80,634  Coll.  A.  K  S.  P.;  Kamakura,  just  below  Tokyo 
Bay,  on  the  eastern  side  of  Hondo  (Acad.  Coll.). 

Mr.  Tryon  has  lumped  several  totally  distinct  species  under  D. 
lymnceformis,  but  the  form  so  called  by  Kiener  is  less  plump  than 
articulata,  with  even,  close  spirals  and  inconspicuous  longitudinal 
sculpture  on  the  last  whorl,  while  the  spire  has  comparatively 
strong  costse  and  rather  coarse  spirals.  The  color,  well  shown  in 
Kiener' s  figure,  is  whitish,  with  tawny,  waved  and  anastomosing 
longitudinal  stripes.  D.  fragilis  has  not  yet,  to  my  knowledge, 

1  These  Proceedings,  p.  193. 
25 


386  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF 

been  adequately  defined;  but  the  form  I  have  considered  to  be  that 
species  has  a  small,  elevated  nucleus  of  2J-  whorls,  followed  by 
about  three  costate  whorls,  the  ribs  crossed  by  two  or  three  coarse 
spiral  cords;  after  which  the  sculpture  becomes  comparatively  fine. 
If  I  am  correct  in  this  identification,  then  articulata  is  a  distinct 
species;  but  as  Hedley  has  lately  hinted,  many  of  the  more  critical 
or  difficult  species  of  the  "  London  School"  of  conchologists.  of 
which  A.  Adams  and  Reeve  were  shining  lights,  can  be  identified 
with  certainty  only  by  visiting  the  British  Museum.2  Under  the 
circumstances  I  subordinate  my  form  from  Japan  to  D.  fragilis  as 
a  variety,  content  to  have  a  name  for  this  well-marked  shell,  evi- 
dently of  wide  distribution  in  Japanese  waters. 

D.  supercostata  of  E.  A.  Smith  seems,  from  a  specimen  before 
me,  to  belong  near  fragilis,  though  clearly  distinct  in  both  form 
and  sculpture.  D.  ornata  Hinds  from  New  Guinea  is  evidently 
allied,  though  with  a  different  color-pattern. 

MITBIDJE. 
Mitra  (Costellaria)  hizenensis  n.  sp.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  31. 

Shell  slender,  solid,  dusky  olive,  with  a  brown  or  orange-brown 
and  rather  prominent  subsutural  line  and  an  ill-defined  white  zone 
at  the  shoulder,  in  which  the  summits  of  the  ribs  are  transversely 
marked  with  short  scattered  brown  lines;  the  narrow  portion  of 
the  base  is  pale  yellow,  with  brown  spots  and  dots.  Surface  rather 
glossy,  sculptured  with  rounded  longitudinal  ribs,  nearly  or  quite 
as  wide  as  their  intervals,  13  or  14  in  number  on  the  penultimate 
whorl,  becoming  gradually  weaker  below  the  periphery  of  the  last 
whorl,  and  in  adults  obsolete  toward  the  aperture;  the  concave  in- 
tervals crossed  by  very  low,  flat  spirals,  rather  wider  than  the  shal- 
'  low,  oblong  pits  between  them,  and  about  6  in  number  on  the 
penultimate  whorl.  The  last  whorl  is  attenuated  below,  and  has  a 
number  of  large  spiral  ribs  and  small  cords  and  striae,  the  largest 
rib  continuous  with  the  upper  columellar  plait.  Whorls  about  9 ; 
apex  dark.  Aperture  small,  dark  purple-brown  within,  the  lip 
thin,  white-bordered,  multilirate  inside.  Columella  with  four  sim- 
ple plaits.  Length  14.5,  diam.  5,  longest  axis  of  aperture  7.5 
mm.;  length  17,  diam.  6.5  mm. 

2  Or  by  imposing  upon  the  present'custodian  of  the  collection  of  Mollusoa, 
whose  g  od  nature  is  admitted  to  be  well-nigh  inexhaustible. 


1901.]  NATURAL    SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  387 

Hirado,  Hizen,  western  Kiusiu  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No. 
80,475  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  688a  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

Near  M.  fuscoapicata  E.  A.  Smith,  but  it  has  more  and  shallower 
spiral  sulci  in  the  intervals  between  the  ribs,  which  are  fewer  in 
number;  it  is  smaller,  the  upper  two  plaits  of  the  columella  are 
not  grooved,  and  the  coloration  is  somewhat  different.  M.  gotoensi* 
and  M.  collinsoni  have  more  numerous  ribs.  In  adult  specimens 
of  M.  hizenensis  the  latter  third  of  the  last  whorl  is  smooth,  the 
costse  disappearing. 

Mitra  (Costellaria)  vanattai  n.  sp.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  28. 

Shell  rather  slender,  solid,  brownish  olive,  with  a  wide  dark- 
brown  band  below  the  periphery,  and  a  light  brown  line  at  the 
shoulder,  the  base  brown.  Surface  rather  glossy,  sculptured  with 
rounded  longitudinal  ribs,  as  wide  as  the  smooth  concave  intervals, 
14  in  number  on  the  penultimate  whorl,  obsolete  on  the  latter  half 
of  the  last  whorl ;  the  attenuated  base  sculptured  with  spiral  cords, 
the  largest  continuous  with  the  upper  plait  of  the  columella,  those 
below  it  (about  4)  progressively  smaller;  a  few  small  spirals  above 
the  large  cord.  Whorls  remaining  8  (the  apex  being  eroded), 
somewhat  convex.  Aperture  bluish  and  finely  lirate  deep  within, 
purple  brown  toward  the  white-bordered  thin  lip.  Columella  with 
5  plaits,  the  upper  strong,  not  grooved.  Length  17,  diam.  7, 
longest  axis  of  aperture  8  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen  (Mr  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No.  80,476,  from  6886 
of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

This  species  was  sent  with  the  preceding,  from  which  it  is  easily 
separated  by  the  want  of  spiral  sculpture  between  the  ribs.  Some- 
what allied  to  M.  semisculpta,  but  it  differs  in  the  smooth  intervals. 
M.  analogica  Reeve  has  fewer  plaits,  according  to  the  description. 

MURICID^B. 
Tritonidea  submenkeana  n.  sp.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  24. 

Shell  short-fusiform,  very  solid  and  strong.  Sculptured  with 
longitudinal  ribs,  12  to  15  in  number  on  the  last  whorl,  the  last 
rib  very  much  larger,  forming  a  large,  swollen  varix  behind  the 
lip;  crossed  by  spiral  cords  which  are  low  in  the  intercostal  spaces 
but  rise  and  widen  into  transverse,  oblong,  glossy  tubercles  where 
they  cross  the  ribs;  the  penultimate  and  earlier  whorls  having 


388  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY   OF  [July, 

three  such  spiral  cords,  the  last  whorl  with  ten  (counted  just 
behind  the  outer  lip)  ;  the  intervals  between  the  spiral  cords  every- 
where densely,  finely  striate.  Surface  lustreless,  black,  the  inter- 
vals between  ribs  and  a  peripheral  belt  largely  white;  the  tubercles 
of  the  subsutural  cord  are  mostly  brown,  the  others  chiefly  black. 
Whorls  about  8,  but  slightly  convex,  the  spire  being  rather 
straightly  conic;  last  whorl  impressed  below  the  suture,  concave 
below  the  periphery,  produced  and  spirally  striated  anteriorly. 
Aperture  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell,  blue-white  inside, 
the  lip  beveled,  with  a  brown  spot  at  the  termination  of  each  spiral 
cord,  thickened  within  and  contracted  by  six  rounded  teeth,  the 
upper  one  more  widely  separated  than  the  others,  the  second  from 
above  largest.  Columellar  margin  concave  above  with  a  pliciform 
tooth  near  the  posterior  angle,  straightened  and  rather  wide  below, 
bearing  five  or  six  transverse  tubercles.  Length  15,  diam.  7, 
longest  axis  of  aperture  7.5  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen,  western  Kiusiu  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No. 
80,538  Coll.  A.  N.  S.,  from  1,037  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

This  little  black-and-white  species  groups  with  T.  menkeana 
Dkr.,  a  shorter  shell  with  similar  coloration.  The  unusual  promi- 
nence of  the  tubercles  on  the  columellar  lip,  and  the  sculpture  of 
ribs  tuberculate  at  the  intersections  of  spiral  cords,  give  it  much  the 
appearance  of  a  Sistrum. 

PURPTTRA. 

The  luteostoma  group  of  Purpura  was  too  much  lumped  in  my 
Catalogue  of  Japanese  Marine  Mollusks.  From  a  renewed  study 
of  them,  with  much  more  material,  it  seems  that  the  following  four 
Japanese  forms  are  recognizable:  P.  luteostoma  (Chemn.)  Dillwyn, 
P.  bronni  Dkr.,  P.  elavigera  Kiister,  P.  tumulosa  var. problematica 
Baker  (=  tumulosa  Lischke  not  Reeve).  I  formerly  followed 
Mr.  E.  A.  Smith3  in  referring  the  latter  to  P.  alveolata  Reeve; 
but  I  am  now  convinced  that  alveolata  is,  as  Reeve  stated,  a 
Panamic  species.  We  have  specimens  from  Panama  in  our  collec- 
tion exactly  like  his  figure. 

Mr.  Hirase  sends  the  Californian  species  P.  saxicola  Val.  from 
Kisennuma,  Rikuzen,  on  the  east  coast  of  Hondo. 

3  P.  Z.  8.,  1879. 


1901.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  389 

Euthria  hokkaidonis  n.  sp.  PI.  XIX,  fig.  17. 

Shell  slender,  fusiform,  moderately  solid,  yellowish  or  purplish 
ashen.  Surface  lustreless,  sculptured  with  slightly  oblique  longi- 
tudinal rounded  folds  as  wide  as  their  intervals,  13  or  14  in  num- 
ber on  the  penultimate  whorl,  wanting  on  the  base  of  the  last 
whorl,  where  they  disappear  just  below  the  periphery;  crossed  by 
spiral  cords  alternating  with  threads  or  striae,  of  which  there  are 
usually  two  in  each  interval ;  the  coarser  cords  about  5  in  number 
on  the  whorls  of  the  spire,  slightly  widening  as  they  cross  the  longi- 
tudinal folds;  the  spirals  alone  developed  on  the  base.  Spire  high; 
whorls  about  9,  very  convex,  separated  by  deep  sutures;  the  last 
whorl  concave  below,  produced  in  a  slender,  somewhat  recurved 
rostrum;  siphonal  ridge  convex.  Aperture  small,  ovate,  acumi- 
nate above,  livid  dull  purple  inside,  with  8  to  10  acute  folds  within 
the  thin -edged  outer  lip;  canal  short  and  open. 

Length  22,  diarn.  8.5,  length  of  aperture  10  mm. 

Length  22,  diam.  8,  length  of  aperture  9  mm. 

Nakauta,  prov.  Teshio,  Hokkaido  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types 
No.  80,394,  from  No.  102  of  Mr.  Hirase' s  collection. 

Apparently  related  to  E.  fuscolabiata  E.  A.  Smith,  from  which 
it  differs  conspicuously  in  the  much  more  slender  figure. 

COLUMBELLID^J. 
Columbella  misera  Sowerby.    PI.  XXI,  figs.  37,  38. 

C.  miser  Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  I,  p.  129  bis,  PI.  38,  fig.  111. 
This  species  is  figured  to  illustrate  its  difference  from  the  follow- 
ing. It  was  taken  in  some  numbers  at  Kamakura,  province  Sag- 
ami  (below  the  mouth  of  Tokyo  Bay),  by  Mr.  Frederick  Stearns. 
It  is  very  strongly  ribbed,  especially  on  the  spire,  the  ribs  being 
about  half  the  width  of  the  interstices,  about  11  or  12  in  number 
on  the  penultimate  whorl,  or  on  the  last,  when  they  are  not  obsolete 
on  its  latter  part,  which  is  frequently  the  case.  On  the  front  of 
the  last  whorl  these  ribs  extend  well  over  the  periphery,  but  they 
become  much  shorter  on  its  latter  half,  or  wholly  obsolete.  The 
base  is  sculptured  with  coarse  spiral  cords,  which  become  increas- 
ingly weaker  and  obsolete  as  they  approach  the  periphery.  Color 
ivhite,  ivith  one  or  two  dark  brown  spots  on  each  rib  and  a  checkered 
striped  basal  zone;  the  back  of  the  last  whorl  irregularly  striped  or 
reticulate;  a  white  zone,  usually  brown-dotted  on  each  rib,  re- 


390  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ACADEMY    OF 

volves  below  the  suture.     The  form  varies  widely.    Alt.  11,  diam. 
5.2  mm;  alt.  12,  diam.  6  mm. 

Figured  specimens  are  No.  70,765  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from 
Kamakura,  Sagami. 

Columbella  misera  var.  polynyma  Pils.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  39. 

This  vol.,  p.  196  Types  No.  80,556  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from 
No.  1,097  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection.  Study  of  more  specimens 
causes  me  to  doubt  whether  the  characters  of  this  form  are  con- 
stantly different  enough  from  misera  to  require  specific  rank.  The 
following  variety  connects  them  to  some  extent. 

Columbella  misera  var.  californica  Reeve.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  36. 

Columbella  californica  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  VI.  fig.  165  (1859). 
Kobelt,  Couchyl.  Cab.,  p.  59,  PL  8,  figs.  3,  4.  Not  C.  californiana 
Gaskoin,  P.  Z.  S.,  1851,  p.  12. 

Specimens  agreeing  exactly  with  Reeve's  figure  were  taken  by 
Mr.  Hirase  at  Hirado,  Hizen.  They  are  larger  than  C.  misera, 
but  agree  with  that  in  sculpture,  except  that  there  are  one  or  two 
more  ribs  to  a  whorl.  The  coloration  is  much  darker.  There  is  a 
white  subsutural  zone  pied  with  black,  and  a  white  basal  area 
striped  with  black-brown; -the  intermediate  space  being  more  or 
less  suffused  with  rich  brown  and  copiously  lineated  with  black - 
brown.  The  ribs  are  black  below  the  subsutural  zone.  Whorls 
over  seven.  Alt.  13.5,  diam.  6.5  mm.;  alt.  14,  diam.  6  mm. 

Prof,  von  Martens  has  quoted  this  race  as  a  synonym  of  his  C. 
japonica,  but  I  think  incorrectly.  It  is  much  nearer  the  true 
misera,  and  in  my  opinion  is  a  southern  variety  of  that  species.  The 
name  given  by  Reeve  is  unfortunate,  as  it  is  not  a  Californian 
species.  The  specimen  figured  is  No.  80,597  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P., 
from  No.  1,230  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection 

C.  misera  inhabits  the  ocean  coast  of  Hondo;  C.  misera  var. 
polynyma  the  opposite  shore  of  the  same  island,  and  both  C.  misera 
var.  polynyma  and  C-  misera  var.  californica  occur  in  southwestern 
Kiusiu. 

FASCIOLARIIDJE. 

Peristernia  ustulata  var.  luchuana  Pils.    Pi.  XIX,  fig.  18. 

See  p.  197.  Type  is  No.  80,418  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No. 
298  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

P.   crocea   Gray,    scabrosa   Reeve,    xanthostoma   Nutt.   and   va- 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  391 

rious  other  forms  of  the  Polynesian  chlorostoma  Sowb.  are  all 
markedly  shorter  shells.  The  variety  of  scabrosa  figured  by  Ko- 
belt  (Couchyl.  Cab.  Turbinella,  PL  23,  f.  4.  p.  96)  may  possibly 
be  the  same,  but  it  is  nameless. 


BUCCINID^E. 

Chrysodomus  intersculptus  var.  frater  Pils.    PI.  XX,  fig.  21. 

See  p.  197.  Type  is  No.  80,379  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No. 
59  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

Buccinum  Hirasei  n.  sp.    PI.  XX,  fig.  22. 

Shell  solid,  turreted,  partly  covered  with  an  olive-brown  cuticle; 
composed  of  about  8  whorls,  which  are  convex  at  the  periphery, 
contracted  below,  and  channeled  above;  the  channel  rather  wide, 
flat,  bounded  by  a  strongly  elevated,  slightly  uneven  carina. 
Sculpture  of  faint  growth- lines  and  a  few  low  spiral  cords,  hardly 
noticeable  on  the  last  whorl.  Aperture  slightly  ovate,  angular  at 
the  termination  of  the  carina,  the  basal  notch  not  very  deep. 
Outer  lip  smooth,  not  thickened,  somewhat  expanded.  Operculum 
unknown. 

Length  104,  diam.  43,  longest  axis  of  aperture  37  mm. 

Kizennuma,  Rikuzen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  556). 

This  magnificent  species  is  known  to  me  by  the  single  specimen 
figured,  which  was  collected  dead.  The  outer  lip  is  broken  above 
the  middle,  so  that  its  true  outline  in  that  part  is  not  given  in  the 
figure.  The  cuticle  has  nearly  all  been  lost,  and  the  shell  is  over- 
grown with  Polyzoa,  Spirorbis,  etc. 

The  conspicuous  channel  at  the  suture  is  formed  almost  exactly 
like  that  of  Chrysodomus  pericochlion  (Schrenk),  a  species  occur- 
ring with  B.  Hirasei  at  Kizennuma.  The  similarity  is  so  great 
that  I  have  figured  Schrenk' s  species  for  comparison. 

Chrysodomus  perioochlion  (Schrenk).    PI.  XX,  fig.  23. 

The  specimen  here  figured  is  longer  and  less  inflated  than  the 
original  %  type  of  the  species  as  figured  by  Schrenk.  The  dark 
olive  cuticle,  wanting  from  the  base  of  the  shell,  resembles  that 
of  Buccinum  Hirasei,  and  reminds  one  of  the  cuticle  of  such  fresh- 
water snails  as  Viviparus  or  Campeloma. 


392  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [July, 

CEBITHIIDJE. 
CIAVA  Martyn. 

This  genus  has  been  used  to  cover  certain  species  formerly  re- 
ferred to  Potamides,  by  Jousseaume  in  1884, 4  and  by  Dollfus  and 
Dautzenberg  in  1899, 5  and  for  the  group  long  known  as  Vertagus 
by  Dall  in  1892.6  The  latter  usage  I  find  to  be  correct.  In  the 
first  volume  of  the  Universal  Conchology  Martyn  introduces  Clava 
for  the  Cerithiidce  known  to  him — a  group  which  had  previously 
been  referred  to  Murex  by  Linnaeus.  He  gives  the  following 
species: 

Clava  rugata  Martyn •(=  Cerithium  lineatum  Lam.). 

Clava  herculea  Martyn  (=  Cerithium  ebeninum  Brug. ). 

Clava  maculata  Martyn  (=  Cerithium  maculosum  auct.). 

Clava  rubus  Martyn  (=:  Cerithium  echinatum  Ij&m.^). 

In  following  volumes  of  the  same  work,  Martyn  adds  still  other 
forms  of  Clava.  But  it  is  obvious  that  a  type  for  the  genus  must 
be  selected  from  species  contained  in  his  first  volume.  Now  the 
C.  herculea  of  his  list  was  made  type  of  the  genus  Pyrazus  by 
Montfort  in  1810,'  under  the  name  Pyrazus  baudini  Montf.  C. 
rubus  falls  into  Cerithium  as  now  restricted.8  This  leaves  C. 
maculata9  and  C.  rugata  to  bear  the  name  Clava.  The  two  species 
are  not  closely  related,  and  the  latter  may  be  considered  type  of 
Martyn' s  genus.  The  name  Vertagus,  used  for  this  group  by  many 
authors,  had  no  standing  in  binomial  nomenclature  until  long  after 
the  foundation  of  Clava. 

4  Bull  Soc.  Zool  de  France,  IX,  1884,  p.  191. 
bJourn.  de  Conchyl.,  1899,  p.  2. 

6  Trans,  Wagner  Free  Institute  of  Science,  III,  p.  290. 

7  Conch.  Syst.,  II,  pp.  458,  459. 

8  Cerithium  was  established  by  Bruguiere  to  contain  species  of  Vertagus 
and  Potamides  of  authors,  as  well  as  the  forms  to  which  it  is  now  restricted. 

Clava  rubus  of  Martyn  is  the  well-known  Cerithium  echinatum  of  La- 
marck, which  name  it  must  replace.  It  is  not  the  Cerithium  rubus  of  English 
monographers  or  of  Tryon.  who  followed  their  error.  Kobelt,  in  his  mono- 
graph in  the  new  edition  of  Chemnitz's  Conchylien  Cabinet,  p.  213, 
quotes  "C.  rubus  Pilsbry,  Manual,  IX,  p.  103,  PI.  23,  fig.  9,"  as  a  synonym 
of  C.  serratum  Wood.  I  was  not  responsible  for  volume  IX  of  the  Man- 
ual, my  work  beginning  in  volume  X.  With  a  "?  "  he  also  quotes  "Clavus 
rubus  Martyn."  But  Martyn's  Clava  rubus  was  a  totally  different  shell, 
the  C.  echinatum  of  authors,  a  common  Polynesian  species.  The  failure  on 
the  part  of  monographers  to  recognize  this  fact  was  due  to  want  of  care  ; 
neither  the  Universal  Conchology  nor  Chenu's  reprint  have  been  consulted 
by  them. 

•  C.  maculata  is  the  "C.  maculosum"  of  English  monographers  and  of 
Tryon  ;  another  curious  error. 


1901.]      •         NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA.  393 

No  species  of  the  type  proposed  by  Dr.  Jousseaurae  and  Messrs. 
Dollfus  and  Dautzenberg  was  contained  in  Martyn's  original  list. 
Their  use  of  the  name  Clava  is  therefore  without  proper  founda- 
tion, while  DalJ's  course  is  clearly  supported  by  the  evidence  of 
Martyn's  original  work. 

The  Vertagus  pfefferi  of  Dunker  is  not  a  Vertagus  or  Clava,  but 
a  true  Cerithiwn,  which  I  have  received  from  Hirado,  prov.  Hizen, 
Japan  (collected  by  Mr.  Hirase),  and  from  Hong  Kong  (B. 
Schmacker).  It  is  very  close  to  C.  granosum  Kiener  (not  of 
Searles  Wood,  1848),  which  was  described  from  the  Red  Sea,  and 
has  been  reported  by  Lischke  (Jap.  Meeres- Conehyl. ,  I,  p.  6£) 
from  Nagasaki.  C.  mitrceforme  Sowb.  seems  to  differ  but  little,  if 
at  all,  and  C.  eximium  Sowb.  and  rubus  of  Sowerby  and  Tryon1* 
may  be  the  same  thing.  As  there  is  great  uncertainty  about  the 
species  of  Kiener  and  Sowerby,  I  prefer  to  use  the  name  given  by 
Dunker,  based  upon  Japanese  specimens,  and  with  a  good  descrip- 
tion and  figures,  for  the  Japanese  form. 

Cerithium  chemnitzianum  n.  sp.    PI.  XIX,  figs.  14, 15. 

Shell  oblong-conic,  strong,  pale  yellow,  sparsely  maculate  and 
densely  dotted  with  rich  brown.  Sculptured  with  many  very  low 
spiral  cords  which  are  weakly  granose,  the  grains  irregularly  alter- 
nating brown  and  white;  the  upper  two  cords  with  stronger  grains. 
There  are  about  10  of  these  cords  on  the  latter  part  of  the  last 
whorl,  4  on  the  penultimate,  and  3  on  each  of  the  earlier  whorls. 
The  intervals  between  cords  are  densely  striate  spirally,  the  striae 
usually  very  unequal,  a  median  one  generally  larger,  sometimes 
nearly  as  large  as  the  primary  cords,  and  brown-dotted.  Outlines 
of  the  spire  convex  below,  becoming  straight  above.  Whorls 
remaining  8  (the  apex  being  eroded),  the  upper  ones  flattened, 
the  last  three  somewhat  convex  just  below  the  sutures,  the  last 
whorl  having  a  very  strong,  tumid,  oblique  varix  on  the  back,  and 
another  less  elevated  one  strengthening  the  outer  lip.  Aperture 
slightly  oblique,  the  base  being  a  little  advanced,  white  within; 
outer  lip  strongly  arched,  almost  forming  a  semicircle.  Columellar 

10  That  the  English  monographers  and  Tryon  should  have  identified  this 
small  species  as  Martyn's  Clava  rubus  is  inexplicable.  Murex  serratus 
of  Wood,  in  the  Index  Testaceologicus,  PI.  28,  fig.  158,  is  a  much  reduced 
and  poor  figure  of  the  true  C.  rubus  Martyn  ;  but  C.  serratum  of  the  Eng- 
lish and  German  monographs  is  quite  another  thing. 


394  PROCEEDINGS    OP   THE    ACADEMY    OF  •     [July, 

lip  calloused,  bearing  a  strong  entering  callous  ridge  above.  Canal 
very  short,  deep  and  narrow. 

Length  27,  diam.  13.5,  longest  axis  of  aperture  11.5  mm. 

Length  29,  diam.  14,  longest  axis  of  aperture  11.5  mm. 

Loo  Choo  Islands  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No.  80,631  Coll. 
A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  279  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

The  sculpture  is  much  more  feeble  than  in  (7.  morus  or  its  imme- 
diate allies,  though  some  forms  referable  to  morus  resemble  this 
species  in  form. 

The  figure  of  C.  janellii  var.  in  the  zoology  of  the  Astrolabe 
ei  Zelee,  Atlas,  PI.  24,  fig.  22,  resembles  C.  chemnitzianum  some- 
what, but  differs  in  the  plicate  spire.  In  the  monographs  by  Reeve, 
Tryon  and  Kobelt  I  fail  to  find  anything  much  like  the  present  spe- 
cies. This  shell  is  named  for  the  author  of  the  most  extensive  shell 
iconography  of  the  eighteenth  century,  a  work  of  utility  up  to  this 
day.  Would  that  A.  Adams,  a  hundred  years  later,  had  defined 
his  species  half  as  well!  is  one's  thought  on  working  with  Japanese 
mollusks. 

LITTOBINIDJB. 
Echinella  cumingi  var.  luchuana  Pils.    pi.  XIX,  fig.  16. 

See  p.  198.     Types  are  No.  70,962  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P. 

This  variety  resembles  Tectarius  spinulosa  Phil.  (Abbild.  Ill, 
Littorina,  PI.  6,  f.  24),  but  that  is  imperforate,  while  this  has  an 
open,  cylindrical  umbilicus. 

PYRAMIDELLIDJE. 
Syrnola  bacillum  n.  sp     PI.  XXI,  fig.  25. 

Shell  slender,  rod-like,  marbled  reddish-brown  and  white,  with 
a  narrow  baud  of  alternate  brown  and  white  spots  revolving  mid- 
way between  sutures  and  on  the  middle  of  the  upper  surface  of  the 
last  whorl,  which  has  a  white  peripheral  belt;  this  coloring 
sometimes  very  faint.  Nuclear  whorl  standing  obliquely  on  edge, 
the  very  short  spire  inclined  downward;  subsequent  whorls  12^  or 
13,  flat,  separated  by  deeply  cut  sutures,  sculptured  with  faint 
growth -lines  and  an  impressed  line  revolving  below  the  suture; 
some  very  faint  spirals  showing  elsewhere  in  certain  lights.  Periph- 
ery rounded,  the  base  convex,  subperforate.  Aperture  small, 
narrowly  ovate;  columella  bearing  a  single  strong  fold. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  395 

Length  9. 7,  diara.  2,  longest  axis  of  aperture  2  mm. ;  diam.  of 
the  upturned  apical  whorl  .27  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No.  80,605  Coll. 
A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  1,239  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

A  very  narrow  species,  with  a  particular  style  of  coloration, 
which  at  times,  however,  is  very  faint.  The  widely  distributed 
Symola  brunnea  also  occurs  at  the  same  locality.  S.  aciculata  A. 
Ad.,  of  which  I  have  compared  specimens  from  Fiji,  is  a  larger 
species  with  more  convex  whorls. 

TUBBONILLIDJE. 

Turbonilla  varicifera  Pils.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  27. 

See  p.  198.  Types  are  No.  80,603  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from 
No.  1,238  (part)  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

EULIMIDJE. 
Eulima  dunkeriana  n.  sp.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  30. 

A  glossy,  white,  straight  species,  remarkably  thick  above,  being 
thus  somewhat  cylindric.  Whorls  9-J-,  a  trifle  convex,  the  linear 
suture  being  margined  below  (at  least  on  Ihe  upper  half  of  the 
shell)  with  a  translucent  band  (sometimes  enclosing  a  white  band), 
one-fourth  to  one-third  the  width  of  the  whorl,  the  lower  margin 
of  which,  in  some  lights,  looks  like  the  suture  itself,  though  there 
is  no  impression  at  that  place.  At  the  last  half -whorl  there  is  an 
impressed  varix-line  ;  another  in  line  with  it  is  on  the  preceding 
whorl,  while  the  next  earlier  whorl  shows  a  similar  impression 
somewhat  in  advance  of  these.  On  another  specimen  about  1  mm. 
shorter,  and  evidently  not  full  grown,  there  is  on  the  last  whorl  a 
single  varix-line.  The  aperture  is  narrowly  and  acutely  ovate; 
lip  simple,  a  little  obtuse.  Length  11.2,  diain.  2.6,  longest  axis 
of  the  aperture  3.2  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No.  80,637  Coll. 
A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  1,222  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

Close  to  E.  philippiana  (Dunker),1*  which  was  taken  at  Kama- 
kura  by  Mr.  Frederick  Stearns;  but  E.  dunkeriana  differs  in  the 
much  broader  form.  E.  philippiana  has  not  been  well  figured. 
A  specimen  from  Kamakura  before  me  has  an  impressed  varix-line 
near  the  end  of  the  penultimate  whorl,  and  only  falling  a  little 

11  Erroneously  referred  to  the  genus  Eulimella  by  Danker. 


396  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE    ACADEMY   OP  [July, 

short  of  corresponding  with  the  position  of  the  peristome;  another 
on  line  with  it  is  upon  the  preceding  whorl;  the  next  earlier  whorl 
has  a  varix-line  near  its  beginning,  almost  a  whorl  being  thus  with- 
out a  varix.  A  young  shell,  6  ram.  long,  has  one  varix-line  on 
the  back  of  the  penultimate  whorl.  E.  philippiana  measures,  alt. 
10.2,  diam.  2.15,  longest  axis  of  aperture  2.67  mm.  Dunker  gives 
alt.  11,  diam.  2  mm.  for  the  type. 

Evidently  these  species  have  resting  stages  at  irregular  intervals, 
and  the  varix-lines  are  inconstant  in  position  and  number. 

Both  of  these  species  are  remarkable  for  the  thickness  of  the 
upper  part  of  the  spire,  though  this  feature  is  more  exaggerated  in 
E.  dunkeriana. 

Eulima  luchuana  n.  sp.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  23. 

Shell  white  and  glossy,-  conic,  curved  slightly  to  the  right,  that 
margin  being  about  straight  while  the  left  side  is  a  little  convex, 
regularly  tapering,  9J  whorls  remaining  (the  apex  being  decollate), 
slightly  convex,  the  penultimate  whorl  having  an  impressed  varix- 
line  at  its  last  sixth,  the  preceding  whorl  with  one  on  line  with 
the  peristome,  the  next  earlier  whorl  with  a  varix-line  correspond- 
ing in  position  to  that  on  the  penultimate  whorl;  the  varices  thus 
being  all  on  the  right  or  incurved  side.  Aperture  ovate-acuminate, 
the  lip  a  little  obtuse. 

Alt.  12,  diam.  3.85,  longest  axis  of  aperture  4.15  mm. 

Loo  Choo  Islands  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No.  80,628  Coll. 
A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  1,275  of  Mr.  Hirase' s  collection. 

The  aperture  is  longer  than  in  E.  nitidula  A.  Ad.,  which, 
though  a  smaller  species,  is  described  as  having  11  whorls. 

Assiminea  angustata  n.  sp. 

Shell  minute,  imperforate,  or  nearly  so,  long  ovate-conic,  solid, 
red-brown,  glossy  and  smooth.  Whorls  about  5J,  rather  flattened, 
the  last  one  convex.  Aperture  small,  rounded-ovate,  oblique; 
peristome  simple,  the  columellar  and  parietal  margins  somewhat 
thickened.  Length  3,  diam.  1.7,  longest  axis  of  aperture  1.2  mm. 

Rishiri,  Kitami  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  1,277  of  marine  mollusk 
list). 

Unusually  lengthened  for  Assiminea,  but  with  the  color  and 
texture  of  that  genus,  though  it  may  possibly  be  Rissoid. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  397 

NERITIDJE. 
Nerita  martensiana  n.  sp. 

Shell  globose,  small,  solid,  rather  bright  sulphur  yellow,  paler 
and  somewhat  mottled  with  gray  or  blackish  toward  the  aperture. 
Surface  dull,  sculptured  with  low,  rather  coarse  spiral  cords,  about 
15  on  the  last  whorl,  the  upper  one  appressed  against  the  preceding 
whorl.  Spire  short,  whorls  about  3,  the  last  a  little  depressed  below 
the  suture,  which  is  bordered  below  by  a  somewhat  more  promi- 
nent cord.  Aperture  semicircular,  yellow  or  whitish;  lip-rib 
smooth,  with  a  small  tubercle  above,  and  another  well  within  near 
the  base  of  the  columella.  Columellar  area  white  or  yellowish,  flat 
and  smooth,  the  outer  border  well  defined;  edge  of  columella 
straight,  with  two  or  three  low,  subobsolete  teeth,  the  upper  one 
strongest. 

Alt.  10,  diam.  9.5  mm. 

Loo  Choo  Islands  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No.  80,489  Coll. 
A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  729  of  Mr.  Hirase' s  collection. 

Small  as  this  species  is,  the  specimens  are  apparently  adult.  The 
smooth  columellar  area,  with  well-defined  outer  margin,  weak 
denticulation  and  smooth  rib  within  the  outer  lip  are  its  more 
prominent  characters.  I  find  no  species  agreeing  with  these  speci- 
mens in  the  monographs,  the  best  of  which  is  that  by  Prof,  von 
Martens  in  the  new  edition  of  Chemnitz. 
Nerita  helicinoides  var.  tristis  nov. 

Shell  black  with  some  white  spots  along  the  basal  margin,  and 
sometimes  a  few  angular  pink  and  white  spots  elsewhere.  Colu- 
mella three-notched  in  the  middle;  area  smooth,  yellow-tinted  in 
the  middle;  lip-rib  weakly  crenulate,  a  small  denticle  near  its 
upper  end. 

Alt.  13J,  diam.  11  %  mm. 

Loo  Choo  Islands  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  218).  Types  No.  80,406 
ColJ.  A.  N.  S.  P. 

This  variety  is  like  the  typical  form  in  the  denticulation  of 
columella  and  lip.  In  var.  Icevilabris  Pils.  the  lip-rib  is  smooth 
throughout,  and  the  columellar  denticles  very  weak;  these  charac- 
ters being  constant  in  a  large  number  of  specimens. 

N.  helicinoides  is  apparently  closely  related  to  the  small  form  of 
.Y.  striata  Burrow  described  by  Prof,  von  Martens  in  the  new  edi- 
tion of  Chemnitz,  p.  39.  PI.  7,  figs.  19,  20. 


398  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [July, 

TBOCHID-ffi. 

Cantharidus  hirasei  Pils.    Page  199.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  32. 
Cantharidus  bisbalteatus  Pils.    Page  199.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  33. 
Clanculus  gemmulifer  Pils.    Page  200.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  34. 
Clanculus  hizenensis  Pils.    Page  201.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  35. 

Some  of  A.  Adams'  blanket  "descriptions"  might  cover  these 
species,  but  none  of  them  indicate  the  specific  characters  of  either 
of  them.  The  sane  judgment  of  scientific  malacologists  now  de- 
mands that  a  description  shall  describe. 

TURBINIDJE. 
Leptothyra  rubra  var.  Isevicostata  nov. 

Shell  depressed-globose,  coral-red,  with  pale  and  red  dots  alter- 
nating on  the  ribs.  Whorls  4J,  the  last  deeply  descending  anteri- 
orly. Sculpture  of  about  8  rather  strong,  almost  smooth  spiral 
ribs  above  and  upon  the  rounded  peripheral  region,  with  one  or 
several  fine  threads  in  some  of  the  interspaces;  8  to  10  smaller, 
closer  smooth  ribs  upon  the  rather  flattened  base.  Alt.  hardly  4, 
diam.  5  mm. 

Northern  shore  of  province  Tango,  western  side  of  Hondo  (M. 
E.  Gaines).  Types  No.  70,794  Coll.  A.  K  S.  P. 

Specimens  from  Mr.  Hirase,  taken  at  Hirado,  Hizen,  vary 
from  coral  -red  to  almost  purple,  and  some  of  them  are  rather 
larger  with  the  spire  elevated,  the  largest  measuring  alt,  5.2, 
diam.  5.5  mm. 

This  form  differs  from  L.  rubra  (Dkr.  )  in  the  smoothness  of  the 
spiral  ribs,  which  are  not  rougher  than  in  the  Mediterranean  L.  san- 
guinea  (L.  ),  and  in  the  smaller  size,  rubra  measuring,  alt.  scarcely 
6,  diam.  6  to  6J  mm.  In  L.  sanguinea  the  ribs  of  the  base  are 
not  noticeably  smaller,  as  they  are  in  all  of  the  Japanese  Lepto- 
thyras  I  have  seen.  Perhaps  this  variety  is  what  Dunker  and 
others  have  reported  from  Japan  as  sanguinea  L. 


Acmaea  heroldi  var.  signata  Pils.    Pi.  XIX,  figs.  10,  11. 

See  p.   202.     Types  No.   80,497  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No. 
748  of  Mr.  Hirase'  s  collection. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OP    PHILADELPHIA.  399 

SOLENID^. 
Solen  roseomaculatus  n.  sp.    ri.  xix,  tig.  13. 

Shell  small,  thin,  moderately  curved,  the  upper  aud  lower  mar- 
gins parallel,  both  ends  truncated,  with  rather  rounded  angles; 
compressed,  open  at  both  ends,  glossy  and  smoolh  except  for  faint 
growth -stride.  White  with  very  irregular,  more  or  less  confluent  pur- 
plish-roseate maculation  throughout,  the  spots  coarser  toward  the 
distal  end.  Beaks  roseate.  Anterior  end  obliquely  truncate,  the 
margins  narrowly  expanded  or  flaring,  thickened  within.  A  single 
prominent,  erect  tooth  in  each  valve,  that  in  the  right  valve  ante- 
rior to  the  other  and  compressed,  that  in*  the  left  triangular,  being 
buttressed  posteriorly. 

Length  31,  alt.  6.3,  diam.  3.8  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen,  western  Kiusiu  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No. 
80,565  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  1,044  of  Mr.  Hirase's  col- 
lection. 

This  rose -variegated  little  Solen  is  curved  like  an  En*is,  and  has 
some  similarity  to  S.  pictus  Philippi,12  S.  vaginoides  Phil.13  non 
Lam.  =  S.  philippianus  Dkr.14  and  S.  aspersus  Dkr.16  Solen  pic- 
tus is  comparatively  shorter  and  markedly  inflaled  or  cylindric,  while 
the  present  Japanese  species  is  strongly  compressed.  S.  philippianus 
measures  66  by  a  little  over  10  mm.  ("  2"  8'"  lang,  und  wenig 
u'ber  5'"  hoch"),  and  is  thus  a  narrower  shell,  and  it  is  more 
attenuated  anteriorly,  with  smeared  coloration,  according  to  the 
figure.  S.  aspersus  is  decidedly  more  slender,  and  anteriorly 
below  it  is  more  square-cornered.  The  proportions  of  the  three 
species  are  as  follows,  the  altitude  and  diameter  being  compared 
with  the  length: 

Length.     Alt.      Diam. 

S.  roseomaculatus, 1  £  £  of  the  length. 

&  philippianus, 1  — ,V 

S  aspersus, 1  y  — rV     ' ' 

S.  pictus,        1  §  i      " 


12  Philippi,  Zeitschr.f.  Malak.,  1848,  p.  174.     Habitat  unknown.     It  has 
not  been  figured,  to  my  knowledge. 

13  Philippi,  AbUU.  v.  Beschreib.,  etc.,  I,  Solen,  PL  1,  fig.  3.    From  New 
Holland. 

V  Bunker,  Proe.  Zool.  Soc.  Land .,  1861,  p.  420,  under  S.  aspersus. 
15Dunker,  I.  c.,  Australia.      The  type  has  been  figured  in  Conch.  Icon., 
XIX,  Solen,  PI.  7,  fig.  33a. 


400  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ACADEMY    OF  [July, 

PETRICOLIDJE. 
Petricola  cyclus  Pils.    PL  XIX,  figs.  3,  4. 

Seep.  204.  Types  are  No.  80,580  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from 
No.  1,199  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection.  It  has  some  merely  super- 
ficial resemblance  to  P.  typica  Jonas. 

Petricola  cyclus  var.  sculpturata  Pils.    PL  XIX,  fig.  7. 

See  p.  205.  Types  are  No.  10,130  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from 
Puttalam,  Ceylon. 

VENERIDJE. 
Venus  Hirasei  Pils.    Pi.  XIX,  fig  l  ;  PI.  XX,  fig.  20. 

See  p.  205.  Types  No.  80,447  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No. 
492  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection.  It  is  curiously  like  the  Panamic 
V.  columbiensis  Sowb.,  but  differs  in  having  fewer  ribs  separated 
by  much  wider  intervals,  and  a  deeper,  narrower  pallial  sinus. 
The  cardinal  teeth  are  more  deeply  bifid  than  in  V.  columbiensis. 
The  largest  specimen  I  have  seen  measures,  length  52,  alt.  44, 
diam.  33J  mm.  It  is  from  Oyama,  Tsushima. 

Tapes  platyptycha  Pils.    PL  XIX,  fig.  6. 

Page  206.  Types  are  No.  81,218  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No. 
1,196  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

Tapes  phenax  Pils.    PL  XIX,  fig.  5. 

Page  207.  Types  are  No.  80,436  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No. 
432  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection 


Donax  kiusiuensis  Pils.    PL  XX,  fig.  19. 

Page  207.  Types  are  No.  80,505  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No. 
$47  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

TELLINID^l. 
Tellina  (Merisca)  pristiformis  n.  sp.    PL  XIX,  fig.  8. 

Shell  equilateral,  subtriangular,  slightly  inequivalve,  the  poste- 
rior end  being  bent  to  the  right  ;  moderately  convex,  solid,  white. 
Surface  dull  and  lustreless,  sculptured  with  densely  crowded  fine, 
concentric  lamellse,  a  little  stronger  and  more  spaced  toward  the 
two  ends;  the  intervals  sculptured  with  fine,  subobsolete,  radial 
strise,  which  are  fainter  in  the  middle,  and  often  hardly  percept!  - 


PROC.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILA. 


PLATE  XIX. 


14  15 


17  18 


P1LSBRY.    NEW  JAPANESE  MOLLUSCA. 


PROC.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILA.  1901. 


PLATE  XX. 


22 


PILSBRY.    NEW  JAPANESE  MOLLUSCA. 


PROC.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILA.   19O1. 


PLATE  XXI. 


PILSBRY    DEL. 


PILSBRY.    NEW  JAPANESE   MOLLUSCA. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  401 

ble  anywhere,  even  with  a  lens.  Beaks  somewhat  prominent, 
small  and  in  contact.  Anterior  end  rounded,  the  slope  above 
straight;  posterior  slope  straight  or  slightly  convex,  finely  serrate; 
the  posterior  end  narrowly  subrostrate  and  biangular,  the  right 
valve  having  two  prominent  posterior  keels,  the  space  between  them 
concave,  left  valve  with  one  posterior  keel,  a  narrow  furrow  close 
before  it,  with  a  slighter  second  depression,  the  basal  margin  well 
rounded,  ascending  and  sometimes  slightly  sinuous  behind.  Lunule 
lanceolate,  very  deeply  cut,  bounded  by  acute  ridges,  that  of  the 
right  valve  rising  well  above  the  left,  and  with  a  wider  excavation. 
Area  also  deeply  excavated,  bounded  by  keels,  the  ligament  promi- 
nent. Interior  white,  the  hinge  strong,  with  two  cardinal  teeth  in 
each  valve,  the  left  anterior  tooth  and  the  right  posterior  bifid. 
Left  valve  without  laterals,  right  valve  with  low,  distant  anterior 
and  posterior  lateral  teeth.  Hinge-line  straight  behind  the  beak, 
concave  in  front.  Pallial  sinus  very  large,  reaching  to  within  a 
millimeter  or  two  of  the  anterior  adductor  scar,  confluent  with  the 
pallial  line  below  for  about  half  its  length.  Scars  of  the  cruciform 
muscle  distinct. 

Length  38,  alt.  29.5,  diam.  11.5  mm. 

Inland  Sea  of  Japan.     Types  No.  71,029  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P. 

This  species  is  closely  related  to  T.  pristis  Lam.  and  T.  concen- 
trica  Gld.  It  has  a  wider  lunule  than  the  former,  its  bounding 
keels  without  the  irregularity,  "saw"  or  serration  seen  in  T. 
pristis.  The  posterior  area  is  more  deeply  excavated,  the  posterior 
keel  of  the  right  valve  is  stronger,  and  the  end  is  much  more  bent 
to  the  right.  The  hinge-plate  is  wider,  and  the  anterior  lateral 
tooth  is  further  removed  from  the  cardinals.  Finally,  the  dorsal 
slopes  are  steeper,  meeting  at  a  smaller  angle,  and  hence  tke  whole 
outline  is  more  triangular.  In  T.  concentrica  Gld.  (Fiji  Islands) 
the  form  is  more  elongate,  the  lunule  and  posterior  area  far  less 
impressed,  and  the  interior  is  more  glossy,  with  shallower,  less  dis- 
tinct muscular  scars,  and  the  shell  is  thinner.  T.  diaphana  Desh. 
differs  by  having  the  pallial  sinus  abut  against  the  anterior  adduc- 
tor scar,  according  to  Deshayes'  description.  T.  siamerisis  v. 
Martens  is  a  longer,  less  high  species,  by  the  description.  It  has 
not  been  figured,  so  far  as  I  can  learn,  and  is  doubtfully  distinct 
from  T.  diaphana  Desb. 


26 


402  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [July, 

ANATINIDJE. 
Anatina  impura  Pils.    Pi.  XIX,  fig.  9. 

Page  208.     Types  are  Nos.  68,536  and  70,812  Coll.  A.  N.  8.  P. 

LIMIDJE. 

Lima  hians  var.  hirasei  Pils.    PI.  XIX,  flg.  12. 

Page  209.  Types  No.  80,525  Coll.  A.  N.  S,  P.,  from  No. 
901  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

Closely  allied  to  L.  hians  Gra.  of  Europe,  but  the  sculpture  is 
finer,  the  gape  of  both  ends  less  widely  open,  and  the  anterior  rib 
inside  is  not  so  strong. 

ABCID^J. 
Area  nipponensis  Pils.    PI.  XIX,  fig.  2. 

See  p.  209.     Types  are  Ko.  79,009  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P. 

Land  and  Fresh-water  Species. 

PUPIDJB. 

Buliminus  reinianus  var.  hokkaidonis  noy. 

Similar  to  reinianus  except  in  being  shorter  and  broader,  with 
very  obtuse  apex,  the  upper  part  of  the  spire  broader.  Whorls  8. 
Length  23,  diam.  above  aperture  8,  longest  axis  of  aperture  9  mm. 

Kayabe  and  Shukunobe,  prov.  Ojima,  Hokkaido. 

Typical  B.  reinianus  is  not  known  from  Hokkaido  Island.  I 
now  believe  that  it  will  be  difficult,  if  indeed  practicable  or  desirable, 
to  distinguish  extorris  or  omiensis  as  races  distinct  from  the  variable 
reinianus,  though  typically  the  forms  are  separable.  There  is  also 
a  rather  small  ana  more  striate  form  of  the  species  occurring  at 
Okinoshima  and  some  other  places  in  Shikoku  Island,  but  I  have 
not  seen  enough  specimens  to  be  satisfied  that  it  requires  varietal 
distinction. 

HELICID-&3. 

Mandarina  mandarina  var.  ponderosa  nov. 

Shell  large  and  very  heavy,  reddish-brown  or  purple-black  with 
a  light  umbilical  patch;  whorls  5£,  the  last  one  distinctly  carinated 
at  the  periphery.  Surface  coarsely  decussate,  the  impressed  spiral 
lines  being  much  stronger  than  in  the  typical  form.  Alt.  21, 
diam.  28  mm.;  alt.  19,  diam.  26  mm. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  403 

Ogasawara  (Bonin)  Islands  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No. 
80,812  Coll.  A.  N.  S.,  from  4676  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

As  yet  we  know  nothing  of  the  distribution  of  species  on  the 
several  islands  of  this  little  group,  the  investigation  of  which  will 
be  of  the  greatest  interest.  We  look  to  Mr.  Hirase  to  throw  light 
upon  it. 

Trishoplita  dacostae  var.  awajiensis  nov. 

Shell  depressed -conoid,  thin,  hardly  glossy,  corneous  with  a 
faint  brown  tint,  often  in  streaks,  paler  or  a  little  whitish  below 
the  sutures.  Spires  somewhat  elevated;  whorls  5f,  the  last 
obtusely  subangular  in  front.  Sculpture  of  slight,  rather  irregular 
growth-stride,  a  strong  lens  showing  some  almost  obsolete  spiral  striae 
near  the  umbilicus.  Aperture  oblique,  short-oval,  almost  round, 
a  little  excised  by  the  parietal  wall.  Peristome  thin,  narrowly 
expanded  and  subreflexed.  Alt.  6.2,  diam.  9  mrn.  ;  width  of 
umbilicus  about  1  mm. 

Anaya,  Awaji  Island  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  645). 

This  form  is  duller,  more  conoidal,  with  the  last  whorl  more 
depressed   than  T.    goodwini  var.  kyotoensis.     It   is  smaller   than 
T.  dacostce,  with  the  aperture  less  rounded.     It  is  the  first  Tris- 
hoplita  known  from  Awaji  Island. 
Trishoplita  goodwini  var.  strigata  nov. 

Shell  similar  in  general  characters  to  T.  goodwini,  but  rather 
faintly  streaked  obliquely  with  brown  on  a  whitish  corneous 
ground,  usually  whitish  below  the  suture.  Finely  obliquely 
striate,  and  densely  decussate  by  close  spirals.  Whorls  5J  to  6. 
Alt.  9J,  diam.  13,  width  of  umbilicus  1J  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen,  in  western  Kiusiu  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Type, 
No.  78,844  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  No.  344  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

This  form  was  recognized  as  somewhat  different  from  the  typical  T. 
goodivini  of  Hondo,  when  received  from  Mr.  Hirase  about  a  year 
ago;  but  I  did  not  then  think  it  desirable  to  distinguish  it  by 
name.  Since  such  forms  of  goodwini  as  tosana  and  dacostce  have 
been  so  distinguished,  it  would  seem  advisable  to  recognize  this 
also.  Upon  the  whole,  it  is  well  to  have  names  for  these  sub- 
species, which  have  become  differentiated  in  various  areas  of  the 
empire.  T.  goodwini  var.  strigata  differs  from  tosana  and  dacostce. 
by  its  decussate  surface. 


404  PKOCEEDINGS    OF   THE    ACADEMY    OF 

ZONITID-EJ. 
Kaliella  subcrenulata  n.  sp. 

Shell  narrowly  perforate,  depressed-trochiform,  pale  brown, 
somewhat  translucent.  Sculpture  of  very  fine,  close,  thread-like 
striae  and  subobsolete  spiral  striae;  the  base  smooth.  Spire  conic, 
the  apex  obtuse.  Whorls  4,  nearly  flat,  the  last  acutely  carinate 
in  the  middle,  the  carina  smooth-edged;  base  very  convex.  Aper- 
ture narrow,  somewhat  rhombic;  peristome  simple.  Alt.  1.5, 
diam.  2.4  mm. 

Kochi,  Tosa,  Shikoku  Island  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

Similar  to  K.  erenulata  Gude,  but  much  more  depressed.  It 
occurred  with  specimens  of  K.  erenulata  (Gude),  and  an  elevated 
variety  of  K.  multtfbolvis  Pils. 

K.   ruida  Pils.   is  a  larger  and  more  coarsely  sculptured  but 
evidently  allied  species. 
Kaliella  lioderma  n.  sp. 

Shell  perforate,  pyramidal  with  flattened  base,  obtuse  apex  and 
straight  lateral  outlines;  pale  yellowish-corneous.  Whorls  7, 
rather  convex,  the  last  acutely  carinate,  somewhat  convex  below. 
'Surface  glossy,  smooth  except  for  slight  growth-striae.  Aperture 
basal,  rhombic,  nearly  twice  as  wide  as  high;  peristome  simple,  the 
margins  remote,  the  columellar  margin  reflexed.  Alt.  2.5,  diam. 
•2.2  mm. 

Kashima,  Harima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

More  elevated  than  K.  erenulata,  and  distinguished  by  its  plain, 
smooth  surface. 
Kaliella  harimensis  n.  sp. 

Shell  perforate,  obtusely  conoidal,  fragile,  amber  colored,  trans- 
lucent. Whorls  5,  convex,  slowly  increasing,  the  nucleus  rather 
large;  last  whorl  obtusely  subangular  in  front,  elsewhere  rounded 
at  the  periphery,  the  base  convex.  Sculpture  of  extremely  fine, 
densely  crowded,  thread-like  striae  above,  giving  the  surface  a  some- 
what silken  lustre;  almost  obsolete  on  the  glossy 'base,  which  shows 
weak  spiral  striae  near  the  middle.  Aperture  truncate-crescentic, 
the  peristome  thin,  a  little  reflexed  at  the  perforation.  Alt.  2, 
diam.  2^  mm. 

Kashima,  Harima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  655).   • 

This  species  is  much  more  depressed  than  the  allied  K.  pagodu- 
loides  Gude.  It  has  not  the  peripheral  keel  of  K.  fraterna  Pils. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  405 

BBALTID^J. 
Omphalotropis  japonicus  n.  sp. 

Shell  narrowly  umbilicate,  acutely  ovate-conic,  rather  thin, 
yellowish  brown;  surface  glossy  and  smooth.  Spire  straightly 
conic,  the  apex  rather  acute.  Whorls  6,  convex,  the  last  with  a 
strong  basal  keel  around  the  umbilicus.  Aperture  slightly 
oblique,  ovate,  the  outer  and  basal  margins  of  the  peristome  a 
trifle  expanded,  columellar  margin  reflexed.  Length  5.3,  diam- 
eter 3.5,  length  of  aperture  2.5  mm. 

Kashiwashima,  Tosa,  Shikoku  Island  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  588). 

This  is,  I  believe,  the  first  Omphalotropis  found  in  Japan. 

AMNICOLIDJE. 
Bithynia  striatula  var.  japonica  nov. 

Shell  pale  amber  tinted  or  corneous,  glossy,  similar  to  B.  striatula 
of  China,  but  differing  in  sculpture,  the  spiral  ridges  beins:  much 
stronger;  3  or  4  large  and  irregularly  spaced  ones  above  the  peri- 
phery, those  on  the  base  smaller  and  closer.  Alt.  10  (specimens 
with  the  early  whorls  lost  by  erosion),  diam.  6.5  mm.;  longest 
axis  of  aperture  5  mm. 

Manabe,  Hidachi  (type  locality),  and  Osaka  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

Types  No.  80,683  Coll.  A.  N.  S.}  from  No.  152  of  Mr.  Hirase's 
collection. 

Specimens  from  Osaka  have  less  strong  sculpture  than  those  from 
the  province  Hidachi,  though  it  is  still  stronger  than  in  any  Chinese 
specimens  of  B.  striatula  in  the  series  before  me.  The  peristome 
is  rather  less  expanded,  too,  though  well  thickened  in  adults,  and 
either  black  (Manabe)  or  pale  (Osaka).  B.  striatula  has  already 
been  reported  from  Japan  by  Prof,  von  Martens,16  who  in  i860 
found  it  at  Yokohama,  on  the  muddy  bank  of  the  small  river,  at 
the  first  bridge,  in  quite  fresh  water.  I  suppose  it  was  this  strongly 
sculptured  form  which  he  found.  The  Vega  Expedition  collected 
shells  identified  by  Westerlund  as  B.  striatula  at  Jokogava  (near 
Tokyo),  and  at  Lake  Biwa  (Vega  Exp.,  IV,  p.  182).  In  China 
the  species  is  widely  diffused,  from  the  Yangtse  to  the  Amur  drain- 
ages; and  Pere  Heude17  has  split  it  into  some  four  species.  Of 

16  Sitzungsber.  naturf.  Freumde  zu  Berlin,  1877,  p.  114.     B.  striatula 
was  described  from  Chusan,  as  Paludina  (BitJiinia)  striatula  Bens.,  Jour  n,. 
Asiat.  Soc.  Beng.,  XXIV,  1885,  p.  131.     Schmacker  found  it  at  Shanghai. 

17  Memoires  concernant  I' Hist.  Nat.  de  I' Empire  Chinois,  pp.  171,  172. 


406  PROCEEDINGS    OF  THE   ACADEMY    OF  [July, 

these  his  B.  chinensis  seems  to  me  to  be  typical  B.  striatula,  while  B. 
spiralis  is  a  more  slender,  B.  scalaris  a  stouter  form,  perhaps  not 
more  than  varietally  distinct.  B.  striatula  Bens,  of  Heude  is  a 
strongly  keeled  form,  certainly  not  the  typical  striatula  of  Benson. 
His  identification  of  it  was  possibly  due  to  a  remark  of  von  Mar- 
tens in  Jahrb.  D.  Mai.  Ges.y  II,  1875,  p.  133. 

I  have  no  great  faith  in  the  distinctness  of  any  of  these  sup- 
posed species ;  but  if  several  Chinese  forms  are  to  be  distinguished, 
the  Japanese  shells  evidently  deserve  at  least  varietal  rank.  They 
are  nearer  B.  striatula  Heude  non  Benson  than  to  any  other  of 
the  Chinese  varieties. 

SPHJBBIID^B. 
Sphaerium  inutilis  n.  sp. 

Shell  oval,  much  inflated,  thin,  equilateral,  grayish-brown,  with 
a  pale  basal  zone;  glossy,  minutely  striate;  anterior  end  curved 
in  a  semicircle;  posterior  end  a  little  more  obtuse,  though  still 
well  curved.  Beaks  small,  projecting,  "  calyculate,"  or  tipped 
witn  a  distinctly  demarked  protoconch.  Interior  bluish-white; 
cardinal  teeth  subobsolete,  extremely  compressed,  parallel,  with  the 
hinge-line,  divided  in  the  right  valve,  single  in  the  left;  lateral 
teeth  moderately  strong,  double  in  the  right,  single  in  the  left 
valve.  Length  10,  alt.  8.6,  diam.  6.2  mm. 

Nishigo,  Uzen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

r^ Three  species  of  Sphcerium  are  now  known  from  Japan :  S. 
japonicum  Westerlund, 18  S.  heterodon  Pilsbry,19  and  the  present 
species.  All  belong  to  the  subgenus  Calyeulina.  S.  japonicum  is 
an  elongate  "  subtrapeziform  "  species.  S.  inutilis  differs  from 
S.  heterodon  in  having  higher  beaks,  a  more  curved  hinge-line, 
rounded  ends  and  it  is  more  globose. 

No  Pisidium  or  Cyrena  is  yet  known  from  Japan  proper,  although 
the  latter  genus  occurs  in  the  middle  group  of  the  Loo  Choo 
Islands. 

CYRENID^E. 
Corbicula  sadoensis  n.  sp. 

Shell  triangular-oval,  moderately  inflated,  solid;  glossy,  nearly 
black  in  adults,  sculptured  with  very  close,  irregularly  raised  and 

18  Calyeulina  japonica  West.,  NacWbl.  d.  D.  Malak.  Ges.,  1883,  p.  58 
(April);   Vega  Exp.,  IV,  p.  216,  PL  6,  fig.  31,  from  Jokogava,  near  Tokyo. 

19  Gatal.  Mar.  Moll.  Jap.,  p.  159,  PL  3,  figs.  15,  16,  17,  from  Hizen,  in 
Kiusiu. 


1901.]  NATURAL    SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  407 

thread-like  concentric  strise.  Beaks  moderately  raised  and  full, 
deeply  eroded  in  adults.  Interior  whitish,  or  light  violet  outside 
of  the  pallial  line.  Hinge  rather  narrow,  the  cardinal  teeth 
slightly  grooved  at  their  summits ;  anterior  and  posterior  laterals  of 
equal  length,  single  in  the  left,  double  in  the  right  valve.  Length 
33,  ah.  27,  diarn.  18  mm. 

Sado,  Japan  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

It  fills  me  with  sadness  to  add  another  Corbicula  to  the  Japanese 
fauna,  but  these  specimens  cannot  without  violence  be  referred  to 
any  of  those  known.  C.  martensi  Clessin  is  perhaps  the  nearest, 
but  sadoensis  is  more  transverse,  the  lateral  teeth  diverge  at  a  wider 
angle,  and  the  striae  are  far  closer.  The  very  close,  comparatively 
fine  striation  is  the  chief  differential  character  of  the  species, 
distinguishing  it  from  all  the  other  forms. 

Corbicula  awajiensis  n.  sp. 

Shell  oval,  compressed,  the  diameter  about  half  and  the  alt. 
three-fourths  the  length,  bright  yellowish  green,  with  buff  spots 
and  patches  toward  the  beaks;  strongly  and  regularly  ribbed  con- 
centrically. Beaks  rather  low,  not  projecting  much,  eroded  and 
deep  violet.  Nearly  equilateral,  the  anterior  end  sometimes  slightly 
narrower,  the  two  ends  about  equally  rounded,  upper  and  lower 
margins  equally  and  similarly  curved.  Interior  dark  violet,  with 
a  darker,  often  light-bordered  spot  under  the  beaks.  Hinge  deli- 
cate, the  cardinal  teeth  small;  anterior  and  posterior  laterals  of 
about  equal  length,  somewhat  curved,  very  strongly  crenulate, 
double  in  the  right,  single  in  the  left  valve.  Length  16,  alt.  12, 
diam.  8-|  mm. 

Noda,  Awaji  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

The  valve-margins  viewed  from  within  are  seen  to  form  a  sym- 
metrical oval  figure,  the  upper  and  lower  borders  having  almost 
exactly  the  same  curvature,  and  the  anterior  aad  posterior  ends 
being  about  equal.  There  is  no  suggestion  of  the  subtriangular 
shape  of  most  Japanese  species  of  Corbicula.  The  beaks  are  low 
and  the  sculpture  strong  and  regular.  It  is  a  small  species,  the 
first  known  from  Awaji  Island,  and  seems  quite  distinct  from  any 
other. 


408  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES  XIX,  XX,  XXL 

PLATE  XIX  (figures  natural  size),  Fig.  1.—  Venus  hirasei.  pp.  205,  400. 
Fig.  2. — Area  nipponensis,  pp.  209,  402. 
Figs.  3,  4. — Petrwola  cyclus,  pp.  204,  400. 
Fig.  5. — Tapes  phenax,  p.  207. 
Fig.  6. — Tapes  platyptycha,  p.  206. 

Fig.  7. — Petricola  cyclus  var.  sculpturata,  p.  205  (Ceylon). 
Fig.  8.— Tellina  pristiformis,  p.  400. 
•    Fig.  9. — Anatina  impura,  pp.  208,  402. 
Figs.  10,  11. — Acmcea  heroldivar.  signata,  p.  202. 
Fig.  12. — Lima  Mans  var.  hirasei,  pp.  209,  402. 
Fig.  13. — Solen  roseomaculatus,  p.  399. 
Figs.  14,  15. — CeritMum  chemnitzianum,  p.  393. 
Fig.  16. — EcMnella  cumingi  luchuana,  pp.  198,  394. 
Fig.  17. — Euthria  Aokkaidonis,  p.  389. 
Fig.  18 — Peristernia  ustulata  var.  luehuana,  pp.  197,  390. 

PLATE  XX  (fig.  19  much  enlarged,  the  others  natural  size),  Fig.  19. — 
Donax  kiusiuensis,  p.  400. 
Fig.  20.— Venus  hirasei,  p.  400. 

Fig.  21. — Chrysodomus  intersculptus  v&r.frater,  pp.  197,  391. 
Fig.  22. —  Buccinum  hirasei,  p.  391. 
Fig.  23. — Chrysodomus  pericochlion,  p.  391. 

PLATE  XXI    (figures  much  enlarged),   Fig.  24. — Tritonidea  submen- 
keana,  p.  387. 

Fig.  25. — Syrnola  baeillum,  p.  394. 
Fig.  26. — Daphnella  fragilis  var.  articulata,  p.  385. 
Fig.  27. — Turbonilla  varicifera,  pp.  198,  395. 
Fig.  28. — Mitra  vanattai,  p.  387. 
Fig.  29. — Eulima  luehuana,  p.  396. 
Fig.  30. — Eulima  dunkeriana,  p.  395. 
Fig.  31. — Mitra  hizenensis,  p.  386. 
Fig.  32. — Cantharidus  hirasei,  p.  199. 
Fig.  33. — Cantharidus  bisbalteatus,  p.  199. 
Fig.  34.— Clanculus  gemmulifer,  p.  200. 
Fig.  35. — Clanculus  hizenensis,  pp.  201,  398. 
Fig.  36. — Columbella  misera  var.  californiea,  p.  390. 
Figs.  37,  38. — Columbella  misera,  p.  389. 
Fig.  39. —  Columbella  misera  var.  polynyma,  pp.  196,  390. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  385 


NEW  JAPANESE  MARINE,  LAND  AND  FRESH-WATER  MOLLUSCA. 
BY  HENRY  A.   PILSBRY. 

The  present  paper  continues  the  description  of  new  species  of 
mollusks  discovered  by  Mr.  Y.  Hi  rase.  I  have  taken  this  oppor- 
tunity to  illustrate  the  Japanese  marine  shells  described  in  a  former 
communication.1 

PLEUBOTOMIDJE. 
Daphnella  fragilis  var.  articulata  nov.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  26. 

General  form  of  D.  fragilis  (Rve. )  or  D.  lymnceformis  (Kien. ). 
Apical  two  whorls  smooth;  several  whorls  following  sculptured 
with  unequal  spiral  cords,  as  coarse  as  those  on  the  last  whorl, 
densely  crenulate  or  beaded  by  close  fine  longitudinal  laminae, 
much  less  prominent  and  closer  than  the  spirals.  Last  whorl 
densely  and  evenly  latticed  by  alternately  larger  and  smaller  spiral 
cords  intersecting  scarcely  less  prominent,  but  rather  closer,  longi- 
tudinal rib-strise.  Pale  brown,  every  fourth  cord  marked  with 
brown  in  narrow  lines  along  the  cord,  alternating  with  diffused 
white  spots;  a  row  of  alternately  brown  and  white  squarish  spots 
below  the  suture;  the  early  whorls  brown.  Aperture  smooth 
within,  the  outer  lip  thin,  regularly  arcuate,  rather  strongly 
retracted  above.  Length  19,  diam.  7,  largest  axis  of  aperture 
11  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen,  in  western  Kiusiu  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  903), 
types  No.  80,634  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.;  Kamakura,  just  below  Tokyo 
Bay,  on  the  eastern  side  of  Hondo  (Acad.  Coll.). 

Mr.  Tryon  has  lumped  several  totally  distinct  species  under  D. 
lymnceformis,  but  the  form  so  called  by  Kiener  is  less  plump  than 
articulata,  with  even,  close  spirals  and  inconspicuous  longitudinal 
sculpture  on  the  last  whorl,  while  the  spire  has  comparatively 
strong  costse  and  rather  coarse  spirals.  The  color,  well  shown  in 
Kiener' s  figure,  is  whitish,  with  tawny,  waved  and  anastomosing 
longitudinal  stripes.  D.  fragilis  has  not  yet,  to  my  knowledge, 

1  These  Proceedings,  p.  193. 
25 


386  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [Juljr 

been  adequately  defined;  but  the  form  I  have  considered  to  be  that 
species  has  a  small,  elevated  nucleus  of  2J  whorls,  followed  by 
about  three  costate  whorls,  the  ribs  crossed  by  two  or  three  coarse 
spiral  cords;  after  which  the  sculpture  becomes  comparatively  fine. 
If  I  am  correct  in  this  identification,  then  articulata  is  a  distinct 
species;  but  as  Hedley  has  lately  hinted,  many  of  the  more  critical 
or  difficult  species  of  the  ' '  London  School ' '  of  conchologists.  of 
which  A.  Adams  and  Reeve  were  shining  lights,  can  be  identified 
with  certainty  only  by  visiting  the  British  Museum.2  Under  the 
circumstances  I  subordinate  my  form  from  Japan  to  D.  fragilis  as 
a  variety,  content  to  have  a  name  for  this  well-marked  shell,  evi- 
dently of  wide  distribution  in  Japanese  waters. 

D.  supercostata  of  E.  A.  Smith  seems,  from  a  specimen  before 
me,  to  belong  near  fragilis,  though  clearly  distinct  in  both  form 
and  sculpture.  D.  ornata  Hinds  from  New  Guinea  is  evidently 
allied,  though  with  a  different  color-pattern. 

MITRIDJE. 
Mitra  (Costellaria)  hizenensis  n.  sp.    PL  XXI,  fig.  31. 

Shell  slender,  solid,  dusky  olive,  with  a  brown  or  orange-brown 
and  rather  prominent  subsutural  line  and  an  ill-defined  white  zone 
at  the  shoulder,  in  which  the  summits  of  the  ribs  are  transversely 
marked  with  short  scattered  brown  lines;  the  narrow  portion  of 
the  base  is  pale  yellow,  with  brown  spots  and  dots.  Surface  rather 
glossy,  sculptured  with  rounded  longitudinal  ribs,  nearly  or  quite 
as  wide  as  their  intervals,  13  or  14  in  number  on  the  penultimate 
whorl,  becoming  gradually  weaker  below  the  periphery  of  the  last 
whorl,  and  in  adults  obsolete  toward  the  aperture;  the  concave  in- 
tervals crossed  by  very  low,  flat  spirals,  rather  wider  than  the  shal- 
low, oblong  pits  between  them,  and  about  6  in  number  on  the 
penultimate  whorl.  The  last  whorl  is  attenuated  below,  and  has  a 
number  of  large  spiral  ribs  and  small  cords  and  strise,  the  largest 
rib  continuous  with  the  upper  coluinellar  plait.  Whorls  about  9 ; 
apex  dark.  Aperture  small/  dark  purple-brown  within,  the  lip 
thin,  white-bordered,  multilirate  inside.  Columella  with  four  sim- 
ple plaits.  Length  14.5,  diam.  5,  longest  axis  of  aperture  7.5 
mm.;  length  17,  diam.  6.5  mm. 

2  Or  by  imposing  upon  the  present  custodian  of  the  collection  of  Mollusca, 
•whose  g-ocl  nature  is  admitted  to  be  well-nigh  inexhaustible. 


1901.]  NATURAL    SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  387 

Hirado,  Hizen,  western  Kiusiu  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No. 
80,475  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  688a  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

Near  M.  fuscoapicata  E.  A.  Smith,  but  it  has  more  and  shallower 
spiral  sulci  in  the  intervals  between  the  ribs,  which  are  fewer  in 
number;  it  is  smaller,  the  upper  two  plaits  of  the  columella  are 
not  grooved,  and  the  coloration  is  somewhat  different.  M.  yotoensis 
and  J\L  collinsoni  have  more  numerous  ribs.  In  adult  specimens 
of  M.  hizenensis  the  latter  third  of  the  last  whorl  is  smooth,  the 
costse  disappearing. 

Mitra  (Costellaria)  vanattai  n.  sp.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  28. 

Shell  rather  slender,  solid,  brownish- olive,  with  a  wide  dark- 
brown  baud  below  the  periphery,  and  a  light  brown  line  at  the 
shoulder,  the  base  brown.  Surface  rather  glossy,  sculptured  with 
rounded  longitudinal  ribs,  as  wide  as  the  smooth  concave  intervals, 
14  in  number  on  the  penultimate  whorl,  obsolete  on  the  latter  half 
of  the  last  whorl ;  the  attenuated  base  sculptured  with  spiral  coids, 
the  largest  continuous  with  the  upper  plait  of  the  columella,  those 
below  it  (about  4)  progressively  smaller;  a  few  small  spirals  above 
the  large  cord.  Whorls  remaining  8  (the  apex  being  eroded), 
somewhat  convex.  Aperture  bluish  and  finely  lirate  deep  within, 
purple  brown  toward  the  white-bordered  thin  lip.  Columella  with 
5  plaits,  the  upper  strong,  not  grooved.  Length  17,  diam.  7, 
longest  axis  of  aperture  8  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen  (Mr  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No.  80,470,  from  6886 
of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

This  species  was  sent  with  the  preceding,  from  which  it  is  easily 
separated  by  the  want  of  spiral  sculpture  between  the  ribs.  Some- 
what allied  to  M.  semisculpta,  but  it  differs  in  the  smooth  intervals. 
M.  analogica  Reeve  has  fewer  plaits,  according  to  the  description. 

MURICIDJE. 
Tritonidea  submenkeana  n.  sp.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  24. 

Shell  short-fusiform,  very  solid  and  strong.  Sculptured  with 
longitudinal  ribs,  12  to  15  in  number  on  the  last  whorl,  the  last 
rib  very  much  larger,  forming  a  large,  swollen  varix  behind  the 
lip;  crossed  by  spiral  cords  which  are  low  in  the  intercostal  spaces 
but  rise  and  widen  into  transverse,  oblong,  glossy  tubercles  where 
they  cross  the  ribs;  the  penultimate  and  earlier  whorls  having 


388  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF 

three  such  spiral  cords,  the  last  whorl  with  ten  (counted  just 
behind  the  outer  lip)  ;  the  intervals  between  the  spiral  cords  every- 
where densely,  finely  striate.  Surface  lustreless,  black,  the  inter- 
vals between  ribs  and  a  peripheral  belt  largely  white;  the  tubercles 
of  the  subsutural  cord  are  mostly  brown,  the  others  chiefly  black. 
Whorls  about  8,  but  slightly  convex,  the  spire  being  rather 
straightly  conic;  last  whorl  impressed  below  the  suture,  concave 
below  the  periphery,  produced  and  spirally  striated  anteriorly. 
Aperture  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell,  blue-white  inside, 
the  lip  beveled,  with  a  brown  spot  at  the  termination  of  each  spiral 
cord,  thickened  within  and  contracted  by  six  rounded  teeth,  the 
upper  one  more  widely  separated  than  the  others,  the  second  from 
above  largest.  Columellar  margin  concave  above  with  a  pliciform 
tooth  near  the  posterior  angle,  straightened  and  rather  wide  below, 
bearing  five  or  six  transverse  tubercles.  Length  15,  diam.  7, 
longest  axis  of  aperture  7. 5  mm. 

flirado,  Hizen,  western  Kiusiu  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No. 
80,538  Coll.  A.  K  S.,  from  1,037  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

This  little  black-and-white  species  groups  with  T.  menkeana 
Dkr.,  a  shorter  shell  with  similar  coloration.  The  unusual  promi- 
nence of  the  tubercles  on  the  columellar  lip,  and  the  sculpture  of 
ribs  tuberculate  at  the  intersections  of  spiral  cords,  give  it  much  the 
appearance  of  a  Sistrum. 

PURPURA. 

The  luteostoma  group  of  Purpura  was  too  much  lumped  in  my 
Catalogue  of  Japanese  Marine  Mollusks.  From  a  renewed  study 
of  them,  with  much  more  material,  it  seems  that  the  following  four 
Japanese  forms  are  recognizable:  P.  luteostoma  (Chemn.)  Dillwyn, 
P.  bronni  Dkr.,  P.  clavigera  Kuster,  P.  tumulosa  var. problematica 
Baker  (=  tumulosa  Lischke  not  Reeve).  I  formerly  followed 
Mr.  E.  A.  Smith3  in  referring  the  latter  to  P.  alveolata  Reeve; 
but  I  am  now  convinced  that  alveolata  is,  as  Reeve  stated,  a 
Panamic  species.  We  have  specimens  from  Panama  in  our  collec- 
tion exactly  like  his  figure. 

Mr.  Hirase  sends  the  Calif ornian  species  P.  saxicola  Val.  from 
Kisennuma,  Rikuzen,  on  the  east  coast  of  Hondo. 

3  P.  Z.  S.,  1879. 


1901.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  389 

Euthria  hokkaidonis  n.  sp.  PI.  XIX,  fig.  17. 

Shell  slender,  fusiform,  moderately  solid,  yellowish  or  purplish 
ashen.  Surface  lustreless,  sculptured  with  slightly  oblique  longi- 
tudinal rounded  folds  as  wide  as  their  intervals,  13  or  14  in  num- 
ber on  the  penultimate  whorl,  wanting  on  the  base  of  the  last 
whorl,  where  they  disappear  just  below  the  periphery;  crossed  by 
spiral  cords  alternating  with  threads  or  striae,  of  which  there  are 
usually  two  in  each  interval;  the  coarser  cords  about  5  in  number 
on  the  whorls  of  the  spire,  slightly  widening  as  they  cross  the  longi- 
tudinal folds;  the  spirals  alone  developed  on  the  base.  Spire  high; 
whorls  about  9,  very  convex,  separated  by  deep  sutures;  the  last 
whorl  concave  below,  produced  in  a  slender,  somewhat  recurved 
rostrum;  siphonal  ridge  convex.  Aperture  small,  ovate,  acumi- 
nate above,  livid  dull  purple  inside,  with  8  to  10  acute  folds  within 
the  thin-edged  outer  lip;  canal  short  and  open. 

Length  22,  diara.  8.5,  length  of  aperture  10  mm. 

Length  22,  diam.  8,  length  of  aperture  9  mm. 

Nakauta,  prov.  Teshio,  Hokkaido  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types 
No.  80,394,  from  No.  102  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

Apparently  related  to  E.  fuscolabiata  E.  A.  Smith,  from  which 
it  differs  conspicuously  in  the  much  more  slender  figure. 

COLUMBELLIDJE. 
Columbella  misera  Sowerby.    PI.  XXI,  figs.  37,  38. 

C.  miser  Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  I,  p.  129  bis,  PL  38,  fig.  111. 
This  species  is  figured  to  illustrate  its  difference  from  the  follow- 
ing. It  was  taken  in  some  numbers  at  Kamakura,  province  Sag- 
ami  (below  the  mouth  of  Tokyo  Bay),  by  Mr.  Frederick  Stearns. 
It  is  very  strongly  ribbed,  especially  on  the  spire,  the  ribs  being 
about  half  the  width  of  the  interstices,  about  11  or  12  in  number 
on  the  penultimate  whorl,  or  on  the  last,  when  they  are  not  obsolete 
on  its  latter  part,  which  is  frequently  the  case.  On  the  front  of 
the  last  whorl  these  ribs  extend  well  over  the  periphery,  but  they 
become  much  shorter  on  its  latter  half,  or  wholly  obsolete.  The 
base  is  sculptured  with  coarse  spiral  cords,  which  become  increas- 
ingly weaker  and  obsolete  as  they  approach  the  periphery.  Color 
white,  with  one  or  two  dark  brown  spots  on  each  rib  and  a  checkered 
striped  basal  zone;  the  back  of  the  last  whorl  irregularly  striped  or 
reticulate;  a  white  zone,  usually  brown-dotted  on  each  rib,  re- 


390  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [July, 

volves  below  the  suture.     The  form  varies  widely.    Alt.  11,  diam. 
5.2  mm;  alt.  12,  diam.  6  mm. 

Figured  specimens  are  No.  70,765  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from 
Kamakura,  Sagami. 

Columbella  misera  var.  polynyma  Pils.    Pi.  XXI,  fig.  39. 

This  vol.,  p.  196  Types  No.  80,556  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from 
No.  1,097  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection.  Study  of  more  specimens 
causes  me  to  doubt  whether  the  characters  of  this  form  are  con- 
stantly different  enough  from  misera  to  require  specific  rank.  The 
following  variety  connects  them  to  some  extent. 

Columbella  misera  var.  californica  Reeve.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  36. 

Columbella  californica  Eeeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  VI.  fig.  165  (1859). 
Kobelt,  Couchyl.  Cab.,  p.  59,  PL  8,  figs.  3,  4.  Not  C.  californiana 
Gaskoin,  P.  Z.  S.,  1851,  p.  12. 

Specimens  agreeing  exactly  with  Reeve's  figure  were  taken  by 
Mr.  Hirase  at  Hirado,  Hizen.  They  are  larger  than  C.  misera, 
but  agree  with  that  in  sculpture,  except  that  there  are  one  or  two 
more  ribs  to  a  whorl.  The  coloration  is  much  darker.  There  is  a 
white  subsutural  zone  pied  with  black,  and  a  white  basal  area 
striped  with  black-brown;  the  intermediate  space  being  more  or 
less  suffused  with  rich  brown  and  copiously  lineated  with  black  - 
brown.  The  ribs  are  black  below  the  subsutural  zone.  Whorls 
over  seven*.  Alt.  13.5,  diam.  6.5  mm.;  alt.  14,  diam.  6  mm. 

Prof,  von  Martens  has  quoted  this  race  as  a  synonym  of  his  C. 
japonica,  but  I  think  incorrectly.  It  is  much  nearer  the  true 
misera,  and  in  my  opinion  is  a  southern  variety  of  that  species.  The 
name  given  by  Reeve  is  unfortunate,  as  it  is  not  a  Californian 
species.  The  specimen  figured  is  No.  80,597  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P., 
from  No.  1,230  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection 

C.  misera  inhabits  the  ocean  coast  of  Hondo;  C.  misera  var. 
polynyma  the  opposite  shore  of  the  same  island,  and  both  C.  misera 
var.  polynyma  and  C~  misera  var.  californica  occur  in  southwestern 
Kiusiu. 

FASOIOLABIIDJE. 
Peristernia  ustulata  var.  luchuana  Pils.    PI.  XIX,  fig.  18. 

See  p.  197.  Type  is  No.  80,418  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No. 
298  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

P.   croeea   Gray,    scabrosa   Reeve,    xanthostoma   Nutt.   and    va- 


1901.]  NATURAL    SCIENCES    OP   PHILADELPHIA.  391 

rious  other  forms  of  the  Polynesian  chlorostoma  Sowb.  are  all 
markedly  shorter  shells.  The  variety  of  scabrosa  figured  by  Ko- 
belt  (Conchyl.  Cab.  Tarbinella,  PL  23,  f.  4,  p.  96)  may  possibly 
be  the  same,  but  it  is  nameless. 


BUCOINID^E. 

Chrysodomus  inter  sculp  tus  var.  f  rater  Pils.    PI.  XX,  fig.  21. 

See  p.  197.  Type  is  No.  80,379  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No. 
59  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

Buccinum  Hirasei  n.  sp.    PL  XX,  fig.  22. 

Shell  solid,  turreted,  partly  covered  with  an  olive-brown  cuticle; 
composed  of  about  8  whorls,  which  are  convex  at  the  periphery, 
contracted  below,  and  channeled  above;  the  channel  rather  wide, 
flat,  bounded  by  a  strongly  elevated,  slightly  uneven  carina. 
Sculpture  of  faint  growth- lines  and  a  few  low  spiral  cords,  hardly 
noticeable  on  the  last  whorl.  Aperture  slightly  ovate,  angular  at 
the  termination  of  the  carina,  the  basal  notch  not  very  deep. 
Outer  lip  smooth,  not  thickened,  somewhat  expanded.  Operculum 
unknown. 

Length  104,  diam.  43,  longest  axis  of  aperture  37  mm. 

Kizennuma,  Rikuzen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  556). 

This  magnificent  species  is  known  to  me  by  the  single  specimen 
figured,  which  was  collected  dead.  The  outer  lip  is  broken  above 
the  middle,  so  that  its  true  outline  in  that  part  is  not  given  in  the 
figure.  The  cuticle  has  nearly  all  been  lost,  and  the  shell  is  over- 
grown with  Polyzoa,  Spirorbis,  etc. 

The  conspicuous  channel  at  the  suture  is  formed  almost  exactly 
like  that  of  Chrysodomus  perieochlion  (Schrenk),  a  species  occur- 
ring with  B.  Hirasei  at  Kizennuma.  The  similarity  is  so  great 
that  I  have  figured  Schrenk' s  species  for  comparison. 

Chrysodomus  perieochlion  (Schrenk).    PI.  XX,  fig.  23. 

The  specimen  here  figured  is  longer  and  less  inflated  than  the 
original  type  of  the  species  as  figured  by  Schrenk.  The  dark 
olive  cuticle,  wanting  from  the  base  of  the  shell,  resembles  that 
of  Buceinum  Hirasei,  and  reminds  one  of  the  cuticle  of  such  fresh- 
water snails  as  Viviparus  or  Campeloma. 


392  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [July, 


CLAVA  Martyn. 

This  genus  has  been  used  to  cover  certain  species  formerly  re- 
ferred to  Potamides,  by  Jousseaume  in  1884,*  and  by  Dollfus  and 
Dautzenberg  in  1899,  5  and  for  the  group  long  known  as  Vertagus 
by  Dall  in  1892.6  The  latter  usage  I  find  to  be  correct.  In  the 
first  volume  of  the  Universal  Conchology  Martyn  introduces  Clava 
for  the  Cerithiidce  known  to  him  —  a  group  which  had  previously 
been  referred  to  Murex  by  Linnseus.  He  gives  the  following 
species: 

Clava  rugata  Martyn  (=  Cerithium  lineatum  Lam.). 

Clava  herculea  Martyn  (=  Cerithium  ebeninum  Brug.  ). 

Clava  maculata  Martyn  (=  Cerithium  maculosum  auct.  ). 

Clava  rubus  Martyn  (=  Cerithium  eehinatum  Lam.). 

In  following  volumes  of  the  same  work,  Martyn  adds  still  other 
forms  of  Clava.  But  it  is  obvious  that  a  type  for  the  genus  must 
be  selected  from  species  contained  in  his  first  volume.  Now  the 
C.  herculea  of  his  list  was  made  type  of  the  genus  Pyrazus  by 
Montfort  in  18  10,7  under  the  name  Pyrazus  baudini  Montf.  (7. 
rubus  falls  into  Cerithium  as  now  restricted.8  This  leaves  C. 
maculata9  and  C.  rugata  to  bear  the  name  Clava.  The  two  species 
are  not  closely  related,  and  the  latter  may  be  considered  type  of 
Martyn'  s  genus.  The  name  Vertagus,  used  for  this  group  by  many 
authors,  had  no  standing  in  binomial  nomenclature  until  long  after 
the  foundation  of  Clava. 

4  Bull  Soc.  Zool  de  France,  IX,  1884,  p.  191. 

5  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1899,  p.  2. 

6  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Institute  of  Science,  III,  p.  290. 

7  Conch.  8yst.t  II,  pp.  458,  459. 

8  Cerithium  was  established  by  Bruguiere  to  contain  species  of  Vertagus 
and  Potamides  of  authors,  as  well  as  the  forms  to  which  it  is  now  restricted. 

Clava  rubus  of  Martyn  is  the  well-known  Cerithium  eehinatum  of  La- 
marck, which  name  it  must  replace.  It  is  not  the  Cerithium  rubus  of  English 
monographers  or  of  Tryon,  who  followed  their  error.  Kobelt,  in  his  mono- 
graph in  the  new  edition  of  Chemnitz's  Conchy  lien  Cabinet,  p.  213, 
quotes  "C.  rubus  Pilsbry,  Manual,  IX,  p.  103,  PL  23,  fig.  9,"  as  a  synonym 
of  C.  serratum  Wood.  I  was  not  responsible  for  volume  IX  of  the  Man- 
ual, my  work  beginning  in  volume  X.  With  a  "  ?  "  he  also  quotes  "Clavus 
rubus  Martyn."  But  Martyn's  Clava  rubus  was  a  totally  different  shell, 
the  C.  eehinatum  of  authors,  a  common  Polynesian  species.  The  failure  on 
the  part  of  monographers  to  recognize  this  fact  was  due  to  want  of  care  ; 
neither  the  Universal  Conchology  nor  Chenu's  reprint  have  been  consulted 
by  them. 

'  C.  maculata  is  the  "C.  maculosum"  of  English  monographers  and  of 
Tryon  ;  another  curious  error. 


PROC.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILA.  19O1. 


PLATE  XIX. 


17  18 


PILSBRY.    NEW  JAPANESE  MOLLUSCA. 


PROC.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILA.  1901. 


PLATE  XX. 


22 


23 


PILSBRY.     NEW  JAPANESE  MOLLUSCA. 


PROC.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILA.  1901. 


PLATE  XXI. 


PILSBRY    DEL. 


PILSBRY.    NEW  JAPANESE  MOLLUSCA. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA.  393 

No  species  of  the  type  proposed  by  Dr.  Jousseaume  and  Messrs. 
Dollfus  and  Dautzenberg  was  contained  in  Martyn's  original  list. 
Their  use  of  the  name  Clava  is  therefore  without  proper  founda- 
tion, while  Ball's  course  is  clearly  supported  by  the  evidence  of 
Martyn's  original  work. 

The  Vertagus  pfefferi  of  Dunker  is  not  a  Vertagus  or  Clava,  but 
a  true  Cerithium,  which  I  have  received  from  Hirado,  prov.  Hizen, 
Japan  (collected  by  Mr.  Hirase),  and  from  Hong  Kong  (B. 
Schmacker).  It  is  very  close  to  C.  granosum  Kiener  (not  of 
Searles  Wood,  1848),  which  was  described  from  the  Red  Sea,  and 
has  been  reported  by  Lischke  (Jap.  Meeres- Conchyl. ,  I,  p.  68) 
from  Nagasaki.  0.  mitrceforme  Sowb.  seems  to  differ  but  little,  if 
at  all,  and  C.  eximium  Sowb.  and  rubus  of  Sowerby  and  Tryon1' 
may  be  the  same  thing.  As  there  is  great  uncertainty  about  the 
species  of  Kiener  and  Sowerby,  I  prefer  to  use  the  name  given  by 
Dunker,  based  upon  Japanese  specimens,  and  with  a  good  descrip- 
tion and  figures,  for  the  Japanese  form/ 

Cerithium  chemnitzianum  n.  sp.    PI.  XIX,  figs.  14, 15. 

Shell  oblong-conic,  strong,  pale  yellow,  sparsely  maculate  and 
densely  dotted  with  rich  brown.  Sculptured  with  many  very  low 
spiral  cords  which  are  weakly  granose,  the  grains  irregularly  alter- 
nating brown  and  white;  the  upper  two  cords  with  stronger  grains. 
There  are  about  10  of  these  cords  on  the  latter  part  of  the  last 
whorl,  4  on  the  penultimate,  and  3  on  each  of  the  earlier  whorls. 
The  intervals  between  cords  are  densely  striate  spirally,  the  strise 
usually  very  unequal,  a  median  one  generally  larger,  sometimes 
nearly  as  large  as  the  primary  cords,  and  brown-dotted.  Outlines 
of  the  spire  convex  below,  becoming  straight  above.  Whorls 
remaining  8  (the  apex  being  eroded),  the  upper  ones  flattened, 
the  last  three  somewhat  convex  just  below  the  sutures,  the  last 
whorl  having  a  very  strong,  tumid,  oblique  varix  on  the  back,  and 
another  less  elevated  one  strengthening  the  outer  lip.  Aperture 
slightly  oblique,  the  base  being  a  little  advanced,  white  within; 
outer  lip  strongly  arched,  almost  forming  a  semicircle.  Columellar 

10  That  the  English  monographers  and  Tryon  should  have  identified  this 
small  species  as  Martyn's  Clava  rubus  is  inexplicable.  Murex  serratus 
of  Wood,  in  the  Index  Testaceologicus,  PI.  28,  fig.  158,  is  a  much  reduced 
and  poor  figure  of  the  true  C.  rubus  Martyn  ;  but  C.  serratum  of  the  Eng- 
lish and  German  monographs  is  quite  another  thing. 


394  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [July, 

0 

lip  calloused,  bearing  a  strong  entering  callous  ridge  above.  Canal 
very  short,  deep  and  narrow. 

Length  27,  diam.  13.5,  longest  axis  of  aperture  11.5  mm. 

Length  29,  diam.  14,  longest  axis  of  aperture  11.5  mm. 

Loo  Choo  Islands  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No.  80,631  Coll. 
A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  279  of  Mr.  Hirase' s  collection. 

The  sculpture  is  much  more  feeble  than  in  C.  moms  or  its  imme- 
diate allies,  though  some  forms  referable  to  morus  resemble  this 
species  in  form. 

The  figure  of  C.  janellii  var.  in  the  zoology  of  the  Astrolabe 
d  Zelee,  Atlas,  PI.  24,  fig.  22,  resembles  C.  chemnitzianum  some- 
what, but  differs  in  the  plicate  spire.  In  the  monographs  by  Reeve, 
Tryon  and  Kobelt  I  fail  to  find  anything  much  like  the  present  spe- 
cies. This  shell  is  named  for  the  author  of  the  most  extensive  shell 
iconography  of  the  eighteenth  century,  a  work  of  utility  up  to  this 
day.  Would  that  A.  Adams,  a  hundred  years  later,  had  defined 
his  species  half  as  well!  is  one's  thought  on  working  with  Japanese 
mollusks. 

LITTORINIDJE. 
Echinella  cumingi  var.  luchuana  Pils.    PI.  XIX,  fig.  16. 

See  p.  198.     Types  are  No.  70,962  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P. 

This  variety  resembles  Tedarius  spinulosa  Phil.  (Abbild.  Ill, 
Littorina,  PL  6,  f.  24),  but  that  is  imperf orate,  while  this  has  an 
open,  cylindrical  umbilicus. 

PYRAMIDELLIDJE. 
Syrnola  bacillum  n.  sp     PI.  XXI,  fig.  25. 

Shell  slender,  rod-like,  marbled  reddish-brown  and  white,  with 
a  narrow  baud  of  alternate  brown  and  white  spots  revolving  mid- 
way between  sutures  and  on  the  middle  of  the  upper  surface  of  the 
last  whorl,  which  has  a  white  peripheral  belt:  this  coloring 
sometimes  very  faint.  Nuclear  whorl  standing  obliquely  on  edge, 
the  very  short  spire  inclined  downward;  subsequent  whorls  12^  or 
13,  flat,  separated  by  deeply  cut  sutures,  sculptured  with  faint 
growth -lines  and  an  impressed  line  revolving  below  the  suture; 
some  very  faint  spirals  showing  eUewhere  in  certain  lights.  Periph- 
ery rounded,  the  base  convex,  subperforate.  Aperture  small, 
narrowly  ovate;  columella  bearing  a  single  strong  fold. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  395 

Length  9.7,  diam.  2,  longest  axis  of  aperture  2  mm.;  diam.  of 
the  upturned  apical  whorl  .27  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No.  80,605  Coll. 
A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  1,239  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

A  very  narrow  species,  with  a  particular  style  of  coloration, 
which  at  times,  however,  is  very  faint.  The  widely  distributed 
Syrnola  brunnea  also  occurs  at  the  same  locality.  S.  aciculata  A. 
Ad.,  of  which  I  have  compared  specimens  from  Fiji,  is  a  larger 
species  with  more  convex  whorls. 


Turbonilla  varicifera  Pils.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  27. 

See  p.  198.  Types  are  No.  80,603  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from 
No.  1,238  (part)  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

EULIMIDJE. 
Eulima  dunkeriana  n.  sp.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  30. 

A  glossy,  white,  straight  species,  remarkably  thick  above,  being 
thus  somewhat  cylindric.  Whorls  9J-,  a  trifle  convex,  the  linear 
suture  being  margined  below  (at  least  on  1he  upper  half  of  the 
shell)  with  a  translucent  band  (sometimes  enclosing  a  white  band), 
one-fourth  to  one-third  the  width  of  the  whorl,  the  lower  margin 
of  which,  in  some  lights,  looks  like  the  suture  itself,  though  there 
is  no  impression  at  that  place.  At  the  last  half-whorl  there  is  an 
impressed  varix-line  ;  another  in  line  with  it  is  on  the  preceding 
whorl,  while  the  next,  earlier  whorl  shows  a  similar  impression 
somewhat  in  advance  of  these.  On  another  specimen  about  1  mm. 
shorter,  and  evidently  not  full  grown,  there  is  on  the  last  whorl  a 
single  varix-line.  The  aperture  is  narrowly  and  acutely  ovate; 
lip  simple,  a  little  obtuse.  Length  11.2,  diam.  2.6,  longest  axis 
of  the  aperture  3.2  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No.  80,637  Coll. 
A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  1,222  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

Close  to  E.  philippiana  (Dunker),11  which  was  taken  at  Kama- 
kura  by  Mr.  Frederick  Stearns;  but  E.  dunkeriana  differs  in  the 
much  broader  form.  E.  philippiana  has  not  been  well  figured. 
A  specimen  from  Kamakura  before  me  has  an  impressed  varix-line 
near  the  end  of  the  penultimate  whorl,  and  only  falling  a  little 

11  Erroneously  referred  to  the  genus  Eulimella  by  Dunker. 


396  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE    ACADEMY   OF  [July, 

short  of  corresponding  with  the  position  of  the  peristome;  another 
on  line  with  it  is  upon  the  preceding  whorl;  the  next  earlier  whorl 
has  a  varix-line  near  its  beginning,  almost  a  whorl  being  thus  with- 
out a  varix.  A  young  shell,  6  ram.  long,  has  one  varix-line  on 
the  back  of  the  penultimate  whorl.  E.  philippiana  measures,  alt. 
10.2,  diam.  2.15,  longest  axis  of  aperture  2.67  inm.  Dunker  gives 
alt.  11,  diam.  2  mm.  for  the  type. 

Evidently,  these  species  have  resting  stages  at  irregular  intervals, 
and  the  varix-lines  are  inconstant  in  position  and  number. 

Both  of  these  species  are  remarkable  for  the  thickness  of  the 
upper  part  of  the  spire,  though  this  feature  is  more  exaggerated  in 
E.  dunkeriana. 

Eulima  luchuana  n.  sp.    PL  XXI,  fig.  23. 

Shell  white  and  glossy,  conic,  curved  slightly  to  the  right,  that 
margin  being  about  straight  while  the  left  side  is  a  little  convex, 
regularly  tapering,  9^  whorls  remaining  (the  apex  being  decollate), 
slightly  convex,  the  penultimate  whorl  having  an  impressed  varix- 
line  at  its  last  sixth,  the  preceding  whorl  with  one  on  line  with 
the  peristome,  the  next  earlier  whorl  with  a  varix-line  correspond- 
ing in  position  to  that  on  the  penultimate  whorl;  the  varices  thus 
being  all  on  the  right  or  incurved  side.  Aperture  ovate-acuminate, 
the  lip  a  little  obtuse. 

Alt.  12,  diam.  3.85,  longest  axis  of  aperture  4.15  mm. 

Loo  Choo  Islands  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No.  80,628  Coll. 
A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  1,275  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

The  aperture  is  longer  than  in  E.  nitidula  A.  Ad.,  which, 
though  a  smaller  species,  is  described  as  having  11  whorls. 

Assiminea  angustata  n.  sp. 

Shell  minute,  imperforate,  or  nearly  so,  long  ovate-conic,  solid, 
red-brown,  glossy  and  smooth.  Whorls  about  5J,  rather  flattened, 
the  last  one  convex.  Aperture  small,  rounded-ovate,  oblique; 
peristome  simple,  the  columellar  and  parietal  margins  somewhat 
thickened.  Length  3,  diam.  1.7,  longest  axis  of  aperture  1.2  mm. 

Rishiri,  Kitami  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  1,277  of  marine  mollusk 
list). 

Unusually  lengthened  for  Assiminea,  but  with  the  color  and 
texture  of  that  genus,  though  it  may  possibly  be  Rissoid. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  397 

NERITIDJE. 
Nerita  martensiana  n.  sp. 

Shell  globose,  small,  solid,  rather  bright  sulphur  yellow,  paler 
and  somewhat  mottled  with  gray  or  blackish  toward  the  aperture. 
Surface  dull,  sculptured  with  low,  rather  coarse  spiral  cords,  about 
15  on  the  last  whorl,  the  upper  one  appressed  against  the  preceding 
whorl.  Spire  short,  whorls  about  3,  the  last  a  little  depressed  below 
the  suture,  which  is  bordered  below  by  a  somewhat  more  promi- 
nent cord.  Aperture  semicircular,  yellow  or  whitish;  lip-rib 
smooth,  with  a  small  tubercle  above,  and  another  well  within  near 
the  base  of  the  columella.  Columellar  area  white  or  yellowish,  flat 
and  smooth,  the  outer  border  well  defined;  edge  of  columella 
straight,  with  two  or  three  low,  subobsolete  teeth,  the  upper  one 
strongest. 

Alt.  10,  diam.  9.5  mm. 

Loo  Choo  Islands  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No.  80,489  Coll. 
A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  729  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

Small  as  this  species  is,  the  specimens  are  apparently  adult.  The 
smooth  columellar  area,  with  well-defined  outer  margin,  weak 
denticulation  and  smooth  rib  within  the  outer  lip  are  its  more 
prominent  characters.  I  find  no  species  agreeing  with  these  speci- 
mens in  the  monographs,  the  best  of  which  is  that  by  Prof,  von 
Martens  in  the  new  edition  of  Chemnitz. 
Nerita  helicinoides  var.  tristis  nov. 

Shell  black  with  some  white  spots  along  the  basal  margin,  and 
sometimes  a  few  angular  pink  and  white  spots  elsewhere.  Colu- 
mella three-notched  in  the  middle;  area  smooth,  yellow-tinted  in 
the  middle;  lip-rib  weakly  crenulate,  a  small  denticle  near  its 
upper  end. 

Alt.  13J,  diam.  11^  mm. 

Loo  Choo  Islands  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  218).  Types  No.  80,406 
CoD.  A.  N.  S.  P. 

This  variety  is  like  the  typical  form  in  the  denticulation  of 
columella  and  lip.  In  var.  Icevilabris  Pils.  the  lip-rib  is  smooth 
throughout,  and  the  columellar  denticles  very  weak;  these  charac- 
ters being  constant  in  a  large  number  of  specimens. 

N.  helicinoides  is  apparently  closely  related  to  the  small  form  of 
N.  striata  Burrow  described  by  Prof,  von  Martens  in  the  new  edi- 
tion of  Chemnitz,  p.  39,  PL  7,  figs.  19,  20. 


398  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF 

TROCHID^J. 

Cantharidus  hirasei  Pils.    Page  199.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  32. 
Cantharidus  bisbalteatus  Pils.    Page  199.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  33. 
Clanculus  gemmulifer  Pils.    Page  200.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  34. 
Clanculus  hizenensis  Pils.    Page  201.    PI.  XXI,  fig.  35, 

Some  of  A.  Adams'  blanket  "descriptions"  might  cover  these 
species,  but  none  of  them  indicate  the  specific  characters  of  either 
of  them.  The  sane  judgment  of  scientific  malacologists  now  de- 
mands that  a  description  shall  describe. 

TURBINIDJE. 
Leptothyra  rubra  var.  laevicostata  nov. 

Shell  depressed -globose,  coral-red,  with  pale  and  red  dots  alter- 
nating on  the  ribs.  Whorls  4-J-,  the  last  deeply  descending  anteri- 
orly. Sculpture  of  about  8  rather  strong,  almost  smooth  spiral 
ribs  above  and  upon  the  rounded  peripheral  region,  with  one  or 
several  fine  threads  in  some  of  the  interspaces;  8  to  10  smaller, 
closer  smooth  ribs  upon  the  rather  flattened  base.  Alt.  hardly  4, 
diam.  5  mm. 

Northern  shore  of  province  Tango,  western  side  of  Hondo  (M. 
R.  Gaines).  Types  No.  70,794  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P. 

Specimens  from  Mr.  Hirase,  taken  at  Hirado,  Hizen,  vary 
from  coral-red  to  almost  purple,  and  some  of  them  are  rather 
larger  with  the  spire  elevated,  the  largest  measuring  alt.  5.2, 
diam.  5.5  mm. 

This  form  difiers  from  L.  rubra  (Dkr. )  in  the  smoothness  of  the 
spiral  ribs,  which  are  not  rougher  than  in  the  Mediterranean  L.  san- 
guinea  (L. ),  and  in  the  smaller  size,  rubra  measuring,  alt.  scarcely 
6,  diam.  6  to  6J-  mm.  In  L.  saw  guinea  the  ribs  of  the  base  are 
not  noticeably  smaller,  as  they  are  in  all  of  the  Japanese  Lepto- 
ihyras  I  have  seen.  Perhaps  this  variety  is  what  Dunker  and 
others  have  reported  from  Japan  as  sanguinea  L. 

ACMJEIDJE. 
Acmaea  heroldi  var.  signata  Pils.    PI.  XIX,  figs.  10, 11. 

See  p.  202.  Types  No.  80,497  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No. 
748  of  Mr.  Hirase' s  collection. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OP    PHILADELPHIA.  399 

SOLENID^]. 
Solen  roseomaculatus  n.  sp.    PI.  XIX,  fig.  13. 

Shell  small,  thin,  moderately  curved,  the  upper  and  lower  mar- 
gins parallel,  both  ends  truncated,  with  rather  rounded  angles; 
compressed,  open  at  both  ends,  glossy  and  smooth  except  for  faint 
growth -striae.  White  with  very  irregular,  more  or  less  confluent  pur- 
plish-roseate maculation  throughout,  the  spots  coarser  toward  the 
distal  end.  Beaks  roseate.  Anterior  end  obliquely  truncate,  the 
margins  narrowly  expanded  or  flaring,  thickened  within.  A  single 
prominent,  erect  tooth  in  each  valve,  that  in  the  right  valve  ante- 
rior to  the  other  and  compressed,  that  in  the  left  triangular,  being 
buttressed  posteriorly. 

Length  31,  alt.  6.3,  diam.  3.8  mm. 

Kirado,  Hizen,  western  Kiusiu  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No. 
80,565  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  1,044  of  Mr.  Hirase's  col- 
lection. 

This  rose -variegated  little  Solen  is  curved  like  an  Emis,  and  has 
some  similarity  to  S.  pictus  Philippi,12  S.  vaginoides  Phil.13  non 
Lam.  =  S.  philippianus  Dkr.14  and  S.  aspersus  Dkr.16  Solen  pic- 
tus is  comparatively  shorter  and  markedly  inflated  or  cylindric,  while 
the  present  Japanese  species  is  strongly  compressed.  S.  philippianus 
measures  66  by  a  little  over  10  mm.  ("  2"  8'"  lang,  und  wenig 
iiber  5"'  hoch"),  and  is  thus  a  narrower  shell,  and  it  is  more 
attenuated  anteriorly,  with  smeared  coloration,  according  to  the 
figure.  S.  aspersus  is  decidedly  more  slender,  and  anteriorly 
below  it  is  more  square-cornered.  The  proportions  of  the  three 
species  are  as  follows,  the  altitude  and  diameter  being  compared 
with  the  length: 

Length.     Alt.      Diam. 

'S.  roseomaculatus, 1  -J-  £  of  the  length. 

8.  philippianus, 1  — j- 

S  aspersus, 1  j  — TV     " 

S.  pictus,        1  I  i      " 


12  Philippi,  Zeitschr.f.  MalaTc.,  1848,  p.  174.     Habitat  unknown.     It  lias 
not  been  figured,  to  my  knowledge. 

13  Philippi,  Abbild.  u.  Beschreib.,  etc.,  I,  Solen,  PI.  1,  fig.  3.    From  New 
Holland. 

14  Danker,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond .,  1861,  p.  420,  under  S.  aspersus. 

15  Bunker,  I.  c.,  Australia.      The  type  lias  betn  figured  in  Conch.  Ron., 
XIX,  Solen,  PL  7,  fig.  33a. 


400  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [July, 

PETRICOLIDJE. 
Petricola  cyclus  Pils.    PL  XIX,  figs.  3,  4. 

Seep.  204.  Types  are  No.  80,580  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from 
No.  1,199  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection.  It  has  some  merely  super- 
ficial resemblance  to  P.  typica  Jonas. 

Petricola  cyclus  var.  sculpturata  Pils.    PL  XIX,  fig.  7. 

See  p.  205.  Types  are  No.  10,130  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from 
Puttalam,  Ceylon. 

VENERIDJE. 
Venus  Hirasei  Pils.    Pi.  XIX,  fig  l ;  PI.  XX,  fig.  20. 

See  p.  205.  Types  No.  80,447  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No. 
492  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection.  It  is  curiously  like  the  Panamic 
V.  columbiensis  Sowb.,  but  differs  in  having  fewer  ribs  separated 
by  much  wider  intervals,  and  a  deeper,  narrower  pallial  sinus. 
The  cardinal  teeth  are  more  deeply  bifid  than  in  V.  columbiensis. 
The  largest  specimen  I  have  seen  measures,  length  52,  alt.  44, 
diam.  33J  mm.  It  is  from  Oyama,  Tsushima. 

Tapes  platyptycha  Pils.    PL  XIX,  fig.  6. 

Page  206.  Types  are  No.  81,218  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No. 
1,196  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

Tapes  phenax  Pils.    PL  XIX,  fig.  5.    • 

Page  207.  Types  are  No.  80,436  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No. 
432  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection 

DONACIDJE. 

Donax  kiusiuensis  Pils.    PL  XX,  fig.  19. 

Page  207.  Types  are  No.  80,505  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No. 
847  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

TELLINIDJE. 
Tellina  (Merisoa)  pristiformis  n.  sp.    PL  XIX,  fig.  8. 

Shell  equilateral,  subtriangular,  slightly  inequivalve,  the  poste- 
rior end  being  bent  to  the  right;  moderately  convex,  solid,  white. 
Surface  dull  and  lustreless,  sculptured  with  densely  crowded  fine, 
concentric  lamellae,  a  little  stronger  and  more  spaced  toward  the 
two  ends;  the  intervals  sculptured  with  fine,  subobsolete,  radial 
strise,  which  are  fainter  in  the  middle,  and  often  hardly  percepti- 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA.  401 

ble  anywhere,  even  with  a  lens.  Beaks  somewhat  prominent, 
small  and  in  contact.  Anterior  end  rounded,  the  slope  above 
straight;  posterior  slope  straight  or  slightly  convex,  finely  serrate; 
the  posterior  end  narrowly  subrostrate  and  biangular,  the  right 
valve  having  two  prominent  posterior  keels,  the  space  between  them 
concave,  left  valve  with  one  posterior  keel,  a  narrow  furrow  close 
before  it,  with  a  slighter  second  depression,  the  basal  margin  well 
rounded,  ascending  and  sometimes  slightly  sinuous  behind.  Lunule 
lanceolate,  very  deeply  cut,  bounded  by  acute  ridges,  that  of  the* 
right  valve  rising  well  above  the  left,  and  with  a  wider  excavation. 
Area  also  deeply  excavated,  bounded  by  keels,  the  ligament  promi- 
nent. Interior  white,  the  hinge  strong,  with  two  cardinal  teeth  in 
each  valve,  the  left  anterior  tooth  and  the  right  posterior  bifid. 
Left  valve  without  laterals,  right  valve  with  low,  distant  anterior 
and  posterior  lateral  teeth.  Hinge-line  straight  behind  the  beak, 
concave  in  front.  Pallial  sinus  very  large,  reaching  to  within  a 
millimeter  or  two  of  the  anterior  adductor  scar,  confluent  with  the 
pallial  line  below  for  about  half  its  length.  Scars  of  the  cruciform 
muscle  distinct. 

Length  38,  alt.  29.5,  diam.  11.5  mm. 

Inland  Sea  of  Japan.     Types  No.  71,029  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P. 

This  species  is  closely  related  to  T.  pristis  Lam.  and  T.  concen- 
trica  Old.  It  has  a  wider  lunule  than  the  former,  its  bounding 
keels  without  the  irregularity,  '  '  saw ' '  or  serration  seen  in  T. 
pristis.  The  posterior  area  is  more  deeply  excavated,  the  posterior 
keel  of  the  right  valve  is  stronger,  and  the  end  is  much  more  bent 
to  the  right.  The  hinge-plate  is  wider,  and  the  anterior  lateral 
tooth  is  further  removed  from  the  cardinals.  Finally,  the  dorsal 
slopes  are  steeper,  meeting  at  a  smaller  angle,  and  hence  the  whole 
outline  is  more  triangular.  In  T.  concentrica  Gld.  (Fiji  Islands) 
the  form  is  more  elongate,  the  lunule  and  posterior  area  far  less 
impressed,  and  the  interior  is  more  glossy,  with  shallower,  less  dis- 
tinct muscular  scars,  and  the  shell  is  thinner.  T.  diaphana  Desh. 
differs  by  having  the  pallial  sinus  abut  against  the  anterior  adduc- 
tor scar,  according  to  Deshayes'  description.  T.  siamensis  v. 
Martens  is  a  longer,  less  high  species,  by  the  description.  It  has 
not  been  figured,  so  far  as  I  can  learn,  and  is  doubtfully  distinct 
from  T.  diaphana  Desh. 


26 


402  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [July, 

ANATINIDJB. 
Anatina  impura  Pils.    Pi.  XIX,  fig.  9. 

Page  208.     Types  are  Nos.  68,536  and  70,812  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P. 

LJMIDJE. 

Lima  Mans  var.  hirasei  His.    PI.  XIX,  fig.  12. 

Page  209.  Types  No.  80,525  Coll.  A.  N.  S,  P.,  from  No. 
901  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

Closely  allied  to  L.  hians  Gm.  of  Europe,  but  the  sculpture  is 
finer,  the  gape  of  both  ends  less  widely  open,  and  the  anterior  rib 
inside  is  not  so  strong. 

ABCIDJB. 

Area  nipponensis  Pils.    Pi.  XIX,  fig.  2. 

See  p.  209.     Types  are  Ko.  79,009  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P. 

Land  and  Fresh-water  Species. 

PUPID^J. 

Buliminus  reinianus  var.  hokkaidonis  nov. 

Similar  to  reinianus  except  in  being  shorter  and  broader,  with 
very  obtuse  apex,  the  upper  part  of  the  spire  broader.  Whorls  8. 
Length  23,  diam.  above  aperture  8,  longest  axis  of  aperture  9  mm. 

Kayabe  and  Shukunobe,  prov.  Ojima,  Hokkaido. 

Typical  B.  reinianus  is  not  known  from  Hokkaido  Island.  I 
now  believe  that  it  will  be  difficult,  if  indeed  practicable  or  desirable, 
to  distinguish  extorris  or  omiensis  as  races  distinct  from  the  variable 
reinianus,  though  typically  the  forms  are  separable.  There  is  also 
a  rather  small  and  more  striate  form  of  the  species  occurring  at 
Okinoshima  and  some  other  places  in  Shikoku  Island,  but  I  have 
not  seen  enough  specimens  to  be  satisfied  that  it  requires  varietal 
distinction. 

HELICID^J. 

Mandarina  mandarina  var.  ponderosa  nov. 

Shell  large  and  very  heavy,  reddish-brown  or  purple-black  with 
a  light  umbilical  patch;  whorls  5£,  the  last  one  distinctly  carinated 
at  the  periphery.  Surface  coarsely  decussate,  the  impressed  spiral 
lines  being  much  stronger  than  in  the  typical  form.  Alt.  21, 
diam.  28  mm.;  alt.  19,  diam.  26  mm. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  403 

Ogasawara  (Bonin)  Islands  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No. 
80,812  Coll.  A.  N.  S.,  from  4676  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

As  yet  we  know  nothing  of  the  distribution  of  species  on  the 
several  islands  of  this  little  group,  the  investigation  of  which  will 
be  of  the  greatest  interest.  We  look  to  Mr.  Hirase  to  throw  light 
upon  it. 

Trishoplita  dacostae  var.  awajiensis  nov. 

Shell  depressed -conoid,  thin,  hardly  glossy,  corneous  with  a 
faint  brown  tint,  often  in  streaks,  paler  or  a  little  whitish  below 
the  sutures.  Spires  somewhat  elevated;  whorls  5f,  the  last 
obtusely  subangular  in  front.  Sculpture  of  slight,  rather  irregular 
growth-striae,  a  strong  lens  showing  some  almost  obsolete  spiral  strise 
near  the  umbilicus.  Aperture  oblique,  short-oval,  almost  round, 
a  little  excised  by  the  parietal  wall.  Peristome  thin,  narrowly 
expanded  and  subreflexed.  Alt.  6.2,  diam.  9  mm. ;  width  of 
umbilicus  about  1  mm. 

Anaya,  Awaji  Island  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  645). 

This  form  is  duller,  more  conoidal,  with  the  last  whorl  more 
depressed   than  T.   goodwini  var.  Jcyotoensis.     It  is  smaller   than 
T.  dacostce,  with  the  aperture  less  rounded.     It  is  the  first  Tris- 
hoplita  known  from  Awaji  Island. 
Trishoplita  goodwini  var.  strigata  nov. 

Shell  similar  in  general  characters  to  T.  goodwini,  but  rather 
faintly  streaked  obliquely  with  brown  on  a  whitish  corneous 
ground,  usually  whitish  below  the  suture.  Finely  obliquely 
striate,  and  densely  decussate  by  close  spirals.  Whorls  5f  to  6. 
Alt.  9J,  diam.  13,  width  of  umbilicus  1^  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen,  in  western  Kiusiu  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Type, 
No.  78,844  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  No.  344  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

This  form  was  recognized  as  somewhat  different  from  the  typical  T. 
goodwini  of  Hondo,  when  received  from  Mr.  Hirase  about  a  year 
ago;  but  I  did  not  then  think  it  desirable  to  distinguish  it  by 
name.  Since  such  forms  of  goodwini  as  tosana  and  dacostce  have 
been  so  distinguished,  it  would  seem  advisable  to  recognize  this 
also.  Upon  the  whole,  it  is  well  to  have  names  for  these  sub- 
species, which  have  become  differentiated  in  various  areas  of  the 
empire.  T.  goodwini  var.  strigata  differs  from  tosana  and  dacostce 
by  its  decussate  surface. 


404  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ACADEMY    OF  [July, 

ZONITID^l. 
Kaliella  subcrenulata  n.  sp. 

Shell  narrowly  perforate,  depressed-trochiform,  pale  brown, 
somewhat  translucent.  Sculpture  of  very  fine,  close,  thread-like 
striae  and  subobsolete  spiral  striae;  the  base  smooth.  Spire  conic, 
the  apex  obtuse.  Whorls  4,  nearly  flat,  the  last  acutely  carinate 
in  the  middle,  the  carina  smooth-edged;  base  very  convex.  Aper- 
ture narrow,  somewhat  rhombic;  peristome  simple.  Alt.  1.5, 
diam.  2.4  mm. 

Kochi,  Tosa,  Shikoku  Island  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 
Similar  to  K.   erenulata  Gude,  but  much  more  depressed.     It 
occurred  with  specimens  of  K.  erenulata  (Gude),  and  an  elevated 
variety  of  K.  multiftolvis  Pils. 

K.   ruida  Pils.  is  a  larger  and  more  coarsely  sculptured  but 
evidently  allied  species. 
Kaliella  lioderma  n.  sp. 

Shell  perforate,  pyramidal  with  flattened  base,  obtuse  apex  and 
straight  lateral  outlines;  pale  yellowish-corneous.  Whorls  7, 
rather  convex,  the  last  acutely  carinate,  somewhat  convex  below. 
Surface  glossy,  smooth  except  for  slight  growth -striae.  Aperture 
basal,  rhombic,  nearly  twice  as  wide  as  high;  peristome  simple,  the 
margins  remote,  the  columellar  margin  reflexed.  Alt.  2.5,  diam. 
•2.2  mm. 

Kashima,  Harima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

More  elevated  than  K.  crenulata,  and  distinguished  by  its  plain, 
smooth  surface. 
Kaliella  harimensis  n.  sp. 

Shell  perforate,  obtusely  conoidal,  frasrile,  amber  colored,  trans- 
lucent. Whorls  5,  convex,  slowly  increasing,  the  nucleus  rather 
large;  last  whorl  obtusely  subangular  in  front,  elsewhere  rounded 
at  the  periphery,  the  base  convex.  Sculpture  of  extremely  fine, 
densely  crowded,  thread-like  strise  above,  giving  the  surface  a  some- 
what silken  lustre;  almost  obsolete  on  the  glossy  base,  which  shows 
weak  spiral  striae  near  the  middle.  Aperture  truncate-crescentic, 
the  peristome  thin,  a  little  reflexed  at  the  perforation.  Alt.  2, 
diam.  2J  mm. 

Kashima,  Harima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  655). 
This  species  is  much  more  depressed  than  the  allied  K.  pagodu- 
loides  Gude.     It  has  not  the  peripheral  keel  of  K.  fraterna  Pils. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  405 

REALIID^E. 
Omphalotropis  japonicus  n.  sp. 

Shell  narrowly  umbilicate,  acutely  ovate-conic,  rather  thin, 
yellowish  brown;  surface  glossy  and  smooth.  Spire  straightly 
conic,  the  apex  rather  acute.  Whorls  6,  convex,  the  last  with  a 
stroiig  basal  keel  around  the  umbilicus.  Aperture  slightly 
oblique,  ovate,  the  outer  and  basal  margins  of  the  peristome  a 
trifle  expanded,  columellar  margin  reflexed.  Length  5.3,  diam- 
eter 3.5,  length  of  aperture  2.5  mm. 

Kashiwashima,  Tosa,  Shikoku  Island  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  588). 

This  is,  I  believe,  the  first  Omphalotropis  found  in  Japan. 

AMNICOLIDJB. 
Bithynia  striatula  var.  japonica  nov. 

Shell  pale  amber  tinted  or  corneous,  glossy,  similar  to  B.  striatula 
of  China,  but  differing  in  sculpture,  the  spiral  ridges  being  much 
stronger;  3  or  4  large  and  irregularly  spaced  ones  above  the  peri- 
phery, those  on  the  base  smaller  and  closer.  Alt.  10  (specimens 
with  the  early  whorls  lost  by  erosion),  diam.  6.5  mm.;  longest 
axis  of  aperture  5  mm. 

Manabe,  Hidachi  (type  locality),  and  Osaka  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

Types  No.  80,683  Coll:  A.  N.  8.,  from  No.  152  of  Mr.  Hirase's 
collection. 

Specimens  from  Osaka  have  less  strong  sculpture  than  those  from 
the  province  Hidachi,  though  it  is  still  stronger  than  in  any  Chinese 
specimens  of  B.  striatula  in  the  series  before  me.  The  peristome 
is  rather  less  expanded,  too,  though  well  thickened  in  adults,  and 
either  black  (Manabe)  or  pale  (Osaka).  B.  striatula  has  already 
been  reported  from  Japan  by  Prof,  von  Martens,16  who  in  1660 
found  it  at  Yokohama,  on  the  muddy  bank  of  the  small  river,  at 
the  first  bridge,  in  quite  fresh  water.  I  suppose  it  was  this  strongly 
sculptured  form  which  he  found.  The  Vega  Expedition  collected 
shells  identified  by  Westerlund  as  B.  striatula  at  Jokogava  (near 
Tokyo),  and  at  Lake  Biwa  (  Vega  Exp.,  IV,  p.  182).  In  China 
the  species  is  widely  diffused,  from  the  Yangtse  to  the  Amur  drain- 
ages; and  Pere  Heude17  has  split  it  into  some  four  species.  Of 

1 6  Sitzungtber.  naturf.  Freunde  zu  Berlin,  1877,  p.  114.     B.  striatula 
was  described  from  Chusan,  as  Paludina  (Bithinia')  striatula  Bens.,Journ. 
Asiat.  Soc.  Beng.,  XXIV,  1885,  p.  131.     Schmacker  found  it  at  Shanghai. 

17  Memoires  concernant  I' Hist.  Nat.  de  I' Empire  Ckinois,  pp.  171,  172. 


406  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [July, 

these  his  B.  chinensis  seems  to  me  to  be  typical  B.  striatula,  while  B. 
spiralis  is  a  more  slender,  B.  sealaris  a  stouter  form,  perhaps  not 
more  than  varietally  distinct.  B.  striatula  Bens,  of  Heude  is  a 
strongly  keeled  form,  certainly  not  the  typical  striatula  of  Benson. 
His  identification  of  it  was  possibly  due  to  a  remark  of  von  Mar- 
tens in  Jahrb.  D.  Mai  Ges.,  II,  1875,  p.  133. 

I  have  no  great  faith*  in  the  distinctness  of  any  of  these  sup- 
posed species  ;  but  if  several  Chinese  forms  are  to  be  distinguished, 
the  Japanese  shells  evidently  deserve  at  least  varietal  rank.  They 
are  nearer  B.  striatula  Heude  non  Benson  than  to  any  other  of 
the  Chinese  varieties. 


Sphserium  inn  tills  n.  sp. 

Shell  oval,  much  inflated,  thin,  equilateral,  grayish-brown,  with 
a  pale  basal  zone;  glossy,  minutely  striate;  anterior  end  curved 
in  a  semicircle;  posterior  end  a  little  more  obtuse,  though  still 
well  curved.  Beaks  small,  projecting,  "  calyculate,"  or  tipped 
with  a  distinctly  demarked  protoconch.  Interior  bluish-white; 
cardinal  teeth  subobsolete,  extremely  compressed,  parallel  with  the 
hinge-line,  divided  in  the  right  valve,  single  in  the  left;  lateral 
teeth  moderately  strong,  double  in  the  right,  single  in  the  left 
valve.  Length  10,  alt.  8.6,  diam.  6.2  mm. 

Nishigo,  Uzen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

Three  species  of  Sphcerium  are  now  known  from  Japan:  S. 
jceponicum  Westerlund,  18  S.  heterodon  Pilsbry,19  and  the  present 
species.  All  belong  to  the  subgenus  Calyculina.  S.  japonicum  is 
an  elongate  '  '  subtrapezif  orm  "  species.  S.  inutilis  differs  from 
&  heterodon  in  having  higher  beaks,  a  more  curved  hinge-line, 
rounded  ends  and  it  is  more  globose. 

No  Pisidium  or  Cyrena  is  yet  known  from  Japan  proper,  although 
the  latter  genus  occurs  in  the  middle  group  of  the  Loo  Choo 
Islands. 


Corbicula  sadoensis  n.  sp. 

Shell  triangular-oval,  moderately  inflated,  solid;  glossy,   nearly 
black  in  adults,  sculptured  with  very  close,  irregularly  raised  and 


18  Calyculinajaponica  West.,  NacJir^bl.  d.  D,  Malak.  Ges.,  1883,  p.  58 

Jokogava,  near  Tokyo. 
16,  17,  from  Hizen,  in 


\jvuv yviwbiiiu/  juipv ibwjv    TV  cab.,  .tiu/u/fc/    (/(/.   u/.  jj.  M 

(April);   Vega  Bxp.,  IV,  p.  216,  PI.  6,  fig.  31,  from  Jokogava,  near  Tokyo. 
19  Catal.  Mar.  Moll.  Jap.,  p.  159,  PI.  3,  figs.  15, 


Kiusiu. 


1$01.]  NATURAL    SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  407 

thread-like  concentric  striae.  Beaks  moderately  raised  and  full, 
deeply  eroded  in  adults.  Interior  whitish,  or  light  violet  outside 
of  the  pallial  line.  Hinge  rather  narrow,  the  cardinal  teeth 
slightly  grooved  at  their  summits ;  anterior  and  posterior  laterals  of 
equal  length,  single  in  the  left,  double  in  the  right  valve.  Length 
33,  ale.  27,  diam.  18  mm. 

Sado,  Japan  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

It  fills  me  with  sadness  to  add  another  Corbicula  to  the  Japanese 
fauna,  but  these  specimens  cannot  without  violence  be  referred  to 
any  of  those  known.  C.  martensi  Clessin  is  perhaps  the  nearest, 
but  sadoemis  is  more  transverse,  the  lateral  teeth  diverge  at  a  wider 
angle,  and  the  striae  are  far  closer.  The  very  close,  comparatively 
fine  striation  is  the  chief  differential  character  of  the  species, 
distinguishing  it  from  all  the  other  forms. 

Corbicula  awajiensis  n.  sp. 

Shell  oval,  compressed,  the  diameter  about  half  and  the  alt. 
three-fourths  the  length,  bright  yellowish  green,  with  buff  spots 
and  patches  toward  the  beaks;  strongly  and  regularly  ribbed  con- 
centrically. Beaks  rather  low,  not  projecting  much,  eroded  and 
deep  violet.  Nearlv  equilateral,  the  anterior  end  sometimes  slightly 
narrower,  the  two  ends  about  equally  rounded,  upper  and  lower 
margins  equally  and  similarly  curved.  Interior  dark  violet,  with 
a  darker,  often  light-bordered  spot  under  the  beaks.  Hinge  deli- 
cate, the  cardinal  teeth  small;  anterior  and  posterior  laterals  of 
about  equal  length,  somewhat  curved,  very  strongly  crenulate, 
double  in  the  right,  single  in  the  left  valve.  Length  16,  alt.  12, 
diam.  8J  mm. 

Noda,  Awaji  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

The  valve -margins  viewed  from  within  are  seen  to  form  a  sym- 
metrical oval  figure,  the  upper  and  lower  borders  having  almost 
exactly  the  same  curvature,  and  the  anterior  and  posterior  ends 
being  about  equal.  There  is  no  suggestion  of  the  subtriangular 
shape  of  most  Japanese  species  of  Corbicula.  The  beaks  are  low 
and  the  sculpture  strong  and  regular.  It  is  a  small  species,  the 
first  known  from  Awaji  Island,  and  seems  quite  distinct  from  any 
other. 


408  PROCEEDINGS    OP   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [July, 

\ 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES  XIX,  XX,  XXI. 

PLATE  XIX  (figures  natural  size),  Fig.  1. —  Venus  hirasei.  pp.  205,  400. 

Fig.  2. — Area  nipponensis,  pp.  209,  402. 

Figs.  3,  4.—Petricola  cyclus,  pp.  204,  400. 

Fig.  5. — Tapes  phenax,  p.  207. 

Fig.  6. — Tapes  platyptycha,  p.  206. 

Fig.  7. — Petricola  cyclus  var.  sculpturata,  p.  205  (Ceylon). 

Fig.  8. — Tellina  pristiformis,  p.  400. 

Fig.  9. — Anatina  impura,  pp.  208,  402. 

Figs.  10,  11. — Acmcea  heroldi  var.  signata,  p.  202. 

Fig.  12. — Lima  Mans  var.  hirasei,  pp.  209,  402. 

Fig.  13. — Solen  roseomaculatus,  p.  399. 

Figs.  14,  15. — Cerithium  chemnitzianum,  p.  393. 

Fig.  16. — Echinella  cumingi  luchuana,  pp.  198,  394. 

Fig.  17. — Euthria  hokkaidonis,  p.  389. 

Fig.  18 — Peristernia  ustulata  var.  luchuana,  pp.  197,  390. 

PLATE  XX  (fig.  19  much  enlarged,  the  others  natural  size),  Fig.  19. — 
Donax  kiusiuensis,  p.  400. 
Fig.  20.—  Venus  hirasei,  p.  400. 

Fig.  21. — Chrysodomus  intersculptus  var.  f rater,  pp.  197,  391. 
Fig.  22. —  Buccinum  hirasei,  p.  391. 
Fig.  23. — Chrysodomus  pericochlion,  p.  391. 

PLATE  XXI    (figures  much  enlarged),   Fig.  24. — Tritonidea  submen- 
keana,  p.  387. 

Fig.  25. — Syrnola  bacillum,  p.  394. 
Fig.  26. — Daphnella  fragilis  var.  articulata,  p.  385. 
Fig.  21.—Turbonilla  varicifera,  pp.  198,  395. 
Fig.  28.—Mitra  vanattai,  p.  387. 
Fig.  29. — Eulima  luchuana,  p.  396. 
Fig.  30. — Eulima  dunkeriana,  p.  395. 
Fig.  31. — Mitra  hizenensis,  p.  386. 
Fig.  32. — Cantharidus  hirasei,  p.  199. 
Fig.  33. — Cantharidus  bisbalteatus,  p.  199. 
Fig.  34. — Clanculus  gemmiilifer,  p.  200. 
Fig.  35.— Clanculus  hizenensis,  pp.  201,  398. 
Fig.  36. — Columbella  miser  a  var.  californica,  p.  390. 
Figs.  37,  38. — Columbella  miser  a,  p.  389. 
Fig.  39. — Columbella  misera  var.  polynyma,  pp.  196,  390. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  409 


THE  LAND  MOLLUSKS  OF  THE  LOO  CHOO  ISLANDS:  CLATJSILIIDJE. 
BY  HENRY  A.   PILSBRY. 

Seven  or  eight  years  ago,  at  the  time  of  my  first  studies  upon 
Japanese  mollusks,  only  two  species  of  Clanisilia  were  known  from 
the  Loo  Choo  Islands:  C.  valida  Pfeiffer,1  described  from  speci- 
mens collected  by  Largilliert,  and  C.  prceclara  Gould, 2  collected  by 
William  Stimpson,  naturalist  of  the  U.  S.  North  Pacific  Explor- 
ing Expedition,  under  Commanders  Ringgold  and  Rodgers. 

Mr.  Frederick  Stearns  brought  a  third  species,  taken  on  Oki- 
nawa, which  I  described  in  1894  as  C.  Stearnsii,*  and  a  fourth  was 
sent  in  1900  by  Mr.  Hirase,  C.  hyperoptyx,4  from  the  same 
island. 

Two  other  species,  C.  Bernardii  Pfr.  and  C.  ptychochila  Bttg.. 
supposed  to  be  from  Siam  and  China  respectively,  seem  from  their 
characters  to  be  so  near  Loo  Chooan  species  that  I  think  their 
formerly  assigned  habitats  were  probably  erroneous,  and  that  both 
really  came  from  the  Loo  Choo  Islands.  Acting  upon  this 
hypothesis,  I  provisionally  include  them  in  the  following  account. 

Through  the  researches  conducted  by  my  esteemed  correspondent, 
Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  the  number  of  species  known  from  these  beautiful 
and  interesting  islands  has  now  been  increased  to  eleven,5  not 
counting  the  two  species  of  doubtful  provenance  alluded  to  above. 

Up  to  this  time  we  have  received  species  from  only  three  islands  r 
Yayeyama  in  the  southwestern  group,  Okinawa  or  Great  Luchu  in 

1  Zeitschr.f.  Malak.,  1849,  p.  106  ;  Mon.  Eel.  Viv.,  Ill,  p.  591.  Kiister, 
Conchyl.  Cab.,  Clausilia,  PI.  23,  figs.  1-3,  figures  of  Pfeiffer's  type. 

2Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  VI,  p.  425,  February,  1859  ;  Otia  Conch.,  p. 
103.  The  name  prcedara  being  preoccupied  in  Clausilia,  Pfeiffer  changed 
it  to  C.  excellens,  Jour,  de  Conchyl.,  p.  266  (1861),  basing  the  new  name 
on  Gould's  description. 

3  Nautilus,  VIII,  p.  47  (August,  1894);  Catal  Mar.  Moll.  Jap.,  Appen- 
dix, p.  163,  PL  I,  fig.  12. 

4  These  Proceedings,  1900,  p.  446,  PI.  XIV,  figs.  12-14. 

5  This  includes  the  species  of  Oshima,  as  this  island  belongs  both  geo- 
graphically and  faunally  to  the  Loo  Choo  group.     Being  politically  a  part  of 
Kagoshima  Ken  or  prefecture,  it  is  not  usually  considered  by  the  Japanese 
to  be  one  of  the  Loo  Choo  group,  which  in  ordinary  parlance  includes  merely 
the  Central  and  Further  groups  of  islands,  belonging  to  Okinawa  Ken. 


410  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE    ACADEMY    OF  [July, 

the  central  group,  and  Oshima  in  the  northeastern  group.  There 
can  be  no  doubt  that  when  other  islands  are  explored  many  more 
species  will  be  brought  to  light,  and  our  zoogeographic  knowledge 
correspondingly  expanded. 

The  known  species  fall  into  five  subgenera  or  sections:  Stereo- 
phcedusa,  Luchuphcedusa,  Hemiphcedusa,  Tyrannophcedusa  (?)  and 
Zaptyx.  Of  these,  the  section  Luchuphcedusa,  comprising  about 
half  the  species  now  known,  has  been  found  nowhere  but  on  these 
islands.  Zaptyx  extends  into  the  southernmost  provinces  of 
Kiusiu,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Kagoshima  Bay;  and  probably 
borne  by  the  "  Kuro  Shi  wo  "  has  reached  Hachijo,  an  islet  a 
hundred  miles  off  Izu  province;  but  a  Loo  Chooan  origin  of  the 
group  seems  probable.  Stereophcedusa  and  Hemiphcedusa  range 
further,  being  common  throughout  Japan,  and  the  latter  group  is 
widespread  on  che  Chinese  mainland ;  but  the  species  of  the  Loo 
Choo  Islands  belong  to  a  special  group  of  Hemiphcedusa  which  has 
not  been  found  elsewhere.  The  single  species  referred  doubtfully 
to  Tyrannophcedusa  has  no  close  relatives,  but  seems  nearer  t» 
Japanese  than  to  any  Chinese  species  known  to  me.  The  sections 
JEuphcedusa  and  Megalophcedusa,  so  characteristic  of  Japan,  are 
wanting  in  the  Loo  Choos,  so  far  as  present  information  goes;  and 
Reinia  has  not  been  found.  So  much  for  the  distribution  of  the 
groups.  Descending  to  species,  we  find  not  one  common  to  the  Loo 
Choo  Islands  and  any  other  land. 

The  general  affinities  of  the  Clausilia  fauna,  we  may  conclude, 
are  closest  with  Japan,  though  the  endemic  element  is  so  strong 
that  no  relationship  at  all  intimate  can  be  claimed.  No  character- 
istic Formosan  forms  of  Clausilia  have  been  found  in  the  Loo 
Choo  group. 

Section  STEREOPH^EDUSA  Bttg. 

Clausilia  valida  Pfr. 

Originally  described  from  the  "  Liew  Kiew "  Islands,  this 
species  is  known  from  Okinawa  Island  only.  It  has  been  collected 
there  by  the  Japanese  collectors  sent  by  Dr.  Adolph  Fritze  in 
1891,  by  Mr.  Frederick  Stearns  about  the  same  time,  and  has  also 
been  taken  by  Mr.  Hirase's  collector.  The  typical  form  is  uniform 
brownish  yellow. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  411 

The  chestnut- banded  form  with  the  coarse  sculpture  of  the  type 
has  been  named  var.  fasciata  by  Mr.  E.  R.  Sykes/' 

Another  handed  variety  may  be  called  var.  perfasciata.  It  is 
similar  to  C.  valida  fasciata  Sy^es,  but  larger,  the  broad  purple- 
browu  band  more  strongly  contrasted  with  the  whitish  or  pale  buff 
bands  above  and  below  it;  aperture  longer,  more  piriform.  The 
sculpture  is  perceptibly  finer  than  in  valida.  The  types  of  this 
form  are  from  the  province  Kunchan,  Okinawa  Island  (No.  633 
of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection). 

A  third  form  of  the  species,  var.  striatella,  uov.,  has  the  color- 
ing of  var.  fasciata,  but  darker  on  the  last  two  whorls,  with  the 
same  rather  wide  aperture,  dusky  purplish  within;  but  the  surface 
is  far  more  finely  striated,  there  being  fully  twice  as  many  striae  as 
there  are  in  valida.  The  size  is  about  the  same. 

Length  28,  diain.  6  mm.,  7J  whorls  remaining. 

Length  25  J,  diam.  6^  mm.,  6J  whorls  remaining. 

The  types  ^are  79,116  Coll.   A.   N.   S.  P.,  from  462  of   Mr. 
Hirase's  collection,  labeled  "  Loo  Choo." 
Ciausilia  Stearnsii  Pilsbry. 

The  types  were  taken  on  Okinawa  by  the  collector  sent  by  Mr. 
Frederick  Stearns  in  1891-2.  They  measure,  length  26  to  31, 
diam.  5  mm.  Specimens  sent  this  year  from  Yayeyama  by  Mr. 
Hirase  (No.  622)  measure  26-28  by  5  mm.  Others  sent  from 
"  Loo  Choo"  are  more  slender,  length  25-25 J,  diam.  4J  mm., 
with  12  whorls  and  a  less  distinct  lunella  than  the  types. 

C.  Stearnsii  is  very  distinct  by  its  receding  inferior  lamella  and 
the  development  of  a  lunella,  both  being  characters  unlike  most 
other  species  of  Stereoph&dusa. 

Section  LUCHUPH^DUSA  nov. 

Clausilium  wide,  truncate  or  notched  distally,  and  with  a  thick- 
ened lobe  or  finger-like  process  on  the  columellar  side  of  the  apex, 
standing  at  nearly  a  right  angle  with  the  body  of  the  plate. 

Shell  fusiform,  the  right  margin  of  the  peristome  usually  crenate, 
outer  margin  excavated  above  to  form  a  sinulus;  superior  lamella 
marginal,  projecting,  continuous  with  the  long  spiral  lamella; 

6  The  Conchologist,  II,  p.  118.  Figure  52  of  Sowerby's  monograph  in  the 
Conchologia  Iconica,  XX,  evidently  is  intended  to  represent  one  of  the 
specimens  mentioned  by  Mr.  Sykes. 


412  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [July, 

inferior  lamella  strongly  spiral  within,  calloused  below;  subcolu- 
mellar  lamella  dilated  adjacent  to  the  very  long  and  strong  lower 
palatal  plica,  which  is  united  with  the  lunella,  when  that  is  pres- 
ent; principal  plica  long;  upper  palatal  plica  developed,  sometimes 
coalescent  with  the  lunella. 

The  shell  in  this  section  is  similar  to  that  of  the  group  of  C. 
ptychochila  in  general  characters,  but  differs  in  the  dilation  of  the 
subcolumellar  lamella  and  in  the  much  higher,  simple  spiral  plate 
of  the  inferior  lamella  within  the  last  whorl.  Like  the  group 
mentioned,  its  peculiarities  are  an  exaggeration  of  the  platydera 
group  of  Hemiphcedusa,  which  may  be  looked  upon  as  a  sort  of 
unspecialized  branch  of  the  common  stock.  The  clausilium,  how- 
ever, is  so  peculiar  and  unlike  any  Phsedusoid  group  hitherto 
known,  that  the  erection  of  a  new  section  is  required.  The 
lamellae  and  plicae  are  all  very  strongly  developed  within,  and  the 
former  are  unusually  long,  passing  the  ventral  position. 

Luchuphcedusa  has  much  in  common  with  the  section  Emargina- 
ria  Bttg.  of  the  German  upper  Miocene,  in  which  a  similar  emar- 
ginate  or  notched  clausilium  and  the  same  interlamellar  plication  is 
developed ;  but  the  Miocene  forms  retain  a  primitH  e  structure  of 
the  palatal  region,  where  several  plicae  are  developed,  while  Jjuchu- 
phcedusa  is  very  highly  specialized  there.  The  resemblance  is  par- 
tially due  to  convergent  evolution. 

Key  to  species  of  Luchuphcedusa,  by  external  characters. 

1. — Right  margin  of  the  peristome  crenulate: 

a. — Aperture  narrow,  the  sinulus  strongly  developed;  princi- 
pal plica  reaching  to  the  lip;  last  whorl  strongly  com- 
pressed (Oshima). 

b. — Subcolumellar  lamella  wholly  immersed  (though  the 
lip  is  crenate  at  its  position),  ...      0.  oshimce. 
6'.— Subcolumellar  lamella  emerging  to  the  lip-edge, 

C.  pseudoshimce. 
a'. — Aperture  moderately  wide,   of   normal   proportions,  piri- 

form-ovate ;  principal  plica  immersed,  as  usual. 

b.  — Rather   large,  the   broad   right   lip   deeply  plicate ; 

length  about  23  mm.  (Okinawa),      C.  eallistochila. 

b'. — Small,  length  about  12  mm.  :  the  right  lip  narrow 

and  not  very  strongly  crenate  (Oshima),  (7.  mima. 

2. — Right  margin  of  the  peristome  smooth;  aperture  semicircular; 

inferior  and  subcolumellar  lamellae  emerging  to  the  lip-edge; 

length  30-34  mm.  (Oshima),   ....      (7.  nesiothauma. 


PROC.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILA.   1901. 


PLATE  XXII. 


18 


BRY 


psBRY.    CLAUSILIID^E  OF  LOO  CHOO  ISLANDS. 


PROC.  ACAD.  NAT.   SCI.    PHILA.  19O1. 


PLATE   XXIII. 


38 


, 


39 


PILSBRY    DEL. 

PILSBRY.    CLAUSlLIIDyE  OF  LOO  CHOO  ISLANDS. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA.  413 

All  of  the  species  of  this  section  are  new,  and  from   the  two 
islands  Okinawa  and  Oshiuia. 
Clausilia  callistochila  n.  sp.    PI.  XXII,  figs.  1,  2,  3. 

Shell  thick  and  strong,  pale  brown,  or  green  from  adhering  algse, 
rimate,  turreted,  the  upper  third  of  the  length  attenuated,  with 
slightly  concave  outlines,  the  lower  two-thirds  rather  swollen,  the 
penultimate  whorl  widest,  the  last  half  of  the  last  whorl  contracted, 
compressed  laterally.  The  apex  is  obtuse.  Whorls  11£,  the  early 
ones  worn  smooth,  the  rest  closely  rib-striate,  the  riblets  on  the  last 
whorl  coarser  and  more  widely  spaced,  somewhat  undulating  and  ir- 
regular. Aperture  vertical,  rhombic-piriform,  with  distinct  sinulus, 
the  peristome  expanded  and  reflexed,  thick,  white,  the  left  margin 
wide  and  thick  as  far  up  as  the  sinulus,  where  it  is  abruptly  exca- 
vated; right  margin,  from  the  superior  lamella  to  the  base,  deeply  cut 
into  rounded  entering  wrinkles,  which  deeply  crenulate  the  lip-edge. 
Superior  lamella  subvertical,  rather  thick,  emerging  to  the  margin, 
continuous  with  the  high,  long  and  strongly  developed  spiral 
lamella.  Inferior  lamella  subhorizontal,  strongly  approaching  the 
superior  lamella  within,  heavy,  not  reaching  the  lip-margin,  very 
strongly  spiral  inside.  Subcolumellar  lamella  emerging  to  the  lip- 
edge,  where  it  forms  one  of  the  series  of  lip-folds.  Principal  plica 
strong  and  nearly  a  whorl  long,  reaching  nearly  to  the  lip ;  extend- 
ing inward  far  beyond  the  lunella.  Upper  palatal  plica  long,  con- 
verging inwardly  toward  the  principal  plica ;  lunella  short  and  very 
obliquely  running  inward,  arising  below  from  a  very  strong  and 
high,  angularly  bent,  long,  lower  palaial  plica. 

Clausilium  (PI.  XXII,  fig.  4)  broad,  irregularly  curved, 
abruptly  truncate  below,  slightly  thickened  along  the  palatal  mar- 
gin, the  apical  end  of  the  columellar  margin  much  thickened,  bent 
nearly  at  a  right  angle  with  the  rest  of  the  surface,  producing  a 
blunt  tooth  or  lobe. 

Length  24,  diarn.  5|,  longest  axis  of  aperture  5f-  mm. 

Length  22J,  diam.  5|,  longest  axis  of  aperture  6  mm. 

Province  Kunchan,  Okinawa  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  634). 

An  extraordinary  species,  not  only  by  the  interpalatal  lamellae 
which  deeply  crenulate  the  lip,  but  also  by  the  long  and  high  lower 
palatal  fold  and  very  oblique  lunella;  the  two  united  in  such 
fashion  as  to  make  the  figure  of  an  almost  prostrate  letter  A, 
reminding  one  of  the  lunella  of  some  of  the  C.  platydera  group  of 


414  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE    ACADEMY    OF 

Hemiphcedusa,  but  unlike   that  group,   an  upper  palatal  plica  is 
developed.     The  clausilium  is  very  peculiar. 

Clausilia  nesiothauma  n.  sp.    PI.  xxil,  figs.  19,  20,  21. 

Shell  large,  fusiform,  rather  obese  below,  moderately  tapering 
above,  fleshy -whitish,  the  surface  lustreless  and  (where  not  over- 
grown with  algse  or  worn  smooth)  sculptured  with  moderately 
coarse,  somewhat  waved  rib-strise,  branching  or  with  intercalated 
strise  on  the  upper  half  of  the  last  whorl.  Apex  small,  the  first 
whorl  rapidly  enlarging,  sometimes  self-amputated  and  plugged. 
Whorls  10,  the  last  tapering  below,  having  a  broadly  rounded  basal 
crest  running  to  the  lower  angle  of  the  aperture.  Aperture  verti- 
cal, semicircular  in  general  contour,  obtusely  angular  at  the  sinulus 
and  at  the  foot  of  the  columella;  the  inner  margin  being  straight- 
ened, the  outer  rounded.  Peristome  white,  the  outer  and  basal 
margins  flaring,  broadly  reflexed,  the  inner  margin  sloping,  emar- 
ginate  at  the  termination  of  the  superior  lamella,  arcuate  along 
the  interlamellar  space,  then  straightened.  Superior  lamella 
strong,  slightly  oblique,  marginal,  continuous  with  the  spiral 
lamella.  Inferior  lamella  very  strong,  calloused  and  thick,  forming 
a  squarish  columellar  fold,  abruptly  lower  or  sometimes  bifid  where 
it  extends  upon  the  peristome.  Subcolumellar  lamella  emerging, 
very  strong  and  prominent,  extending  to  the  lip-edge.  Principal 
plica  about  one-third  of  a  whorl  long,  lateral  in  position.  Lunella 
arcuate,  its  upper  end  curving  well  inward  (being  completely  united 
with,  and  curving  into,  a  short  upper  palatal  plica);  below,  the 
lunella  becomes  strong  and  high,  and  joins  the  middle  of  an  ex- 
tremely strong,  long,  arched  lower  palatal  fold,  the  summit  of  which 
curves  downward  and  almost  meets  a  broad,  erect  plate  which  at 
this  point  rises  from  the  subcolumellar  lamella.  The  lower  end  of 
the  lower  palatal  plica  is  visible  from  the  aperture,  in  a  front  or 
slightly  oblique  view.  The  inferior  lamella  is  continued  inward  as 
a  strongly  spiral  erect  plate,  rather  distant  from  the  spiral  lamella 
on  the  dorsal  side,  but  approaching  it  and  becoming  rather  abruptly 
lower  ventrally,  both  penetrating  to  beyond  the  middle  of  the  ven- 
tral side.  The  subcolumellar  lamella  inward  from  the  expansion 
toward  the  lower  palatal  plica,  is  slightly  sigmoid,  and  not  parallel 
inside  with  the  inferior  lamella. 

Clausilium  (figs.  15,  16)  rather  broad  in  the  middle,   slightly 
tapering  toward  each  end,  the  lower  end  abruptly  truncate,  emar- 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  415 

ginate  or  notched,  a  somewhat  thickened,  finger-like  and  more 
curved  process  extending  downward  on  the  coluraellar  side; 
proximal  end  passing  gradually  into  the  rather  broad  filament. 

Length  34,  diam.  7.8,  longest  axis  of  aperture  9.4  mm. 

Length  30.5,  diam.  7.5,  longest  axis  of  aperture  9  mm. 

Oshima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  652). 

Readily  known  by  its  large  size  and  the  peculiar  shape  of  the 
aperture. 
Clausilia  oshimae  n.  sp.    PI.  XXII,  figs.  5,  6. 

Shell  fusiform,  the  upper  third  slender  and  somewhat  attenuated, 
the  lower  half  rather  swollen;  penultimate  whorl  widest.  Very 
solid  and  strong.  Pale  brownish,  more  or  less  eroded.  Closely 
and  rather  strongly  striate.  Apex  small,  the  first  whorl  rapidly 
increasing,  next  three  or  four  whorls  very  slowly  widening;  whorls 
about  11J,  the  last  whorl  tapering,  laterally  compressed,  flattened, 
having  a  shallow  pit  behind  the  middle  of  the  outer  lip,  rounded 
at  the  base.  Aperture  ear-shaped,  oblique,  produced  in  a  deep 
retracted  sinulus  above.  Peristome  reflexed,  thickened,  a  slight 
ridge  running  behind  the  outer  lip  parallel  with  it;  outer  lip 
obtusely  toothed  at  the  termination  of  the  principal  plica,  thin 
above,  rather  broad  below  the  tooth.  Inner  lip  projecting  in  the 
middle,  cut  into  six  or  eight  rounded,  unequal  interlamellar  folds, 
and  similarly  or  more  weakly  crenate  to  or  below  the  subcolumellar 
lamella.  Superior  lamella  vertical,  emerging  beyond  the  general 
level  of  the  peristome,  continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella.  Infe- 
rior lamella  very  prominently  projecting  into  the  aperture,  subhori- 
zontal  and  somewhat  thickened  below.  Subcolumellar  lamella 
wholly  immersed,  but  replaced  on  the  lip  by  rugae  occupying  its 
place.  Principal  plica  very  long,  reaching  to  the  lip  and  running 
inward  over  a  whorl;  very  strong.  Upper  palatal  plica  short, 
weak  and  lateral;  lower  palatal  plica  very  strong  and  long,  its 
lower  end  visible  within  the  aperture,  in  an  oblique  view.  Lunella 
apparently  wanting.  Within,  the  inferior  lamella  is  a  very  high, 
strongly  but  somewhat  irregularly  spiral  plate;  the  spiral  lamella 
is  also  very  high,  almost  touching  the  principal  plica;  and  both 
lamellae  penetrate  far  past  the  ventral  side.  The  subcolumellar  la- 
mella is  short  as  usual,  but  strong  near  its  deeply  immersed  lower  end. 

Length  22.5,  diam.  4.5,  longest  axis  of  aperture  5.6  mm. 

Length  21,  diam.  4.5,  longest  axis  of  aperture  5  mm. 


416  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [July, 

The  clausiliuin  (PL  XXII,  figs.  12,  13,  14)  is  strongly  curved 
below,  and  becomes  very  thick  toward  the  apex.  The  distal  end 
has  two  apices  separated  by  a  notch,  the  outer  one  conic  and 
rather  broad,  the  inner  blunt  and  bent  nearly  at  a  right  angle  with 
the  body  of  the  plate. 

Nase,  Oshima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  653a). 

This  exceedingly  peculiar  species  has  the  crenulate  right  lip  of 
most  of  its  group,  but  it  differs  from  all  known  species  except  the 
next  in  the  great  development  of  the  posterior  bay  or  ' '  sinulus  ' ' 
of  the  aperture.  It  is  difficult  to  gain  a  correct  conception  of  the 
closing  apparatus,  so  contracted  is  the  cavity  of  the  last  whorl 
by  the  enormously  developed  lamellse  and  plicae.  The  deeply 
immersed  subcoluinellar  lamella  is  a  prominent  feature,  differentiating 
C.  oshimce  from  C.  pseudoshimce ;  but  as  I  have  remarked  above, 
this  is  masked  by  the  sulcation  of  the  lip,  by  which  rounded 
lamellse  are  produced  in  the  subcolurnellar  position. 

Clausilia  pseudoshimae  n.  sp.    PI.  XXII,  figs.  7,  8,  9, 10. 

Shell  very  similar  externally  to  C.  oshimce ;  a  little  smaller; 
aperture  and  lip  the  same,  except  that  the  subcolurnellar  lamella 
emerges  to  the  lip-edge.  Internal  structure  the  same,  except  that 
the  spiral  trend  of  the  inferior  lamella,  as  seen  from  the  back  in 
an  opened  shell,  is  made  irregular  by  two  prominent  angles;  there  is 
a  rather  long,  latero-dorsal,  upper  palatal  plica  opposite  the  great 
lateral  dilation  of  the  inferior  lamella.  The  very  long  lower 
palatal  plica  gives  off  a  very  short  and  extremely  oblique  lunella 
in  a  ventral  position,  where  the  clausilium  lodges.  The  clausilium 
(PL  XXII,  fig.  11)  has  two  subequal  blunt  apical  points,  sepa- 
rated by  a  rather  wide  notch. 

Length  19.3,  diam.  4,  longest  axis  of  aperture  5  mm. 

Length  17,  diam.  4,  longest  axis  of  aperture  4.7  mm. 

Furuniya,  Oshima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  6536). 

Strikingly  like  C.  oshimce  in  general  aspect,  yet  readily  distin- 
guishable by  a  number  of  important  internal  characters.  On 
cutting  the  shell  it  is  found  to  be  decidedly  less  strong  than  in  the 
other  species.  The  clausilium  lodges  in  a  ventral  position.  The 
form  of  the  basal  lip  is  poorly  represented  in  fig.  8.  The  other 
figures  show  it  correctly. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  417 

Clausilia  mima  n.  sp.    PI.  XXIII,  figs.  37,  38,  30. 

Shell  small,  fusiform,  rather  obese,  but  rapidly  tapering  aud 
conspicuously  attenuated  above;  thin  and  not  very  strong,  pale 
brown,  densely  and  finely  rib-striate.  Whorls  8£  to  9,  convex, 
the  apex  rather  large,  next  three  or  four  whorls  widening  but 
little;  last  half  of  the  last  whorl  much  contracted,  flattened. 
Aperture  somewhat  oblique,  small,  piriform,  with  moderately  well- 
defined  sinulus.  Peristome  reflexed,  slightly  thickened,  the  outer 
margin  excavated  above,  the  upper  and  right  margins  more  or  less 
crenulate,  the  crenulation  varying  from  strong  to  subobsolete  in 
different  specimens.  Superior  lamella  vertical,  emerging  a  little 
beyond  the  general  level  of  tjie  peristome,  slightly  wider  or  bifid 
at  the  margin;  continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella.  Inferior 
lamella  forming  a  rather  strong  subhorizontal  fold  within,  not 
emerging  to  the  peristome.  Subcolumellar  lamella  emerging, 
marginal.  Principal  plica  about  a  half  whorl  long,  extending 
from  the  dorsal  to  the  middle  of  the  ventral  side.  Upper  palatal 
plica  lateral,  arcuate,  converging  inward  toward  the  principal 
plica,  the  outer  end  contiguous  to  the  lunella,  the  upper  end  of 
which  curves  toward  and  is  almost  united  with  it.  Lunella  lateral 
in  position,  oblique,  weak  above,  strong  below,  where  it  unites 
with  the  middle  of  a  long,  very  strong  and  angularly  bent  lower 
palatal  plica.  The  subcolumellar  lamella  is  abruptly  and  strongly 
dilated  in  the  region  of  the  lower  palatal  plica,  and  is  bent  over 
toward  it;  beyond  this  dilation  it  curves  abruptly  and  ascends  the 
internal  column  in  the  usual  manner,  expands  again  and  turns 
toward  the  right,  parallel  to  the  other  lamellae  upon  the  roof  of 
the  penultimate  whorl.  The  inferior  lamella  within  the  last 
whorl  is  stout,  high,  Very  strongly  spiral,  and  with  the  spiral 
lamella  continues  inward  past  the  ventral  side,  upon  which  the 
three  lamellae  run  parallel. 

Length  13^,  diam.  3^  mm. 

Length  11^,  diam.  3  mm. 

Clausilium  (PI.  XXII,  figs.  17,  18)  broad,  strongly  curved, 
broadly  rounded  along  the  outer  margin,  truncate  at  the  apex,  and 
produced  on  the  columellar  side  into  a  long  finger-like  process. 

Oshima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  654). 

Much  smaller  than  other  species  of  the  section,  and  strongly 
attenuated  above,   like   C.    brevior  v.  Mart.     The  process  of  the 
27 


418  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [July, 

clausilium  is  also  longer,  and  the  whole  plate  is  strongly  twisted 
spirally. 

Section  HEMIPH^EDUSA  Bttg. 
Group  of  C.  ptyehochila. 

In  this  group  the  right  lip  or  interlaraellar  space  is  more  or  less 
crenate;  the  superior  and  subcolumellar  lamellae  are  marginal,  the 
inferior  lamella  somewhat  receding,  thickened  below,  strongly  sig- 
moid  within,  and  in  the  middle  of  the  dorsal  aspect  it  is  low,  wide 
and  bifid,  as  if  composed  of  two  cords  twisted  round  one  another. 
The  lower  palatal  plica  is  very  strong,  elevated  in  the  middle  where 
the  lunella  joins  it,  the  latter  being  very  strong  below,  weak  above. 
The  clausilium  (PI.  XXIII,  figs.  26-29)  is  wider  in  the  middle 
than  in  Hemiphcedusa,  tapering  above  and  below,  strongly  curved 
toward  the  thickened,  obtuse  apex,  and  with  the  lateral  margins 
bent  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  rest  of  the  plate,  forming  a 
sort  of  spout-like  distal  extremity  (PL  XXIII,  figs.  27,  28). 

This  group  is  probably  entitled  to  separate  sectional  rank.  It  is 
related  to  the  Japanese  group  of  C.  platydera,  but  differs  in  the 
form  of  the  inferior  lamella  within  the  last  whorl,  and  in  the 
clausilium. 

Key  to  species. 

1. — Inferior  lamella  thickened  but  simple  below: 

a. — Surface  strongly  ribbed;  subcolumellar  lamella  somewhat 
dilated  in  the  part  adjacent  to  the  lower  palatal  plica, 

C.  Bernardii. 
a'.  — Surface  more  finely  costulate : 

b. — Lunella  becoming   very  weak    and  curving   inward 

above,     strong    and    high    below;     subcolumellar 

lamella  not  dilated  near  the  lower  palatal    plica; 

upper  palatal  plica  weak,   .          .      C.  crenilabium. 

I'. — Lunella  straight;  shell  more  obese,        C.  ptychochila. 

2. — Inferior  lamella  bifid  below, C.  excellens. 

Clausilia  Bernardii  Pfr.    PI.  XXIII,  figs.  30,  31,  32. 

C.  Bernardii  Pfr.,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  IX,  1861,  p.  267,  PI.  15,  figs.  1, 
2  ;  Monogr.  Hel.  Viv.,  VI,  p.  426. 

This  species  was  described  as  from  Siarn.  It  has  not  been  found 
by  any  later  collectors  in  that  region,  and  there  are  grave  reasons 
for  considering  the  locality  erroneous. 

The   original   specimens  from    Bernardi's   collection    were  dis- 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA.  419 

tributed  to  Pfeiffer,  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadel- 
phia, arid  perhaps  to  other  collections;  and  I  suppose  the  figured 
type  is  preserved  in  the  collection  of  the  Journal  de  Conchy lio logic 
in  Paris. 

Upon  examining  the  species,  I  find  that  it  is  very  closely  related 
to  my  C.  crenilabium  of  Kunchan,  Okinawa;  in  fact,  so  inti- 
mately, that  I  have  no  doubt  that  C.  Bernardii  really  came  from 
Okinawa  or  some  other  island  of  the  Loo  Choo  chain.  No  species 
of  the  same  group  has  been  found  in  China,  Tonquin  or  elsewhere 
on  the  mainland,  and  it  is  apparently  a  local  group,  specialized 
on  these  islands. 

The  source  whence  Bernardi  procured  his  specimens  is  not 
stated,  but  it  is  significant  that  in  the  same  volume  of  the  Journal 
several  species  from  Japan  and  the  Loo  Choo  Islands,  collected 
by  a  French  naval  officer,  M.  Thomas,  are  described.  Probably 
C.  Bernardii  was  one  of  the  species  taken  by  him  in  Loo  Choo. 

C.  Bernardii  differs  from  C.  erenilabium  in  having  the  surface- 
sculpture  very  much  coarser.  The  lunella  is  very  strong  below, 
where  it  joins  the  middle  of  an  elevated  conic  lower  palatal  fold, 
the  apex  of  which  overhangs  or  curves  downward  in  the  middle. 
Above,  the  lunella  rapidly  weakens,  and  curves  backward  into  the 
low  upper  palatal  fold,  which  also  has  a  low  continuation  on  the 
other  side — apertureward — of  the  lunella.  The  projecting  squar- 
ish inferior  lamella  is  much  thickened  below,  and  within  the  last 
whorl  it  has  the  peculiar  shape  seen  in  C.  crenilabium,  the  spiral 
portion  being  superposed  at  the  side  of,  rather  than  continuous 
with,  the  externally  visible  part  of  the  inferior  lamella.  It  is 
very  strong,  somewhat  expanded  in  the  region  of  the  lunella. 
The  spiral  and  inferior  lamellae  are  of  equal  length,  and  continue 
inward  past  the  ventral  position,  to  a  point  in  line  with  the  supe- 
rior lamella.  In  C.  crenilabium  both  lamellae  extend  further 
inward,  and  the  spiral  lamella  is  decidedly  longer  than  the  other. 
The  crenulation  of  the  interlamellar  space  is  coarser  in  Bernardii 
than  jn  crenilabium.  There  are  11  whorls,  the  upper  ones  more 
attenuated  than  in  crenilabium,  and  the  color  is  corneous-white,  not 
brownish. 

The  clausilium  of  C.  Bernardii  is  shaped  almost  exactly  as  in 
C.  crenilabium,  broad  in  the  middle,  tapering  and  strongly  curved 
to  ward,  the  apex,  which  is  obtuse,  slightly  thickened  and  spout- 


420  PKOCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [July, 

like,  from  having  the  lateral  edges  of  the  tapering  portion  abruptly 
bent  toward  the  convex  side  of  the  clausilium.  The  palatal 
margin  is  especially  widely  reflexed  and  flattened. 

Clausilia  ptychochila  Boettger.    PI.  XXIII,  figs.  40,  41,  42. 

Clausilienstudien,  p.  66  (1877);  Jahrb.  d.  D.  Malak.  Ges.,  V,  p.  57,  PL 
3,  fig.  8  (1878). 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  unknown.  It  was  described  from 
a  single  specimen,  supposed  to  be  from  China,  but  without  record 
of  locality.  From  its  characters  I  think  it  will  be  found  on 
Okinawa  or  some  neighboring  island. 

The  type  measures,  length  24J,  diam.  6J,  length  of  aperture  6^., 
width  4J  mm.  ,It  is  swollen-fusiform,  densely  costulate  and 
whitish-corneous,  the  spire  concavely  attenuated.  Whorls  11. 
The  aperture  is  rhombic -piriform,  peristome  much  thickened,  sin- 
uate and  appressed  above.  There  is  a  groove  separating  the 
superior  lamella  from  the  numerous  folds  which  corrugate  the 
interlamellar  space.  The  inferior  lamella  is  callous  below.  "  The 
small  upper  and  the  longer  lower  palatal  plicae  are  united  with 
the  short,  straight  lunella,  which  at  its  base  gives  off  a  distinct 
branch  backward."  The  clausilium  has  not  been  described. 

Boettger' s  description  and  figures  show  this  to  be  a  species  closely 
related  to  C.  crenilabium  and  C.  Bernardii.  It  differs  from  the 
former  in  being  more  inflated,  with  the  lunella  apparently  straight, 
not  curving  inward  above,  and  nothing  is  said  to  indicate  that 
the  lower  palatal  plica  has  the  great  height  at  its  junction  with  the 
lunella  and  the  strong  development  seen  in  C.  crenilabium.  It  is 
apparently  more  finely  sculptured  than  C.  Bernardii.  Further 
collections  are  needed  to  determine  whether  these  three  species  are 
constantly  distinct  or  united  by  intermediate  examples.  Num- 
bers of  specimens  of  C.  Bernardii  and  C.  crenilabium  show  no 
tendency  toward  intergradation,  and  with  present  knowledge  I 
would  not  feel  justified  in  uniting  the  three  species. 

Dr.  von  Mollendorff  has  placed  ptychochila  in  the  synonomy  of 
excellens  (Jahrb.  D.  Mai.  Ges.,  X,  p.  269).    This  union  is  inadmis- 
sible. 
Clausilia  crenilabium  n.  sp.    PI.  XXIII,  figs.  23,  24,  25,  33. 

Shell  thick  and  strong,  brownish  buff,  rimate,  turreted,  attenu- 
ated above,  moderately  swollen  below,  the  last  whorl  contracted, 
penultimate  whorl  widest.  Whorls  about  11J,  slightly  convex, 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  421 

sculptured  with  close,  regular  and  rather  fine  rib-strise,  coarser  on 
the  last  whorl.  Aperture  vertical,  rhombic-piriform,  the  peris- 
tome  white,  reflexed,  somewhat  thickened,  the  outer  lip  excavated 
above  to  form  an  indistinct  sinulus;  the  upper  margin  to  the  right 
of  the  superior  lamella  is  cut  into  3  to  5  entering  folds,  deeply  crenu- 
lating  the  lip-edge;  the  rest  of  the  right  margin  is  weakly  and  irregu- 
larly subcrenulate.  Superior  lamella  strong,  slightly  oblique,  attain- 
ing the  margin,  continuous  with  the  long  and  high  spiral  lamella. 
Inferior  lamella  strong,  approaching  the  superior,  not  reaching 
upon  the  lip,  very  heavy  and  callous  below,  strongly  spiral  and 
with  a  superposed  callus  within.  Subcolumellar  lamella  emerging. 
Principal  plica  rather  long  and  strong,  visible  within  the  aperture, 
extending  inward  slightly  beyond  the  latero- ventral  lunella. 
Upper  palatal  plica  small  and  low,  united  with  the  lunella.  Lower 
palatal  plica  short  and  high3  angularly  elevated  and  overhanging 
downward  in  the  middle,  where  the  strong  lunella  joins  it. 

Clausilium  (PI.  XXIII,  figs.  26-29)  well  curved,  wide  above, 
the  lower  half  tapering,  narrow,  terminating  in  a  blunt  apex, 
which  is  channeled  and  spout-like  outside.  Columellar  margin 
thickened  near  and  at  the  apex;  palatal  margin  sinuous,  bearing 
a  sharp,  high,  keel-like  thickening  on  the  outside  along  its  lower 
half;  proximal  end  emarginate  on  the  columellar  side  of  the  fila- 
ment. 

Length  32,  diam.  7,  longest  axis  of  aperture  7.8  mm. 

Length  30,  diam.  7.3,  longest  axis  of  aperture  8.3  mm. 

Length  26,  diam.  6. 3,  longest  axis  of  aperture  7  mm. 

Kunchan,  Okinawa  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  632a). 
1 '  This  species  differs  from  C.  callistochila  in  the  weak  crenulation 
of  the  right  lip,  shorter  principal  plica,  shorter  and  differently 
shaped  lower  palatal  plica,  the  smaller  upper  palatal,  which  is 
united  with  the  lunella,  and  especially  in  the  different  form  of  the 
•clausilium. 

^  Specimens  No. 632 b  of  Mr.  Hirase' s  collection,  also  from  Kun- 
chan, the  northern  province  of  Okinawa,  are  green  from  adhering 
algse,  evidently  having  lived  in  a  moist  place.  The  crenulation  of 
the  lip  is  much  less  marked,  there  being  but  one  or  two  inter- 
lamellar  folds  close  to  the  superior  lamella;  the  lower  palatal  fold 
and  lunella  are  shortened,  forming  a  sort  of  triangular  buttressed 
pyramid;  the  lunella  is  very  low  above,  and  curves  into  a  sub- 


422 


PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY   OF 


'  [July, 

obsolete  upper  palatal  fold.     The  clausilium  is  the  same  as  in  the 
typical  form.     The  tip  of  the  spire  is  sometimes  lost. 

Length  28,  diam.  6.3,  longest  axis  of  aperture  7.2  mm. 

Length  28.7,  diam.  6,  longest  axis  of  aperture  7.2  mm. 

Clausilia  excellens  Pfeiffer.    PL  XXIII,  fig.  43. 

This  species  was  originally  described  by  Gould  as  G.  prceclara, 
but  this  name  being  preoccupied  it  was  changed  by  Pfeiffer  to  (7. 
excellens.  The  species  was  known  to  Pfeiffer  by  Gould's  descrip- 
tion only.7  Through  the  kindness  of  Prof.  William  H.  Dall  I  am 
able  to  give  a  figure  of  the  type  specimen,  from 
Loo  Choo,  in  the  National  Museum. 

It  differs  from  C.  crenilabium  in  the  slightly 
stronger  striation  and  the  better  development  of  the 
interlamellar  crenulation;  and  from  C.  crenilabium, 
ptychochila  and  Bernardii  in  the  grooving  of  the 
top  of  the  inferior  lamella,  which  is  almost  bifid. 
In  C.  crenilabium  and  C.  JSernardii  the  inferior  la- 
mella is  only  bifid  far  within,  in  a  dorsal  position, 
as  shown  in  PI.  XXIII,  fig.  25.  In  t7.  excellens 
this  bifid  structure  has  apparently  moved  downward 
to  the  lower  end  of  the  lamella. 

The  clausilium  of  C.  excellens  is  still  unknown, 
as  the  type  specimen  has  not  been  opened  ;  and  the 
subgeneric  position  of  the  species  cannot,  therefore,  be  considered 
certain.  It  may  possibly  be  a  Luchuphcedusa. 

Group  of  C.  munus. 

A  group  of  uncertain  systematic  position,  probably  referable  to 
Tyrannophcedusa  rather  than  to  Hemiphcedusa ;  but  more  material 
and  further  study  is  needed  to  determine  to  what  extent  Hemi- 
phcedusa  is  heterogeneous,  and  how  it  may  best  be  subdivided. 
The  heavy  thickening  of  the  distal  end  of  the  clausilium  on  the 
columellar  side,  and  its  short  form,  remove  the  species  described 
below  from  Hemiphcedusa,  but  it  differs  from  the  typical  forms 
of  Tyrannophceditsa  in  the  comparatively  few-whorled  shell  and 
in  details  of  the  palatal  armature. 

7  See  p.  409,  footnote  No.  2.  There  is  a  very  poor  figure  of  C.  excellens  in 
the  Conchologia  Iconica,  XX,  PL  X,  fig.  89. 


1901.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  423 

Clausilia  munus  n.  sp.  H.  XXIII,  flgs.  34,  35,  36. 

Shell  rather  small,  fusiform,  slender  and  much  attenuated  above, 
rather  obese  below;  brown  and  glossy  when  unworn,  but  often 
lustreless  and  more  or  less  eroded.  Finely  and  closely  striate,  the 
later  half  of  the  last  whorl  much  more  coarsely  so.  Whorls  9 
to  9|,  rather  convex,  the  penultimate  whorl  widest,  the  last  whorl 
contracted,  tapering.  Aperture  rhombic- ovate,  the  peristome 
whitish,  reflexed,  moderately  thick,  slightly  emarginate  at  the 
position  of  the  superior  lamella.  Superior  lamella  vertical,  reach- 
ing the  margin,  continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella.  Inferior 
lamella  immersed,  receding,  not  visible  in  a  front  view,  but  seen 
by  looking  obliquely  into  the  aperture;  almost  straightly  ascend- 
ing inside.  Subcolumellar  lamella  emerging  to  the  lip-edge,  with 
a  groove  on  each  side.  Principal  plica  nearly  a  half  whorl  long, 
its  end  visible  within  the  throat  from  the  aperture,  extending 
inward  slightly  beyond  the  closing  apparatus.  Upper  palatal 
plica  short,  converging  a  little  inwardly  toward  the  principal  plica; 
not  connected  with  the  arcuate,  oblique,  rather  strong  lunella,  the 
lower  end  of  which  curves  inward  somewhat. 

Length  15,  diam.  3.5  mm. 

Length  13.5,  diam.  3.6  mm. 

Length  13,  diam.  3  mm. 

Clausilium  rather  broad  and  short,  tapering  to  a  mucronate  apex, 
heavily  thickened  on  the  columellar  side  at  and  near  the  apex, 
nearly  straight,  curved  only  near  the  filament,  where  it  is  abruptly 
narrowed,  and  deeply  excavated  or  emarginaie  on  the  columellar  side. 

Oshima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No   646). 

In  general  form  this  species  resembles  C.  brevior  and  C.  awa- 
jiensls.  It  differs  from  the  latter  in  the  wider  peristome,  in  having 
the  lunella  free  from  the  upper  palatal  plica,  and  in  the  shape  of 
the  clausilium,  which  in  this  species  resembles  that  of  Tyrannophce- 
dusa,  it  being  shorter  and  broader  than  in  Hemiphcedwa,  and 
strongly  thickened  toward  the  apex,  along  the  columellar  side. 

Section   ZAPTYX  Pilsbry. 

Vide  these  Proceedings  for  1900,  pp.  446,  672. 
Clansilia  hyperoptyx  Pilsbry. 

This  species  was  sent  by  Mr.  Hirase  as  from  "  Loo  Choo  " — 
that  is,  I  suppose,  Great  Loo  Choo  (Luchu),  Nawa,  or  Okinawa 
Island.  A  further  lot,  No.  4576,  has  been  sent  from  Yayeyama, 


424  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE    ACADEMY   OF 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES  XXII  AND  XXIII. 

PLATE  XXII,  Figs.  1-3. — Glausilia  callistocJiila. 

Fig.  4. — Clausilia  callistochila.     Clausilium,  showing  form  of  the  apex. 

Figs.  5,  6. — G.  oshimcB.  I,  inferior  lamella;  P,  lower  end  of  the  lower 
palatal  plica ;  8,  suboolumellar  lamella  ;  Sp.,  spiral  lamella  ;  Sup.,  superior 
lamella. 

Figs.  7-10. — C.  pseudoshima. 

Fig.  11. —  C.  pseudoshimm.     Clausilium,  turned  to  show  form  of  the  apex. 

Fig.  12. — C.  oshimce.  Clausilium,  interior  face ;  13,  profile  from  colum- 
ellar  side  ;  14,  inner  face,  turned  to  show  form  of  the  apex. 

Fig.  15. — C.  nesiothauma.  Clausilium,  interior  face ;  16,  the  same, 
turned  to  show  form  of  the  apex. 

Fig.  17. — C.  mima.  Clausilium,  turned  to  show  form  of  the  apex  ;  18, 
interior  face  of  the  same. 

Figs.  19-21 — C.  nesiothauma.  Fig.  20  showing  the  spiral  and  inferior 
lamellse,  and  on  the  left  side  part  of  the  lunella  and  lower  palatal  plica, 
with  the  dilated  portion  of  the  subcolumellar  lamella. 

PLATE  XXIII,  Figs.  23-25. —  C.  crenilabium.  /,  inferior  lamella,  L, 
lunella  ;  P,  lower  palatal  plica  ;  /S,  subcolumellar  lamella. 

Fig.  26. — G.  crenilabium.  Clausilium,  seen  in  profile  from  the  columellar 
side  ;  27,  apical  view  ;  28,  interior  face  ;  29,  the  same  turned  to  show  shape 
of  the  apex. 

Figs.  30-32.— C.  Bernardii. 

Fig.  33. — G.  crenilabium. 

Figs.  34-36. — G.  munus. 

Figs.  37-39. — G.  mima. 

Figs.  40-42. — G.  ptychochila  (copied  from  Boettger). 

Fig.  43. — G.  excellent  (type  specimen  of  G.  pradara  Gld.,  drawn  by  Dr. 
J.  C.  McConnell). 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  647 


CATALOGUE   OF  THE   CLAUSILIIDJE   OF  THE    JAPANESE    EMPIRE.' 
BY    HENRY    A.    PILSBRY. 

The  general  sequence  of  species  in  the  following  list  is  from 
primitive  to  specialized  forms;  but  this  end  is  only  imperfectly 
attained,  as  there  are  several  highly  specialized  groups  terminating 
wholly  independent  phyla,  making  a  serial  arrangement  quite 
arbitrary.  The  forms  with  narrow  clausilium  and  several  palatal 
plicae  in  place  of  a  luuella  are  the  more  primitive,  retaining  the 
structure  of  early  Tertiary  groups.  Megalophcedusa  and  the  typi- 
cal Hemiphceduscv  are  of  this  kind.  Zaptyx,  Luchuphcedusa  and 
Tyrannophcedusa  seem  to  be  three  independent  specializations  from 
an  early  Hemiphsedusan  stock.  Stereophcedusa  stands  a  little  more 
remote;  while  Pseudonenia,  Euphcedusa  and  Reinia  probably 
separated  from  the  pro-Hemiphsedusan  stock  at  a  still  earlier  period. 

The  East  Asiatic  Clausiliidce  are  much  more  closely  related  to 
early  Tertiary  than  to  modern  European  groups.  The  evidence 
indicates  that,  like  the  Belogonous  Helicidce,  a  common  stock  of 
Clausiliidce  spread  over  Asia  and  Europe,  at  least  as  early  as  the 
Eocene.  Subsequent  evolution  has  been  along  independent  lines 
in  the  East  and  the  West;  and  just  as  I  have  demonstrated  in  the 
Helicidce,  the  European  stock  has  forged  ahead,  while  the  Oriental 
looks  backward,  many  a  group  retaining  old  characters. 

Ninety-three  well-established  species  of  Clausilia  are  now  known 
from  Japan,  more  than  half  of  them  first  described  in  this  journal. 
Of  this  number  forty-four  were  brought  to  light  by  Mr.  Hirase. 
The  localities  of  many  others,  previously  uncertain,  have  been 
ascertained  from  specimens  collected  by  him.  In  addition  to  these 
species,  thirty-five  subspecies  or  varieties  have  been  described. 
The  list  of  species  is  encumbered  with  eleven  additional  specific 
names,  standing  for  forms  so  inadequately  described  that  their  rela- 
tionships with  other  species  are  not  ascertaiuable  from  published 

1  Exclusive  of  P'ormosa. 


648  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [Dec. , 

data,   though  part  of   them   can   be   identified   specifically  when 
specimens  from  the  original  localities  come  to  competent  hands. 

Section  MEGALOPH.EDUSA.  Bttg. 

C.    MARTENSI   '  Herklots '   v.    Mart.  (=  C.  yokohamensis  Crosse 

and    C.  Reiniana  var.,    Kob.,    Jahrb.    iii,    PI.    5,    f.    8). 

Yokohama    (Crosse);    Hakone    Mountains    (Schmacker); 

Mikuriya,    Suruga;    Gojo   and   Kambe,    Yamato;    Kobe, 

Setsu;  Kashima,  Harima. 

Form  TINCTILABRIS  Pils.     Nachi  and  Tomisato,  Kii   (Hirase). 
Var.  REINIANA  Kobelt.     Ibuki,  Omi  (Hirase);  Aichi  (U.  S. 

Nat.  Mus.). 

C.  MITSUKURII  Pils.     Tomisato,  Kii.2 
C.  DDCALIS  Kob.     "  Interior  of  Nippon"    (Eein)  ;  Miya-mura, 

Hida  (Hirase). 

Var.  DORCAS  Pils.     Kiyomi-mura,  Hida  (Hirase). 
C.  VASTA  Bttg.     Nagasaki  (Rein,  Schmacker);  Seluchi  (Kein); 

Fukuregi,  Higo  (Hirase). 
C.  FULTONX  Sykes.     Shikoku:  Kinnayama,  type  locality;   Ushi- 

rogawa,  Tosa;  Nainetoko,  lyo;  Goto,  Uzen  (Hirase). 
C.  HIRASEANA  Pils.     Okinoshima,  Tosa,  Shikoku  (Hirase). 

Section  HEMIPILEDUSA  Bttg. 
Group  of  C.  validiuscula. 

C.     DECUSSATA  v.   Mart.     Tsukuba-san,   a  mountain  in   Hitachi 

Province,    north   of   Tokyo    (Hilgendorf).       A  species  of 

uncertain  position  in  the  system. 
C.  VALIDIUSCULA  v.  Mart.     Seluchi,  Kiushiu  (Rein). 

Var.    BILAMELLATA    Bttg.      "  Seluchi,     between    Hiuga   and 

Bugo"  (Rein). 

C.  ihTERLAMELLARis  v.  Mart.     Kiushiu. 
C.  ^ETHIOPS  Mlldff.     Near  Nagasaki,  Kiushiu. 
C.    VIRIDIFLAVA    Bttg.        "Interior     of    Japan,"     "Kiushiu" 

(Rein). 

2  Smaller  than  Martensi  ;  somewhat  Buliminus-shaped.  Whorls  9J,  the 
upper  ones  not  amputated.  Aperture  about  as  in  Martensi.  Length  29, 
diam.  8  mm. 


1901.]  NATURAL    .SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  649 

C.  HICKONIS  Bttg      "  Interior  of  Nippon  "  (Rein). 

Var.  BINODIFERA  Bttg.      "Interior  of  Nippon  "  (Rein). 
C.  NOLANI  Pils.     Fukura  and  Ikari,  Awaji  (Hirase). 
C.  GRACILISPIRA  Mlldff.     Near  Kobe,  Setsu. 
C.  CARYOSTOMA  Mlldff.     Kobe,  Setsu. 

Var.  JAYI  Pilsbry.     Jo,  Kii  (Hirase). 
C.  TOSANA  Pils.     Ushirohawa,  Tosa,  and  Nametoko,  Iyo,3Shikoku 

Island. 
C.  GRACIJE  Pils.     Nachi,  Kii  (Hirase,  No.  794). 

Group  of  C.  sublunellata. 

C.  SUBLUNELLATA  Mlldff.     Nikko  Mountains  (Hungerford). 
C.  HETEROPTrx  Pilsbry.     Toraisato  and  Nachi,  Kii  (Hirase). 
C.  OPE  AS  Mlldff.     Nikko  Mountains  (Hungerford). 
C.  MICROPEAS  Mlldff.     Nikko  (Hungerford)  ;  Mikuriya,  Suruga 

(Hirase). 

Var.  PERPALLIDA  Pils.     Nishigo,  Uzen. 
Var.  HOKKAIDOENSIS  Pils.     Kayabe,  Ojima,  Hokkaido. 
C.    SUBULIXA   Mlldff.       Nikko   Mountains    and    Lake   Chusenji, 

Shimotsuke. 
Var.  LEUCOPEAS   Pilsbry.     Ikoma  and  Samotonakamura,    Kii 

(Hirase). 
C.  SERICIXA  Mlldff.     Lake  Chusenji,  Shimotsuke  and  Yumagaai- 

shi  (Hungerford). 
Var.  RHOPALIA  Pilsbry.     Mikuriya,  Suruga  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  hyperolia. 

C.  HYPEROLIA  v.  Mart.     Uweno,  near  Yeddo  (Hilgendorf,  type 

locality).     Oshima,  Izu  ;  Mikuriya,   Suruga  (Hirase). 
Var.  RECTALUNA  Mlldff.     Kamatokogiro. 
Var.  APTYCHIA  Mlldff.     Hakone  and  Chusenji. 
Var.  PLANULATA  Mlldff.     Kobe. 

Group  of  C.  aivajiensis. 

C.  AWAJIENSIS  Pils.     Fukura,  Awaji. 

C.  HARIMENSIS  Pils.     Kashinia,  Harima;  Shirono,  Buzen. 


3  In  the  specimens  of  C.  tosana  from  Nametoko,  lyo,  the  intermediate 
palatal  plicae  coalesce  to  form  a  somewhat  I-shaped  lunella.  They  are  a 
transition  form  to  the  group  of  C.  aulacophora. 


650  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [Dec., 

C.  PERIGNOBILIS  Pils.     Okinoshima,  Tosa;  Dogo,  lyo. 
C.    KOCHIENSIS  Pils.     Kochi,    Tosa;  Minamata  and   Yatsushiro, 
Higo ;  Togo,  Satsuma.      (  C.  higoensis  Pils.  is  a  synonym. ) 
C.  SUBAURANTIACA  Pils.     Deyai  and  Toyonishihami,  Nagato. 
C.  ISCHNA  Pils.     Kochi,  Tosa,  Shikoku  Island. 

Var.  NEPTIS  Pils.     Kochi,  Tosa. 
C.  IGNOBILIS  Sykes.     Kinnayama,  Shikoku. 
C.  SHIKOKUENSIS   Pils.     Ushirohawa,   Tosa,  Tairiuji,  Awa,   and 

Nametoko,  lyo,  Shikoku  Island. 
C.  STRICTALUNA  Bttg.     Nagasaki  (Lischke). 

Var.  MAJOR  Bttg.     Seluchi,  between  Hiuga  and  Bugo  (Rein). 

Var.  NANA  Mlldff.     Nagasaki. 

Group  of  C.  aulacophora. 

C.  AULACOPHORA  Pils.     Fukura,  Awaji  (C.  breviluna  Mlldff.). 
C.  PIGRA  Pils.     Kashima,  Harima  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  platyauchen. 

C.  PLATYAUCHEN  v.  Mart.  ( C.  fusangensis  Mlldff.).  Tsukuba- 
san,  a  mountain  north  of  Tokyo  (Hilgendorf,  type  local- 
ity) ;  Lake  Chusenji  (Schmacker) ;  Nishigo,  Uzen; 
Mikuriya,  Suruga  (Hirase)  ;  Prov.  Suruga  (F.  Stearns); 
Prov.  Yamato  (Rein). 

C.   ATTRITA  Bttg.      Japan   (Rein);    Ibuki,    Omi,    and  Kiyomi- 

mura,  Hida  (Hirase). 

Var.    INFAUSTA   Pils.       Nachi,    Ikoma,    and    Jo,    Prov.     Kii 
(Hirase)..4 

C.  HAKONENSIS  Pils.  Hakone  Mountains  (B.  Schmacker); 
Oshima,  Izu  (Hirase). 

C.  SCHMACKERI  Sykes.  Kinnayama  (Sykes) ;  Kochi,  Tosa 
(Hirase);  Shikoku  Island. 

C.  BUSCHII  Kiister.     Japan  (Siebold).     Position  uncertain. 

C.  PLATYDERA  v.  Mart.     Kobe  (Schmacker);  Prov.  Yamato,  at 
Gose,  Matsunotoge,   Kambe  and  Nara,  and  Hieisan,  west 
of  Lake  Biwa  (A.  Gulick!). 
Var.  LAMBDA  Bttg.     Japan  (Rein);  Nohara,  Yamato  (Hirase). 

4  Somewhat  smaller  than  attrita  ;  the  subcolumellar  lamella  immersed, 
inferior  lamella  continued  inward  decidedly  farther  than  the  spiral  lamella! 
Other  characters  substantially  as  in  attrita. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADKLIMI 1  A.  651 

Var.  KIIENSIS  Pils.     Kurozu,  Nachi  and  Tomisato,   Prov.  Kii 

(Hirase).5 

Group  of  C.  ptychochila. 

C.  BERNARDII  Pfr.      [Siam  ?     Riukiu  Islands  ?] 

C.  CRENILABIUM  Pils.     Prov.  Kunchan,  Okinawa  (Hirase). 

C.  PTYCHOCHILA  Bttg.      [China  ?     Riukiu  Islands  ?] 

C.     EXCELLENS    Pfr.     ( C.    prwclam    Old.    preoc.).       Okinawa 

(U.  S.  N.  P.  Exp.). 

Group  of  C.  Pinto. 

C.  PINTO  Pils.     Tane-ga-shima,  Osumi  (Hirase). 
C.  PTYCHOCYMA  Pils.     Tane-ga-shima,  Osumi  (Hirase). 
Var.  YAKUSHIM.E  Pils.     Yaku-shima,  Osumi  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  munus. 
C.  MUNus_Pils.     Oshima,  in  the  Riukiu  Islands  (Hirase). 

Section  ZAPTYX  Pilsbry. 

C.    HIRASEI    Pils.     Kagoshima    and    Sakura    Island,    Satsuma 

(Hirase). 
Var.  KIKAIENSIS  PiJs.    Kikaigashima,  Osumi  (Hirase,  Nos.  557, 

5576X 

C.  HYPEROPTYX  Pils.     Okinawa;  Yaeyama  (Hirase). 
C.  HACHIJOEXSIS  Pils.     Hachijo  Island,  Izu. 

Section  TYKANNOPH^EDUSA  Pilsbry. 
Group  of  C.  mikado. 

C.  MIKADO  Pils.  (C.  omiensis  Mlldff. ).     Ibuki,   Omi,  and  Akas- 

aku,  Miuo  (Hirase). 
C.  IOTAPTYX  Pils.     Ibuki  and  Ryozen,6  Omi  (Hirase). 

Var.  CLAVA  Pils.     Senzan,  Awaji;  Ikoma,  Kii  (Hirase). 
C.  ORTHATRACTA  Pils.     Akasaka,  Mino  (Hirase). 

5  Smaller  than  platydera  ;  more  swollen  below  and  more  attenuate  above- 
Whorls  8J-10.     Length  16-17,  diam.  4£  mm. 

6  Specimens  of  C.  iotaptyxirow  Ryozen,  Omi,  have  12  to  13  whorls,  but 
otherwise  are  like  the  types  from  Ibuki,  Omi.     The  shells  from  Ikoma,  Kii, 
are  somewhat  intermediate  between  ioiaptyx  and  clava,  but  nearer  the  latter. 


652  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [Dec., 

C.   AURANTIACA  Bttg.      "Interior  of    Nippon"    (Rein);    Kobe 

(Schmacker) ;    Nachi,    Kii,    Ikari,   Awaji,    and   Suimura, 

Awa  (%Hi rase). 
Var.  HYPOPTYCHIA  Pils.  Kashima,  an  island  near  Tanabe, 

Kii  (Hirase).7 
Var.  ERBERI  Bttg.  (minor  Mlldff.).  Nara,  Nohara  and  Gojo, 

Yamato;  Chikubushima,  inLakeBiwa;  Kashima,  Harima; 

Tomisato,  Aiga,  and  Kurozu,  Kii  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  bilabrata. 
C.    PLICILABRIS   A.    Ad.       Tanabe,    Kii.      (Subgeneric   position 

doubtful.) 
C.   BILABRATA   Smith.       Kobe,    type   locality;    southern  half  of 

Nippon ;  Shikoku,  Kiushiu  and  Iki  Islands. 
Var.     PTYCHOL^MA   Bttg.       "  Seluchi,    between    Hinga    and 

Bugo"  (Rein). 

C.  OSCARIANA  Pils.     Fukuregi,  Higo,  Kiushiu  (Hirase). 
C.  SURUGE^SIS  Pils.     Mikuriya,  Suruga  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  tanegashimce. 

C.   OXYCYMA  Pils.       Kagoshima,   Satsuma,   in  southern  Kiushiu 

(Hirase). 

C.  TANEGASHIM^  Pils.     Tane-ga-shima  and  Yaku-shima,   Osumi 
(Hirase). 

Section  LUCHUPH^DUSA  Pilsbry. 

C.  CALLISTOCHILA  Pils.     Prov.  Kunchan,  Okinawa  (Hirase). 

C.  MIMA  Pils.     Oshima,  Riukiu  Islands  (Hirase), 

C.  NESIOTHAUMA  Pils.     Oshima,  Riukiu  Islands  (Hirase). 

C.  OSHIM^E  Pils.     Nase,  Oshima  (Hirase). 

C.  PSEUDOSHIMJE  Pils.     Furuniya,  Oshima  (Hirase). 

Section  STEREOPH^DUSA  Bttg. 

Group  of  C.  valida. 
C.  VALIDA  Pfr.     Okinawa. 

Var.  FASCIATA  Sykes.     Okinawa. 

Var.  PERFASCIATA  Pils      Prov.  Kunchau,  Okinawa. 

Var.  STRIATELLA  Pils.     Okinawa. 

7 Larger  than  aurantiaca,  with  narrower,  less  developed  lip,  more  whorls, 
and  several  plica  in  the  subcolumellar  region. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA.  653 

Group  of  C.  japonica. 

C.   JAPONICA  Crosse.     Middle  and  southern  Nippon;   Awaji  and 
Shikoku  Islands.      (Includes   C.   kobensis  Smith,  type  loc. 
Kobe;    C.  nipponensis  Kobelt;  and   C.  eurystoma  v.  Mart., 
type   loc..    Tsukuba-san,   a  mountain    north  of  Yeddo,  in 
Hitachi  Province,  Hilgendorf. ) 
Var.  PALLENS  Mlldff.     "  Koma-kasunga." 
Var.  PEROBSCURA  Pils.     Shirono,  Buzen  (Hirase). 
Var.   INTERPLICATA  Pils.     Nishigo,    Uzen;    Takeya,    Idzumo; 
Ryozen,  Omi  (Hirase). 

C.  HILGENDORFI  v.  Mart.     Prov.  Idzumo  (Hilgendorf). 

C.  OOSTOMA  Mlldff.  Hakone  (?  C.  japonica  var  surugce  Pils.  + 
C.  eurystoma  subsp.  brachyptychia  Mlldff.,  both  from 
Mikuriya,  Suruga;  also  occurs  at  Kashiwa,  Awaji). 

O.  SUBJAPONICA  Pils.  (=  C.  fultoni  subsp.  clavula  Mlldff.). 
Ibuki,  Omi;  Tomisato,  Kii  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  brevior. 

C.  BREVIOR  v.  Mart.  (C.  tetraptyx  Mlldff.).  Misaki,  Sagami 
(Hilgendorf);  Yokohama  (Schmacker);  Tokyo  (Stearns); 
Nikko,  Shimotsuke  (Loomis);  Oshima,  Izu,  and  Goto, 
Uzen  (Hirase). 

C.  NIKKOENSIS  Mlldff.     Near  Nikko  (Eastlake). 
C.  HONDANA  Pils.     Coast  of  Prov.  Suruga  (F.  Stearns). 
C.    JACOBIANA   Pils.     Tane-ga-shima    and    Yaku-shima,    Osumi 

(Hirase). 

C.  ADDISONI  Pils.  Provinces  Satsuma  and  Higo,  Kiushiu. 
C.  S  EARNSII  Pils.  Okinawa;  Yayama  (Hirase,  Stearns). 
C.  STEREOMA  Pils.  Yakushima,  Osumi,  south  of  Kiushiu. 

Var.  COGNATA  Pils.     Tane-ga-shima,  Osumi,  south  of  Kiushiu. 
Var.  NUGAX  Pils.     Yaku  shima. 

Group  of  C.  entospira. 
C.  EN:OSPIRA  Pils.     Tane-ga-shima  (Hirase). 

Section  PSEUDONENIA  Boettger. 

C.  SIEBOLDI  Pfr.  Kashiwashima,  Tosa;  Toyonishikami,  Nagato; 
Sasebo,  Hizen;  Yatsushiro,  Higo  (Hirase). 


654  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [Dec.  , 

Section  EUPHvEDUSA.  Boettger. 

Group  of  C*  jos. 
C.  SUB3IBBERA  Bttg.     Japan. 

G.    EXPANSILABRIS  Bttg. 

Var  STROPH03TOMA  Bttg.     Interior  of  Nippon  (Rein). 
Var.  NANA  Bttg.     Interior  of  Nippon  (Rein). 
C.  ONCAUCHEN  Mlldff.     Tsu-shima  (Fruhstorfer). 

Group  of  C.  shanghaiensis. 

C.  ACCJLUS  Bans.     Nagasaki  (Rsin)  ;  also  China. 

C.  DIGONOPTYX  Bttg.     "  Interior  of  Nippon  "   (Rein);  Manabe, 

Hitachi;  Takasaki,  Kozuke;  Yamaguchi,  Tajima;  Nishigo, 

Uzen. 
C.  TAU    Bttg.    (C.  proba  Mlldff.,   1885,   not  A.  Ad.).      Kyoto 

(Rein,    Hirase);    Nohara   and   Gojo,  Yamato;^  Takasaki, 

Kozuke  (Hirase)  ;  Tokyo  ;  Yokohama. 
C.  COMES  Pils.     Kashima,  Harima  (Hirase). 
C.  TRYONI  Pils.     Hachijo  Island,  Izu  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  Hungerfordiana. 

C.  HUNGERFORDIANA  Mlldff.     Nara,  Yamato. 
C.  MONELASMCS  Pils.     Kayabe,  Ojima,  Hokkaido. 

Group  of  C.  euholostoma. 

C.  EUHOLOSCOMA  Pils.     Mikuriya,  Suruga  (Hirase). 
C.  HOLOTREMA  Pils.     Nachi,  Kii  (Hirase).8 

Section  REINIA  Kobelt, 

C.  VARIEGATA   (A.  Ad.).     "  Tago "    (A.    Ad.);    Uweno,  jiear 
Tokyo;  Tokyo;  Takasaki,   Prov.  Kozuke;  Hirado,^Hizen. 
Var.  NESioriCA  Pils.     Hachijo  Island,  Izu. 

8  C.  kolotrema  resembles  (7.  euholostoma,  but  is  larger,  purplish-brown 
with  a  yellow  bslt  below  the  sutures,  the  base  yellowish.  Principal j and 
palatal  plicse  longer.  Whorls  85.  Alt.  12,  diam.  3.2  mm. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OP    PHILADELPHIA.  655 

Species  of  unknown  subgeneric  position. 

The  following  forms  have  been  too  imperfectly  characterized  to 
permit  their  reference  to  subgeneric  groups : 
C.  CINCTICOLLIS  Ehrmann.     Province  Tosa,  Shikoku. 
C.  CRASSILAMELLATA  Ehrmann.     Province  Tosa,  Shikoku. 
C.  GOULDII  A..  Adams.     Tago, 
C.  IJIMJE  Ehrmann.     Province  Tosa,  Shikoku. 
C.  LIRULATA  A.  Adams.      Mososeki. 

C.  NODULIFERA  v.  Mart.  Nippon,  probably  from  near  Yeddo 
(Donitz).  Based  upon  a  single,  perhaps  abnormal, 
specimen. 

C.  PINGUIS  A.  Adams.     Kino-o-sima. 
C.  PROBA  A.  Adams.     Kino-o-sima. 
C.  SPRETA  A.  Adams.     Tago. 
C.  STENOSPIRA  A.  Adams.     Kino-o-sima. 
C.  sriMPSONi  A.  Adams.     Tsu-sima  and  Awa-sima. 


APPENDIX. 

The  following  species  have  been  received  since  the  preparation 
of  the  foregoing  list,  bringing  the  number  of  recognized  species  to 
99,  with  37  subspecies  or  varieties  ;  exclusive  of  11  species  of  inde- 
terminate position,  enumerated  above. 

Section  HEMIPHJEDUSA  Bttg. 

C.  SUBIGNOBILIS  Pils.9      Hirado,  Hizen  (Y.  Hirase). 
C.  TANTILLA  Pils.JO     Goto,  Uzen  (Y.  Hirase). 

9  G.  subifjnobilis  n.sp.  Rather  stoat,  fusiform,  light  brown,  lightly 
striate,  composed  of  9^  whorls.  Spire  strongly  attenuated  above,  the  apex 
small.  Aperture  subtrapezoidal,  the  lip  reflexed  and  thickened.  Superior 
lamella  rather  small,  inferior  very  deeply  receding,  subcolumellar  emerging. 
Principal  plica  rather  short.  Lunella  lateral,  arcuate  or  bow-shaped. 
Length  15,  diam.  3.3  mm.  Like  C.  ignobilis  Sykes,  but  with  smaller 
early  whorls. 

10  C.  tantilla  n.sp.  Small,  brownish,  fusiform,  striatulate,  the  last 
whorl  distinctly  striate  ;  whorls  8,  the  second  rather  large.  Aperture 
small,  squarish -ovate,  the  lip  well  reflexed,  somewhat  thickened.  Superior 
lamella  small,  inferior  deeply  receding,  subcolumellar  either  immersed  or 
emerging.  Lunella  oblique,  united  above  with  the  middle  of  a  short  upper 
palatal  plica.  Length  9.5,  diam.  2.5  mm. 


656  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [Dec.  , 

C.  AULACOPOMA  Pils.11     Hirado,  Hizen  (Y.  Hirase). 
C.  BIGENERIS  Pils.12     Goto,  Uzen  (Y.  Hirase). 

Section  TYRANNOPH.EDUSA  Pils. 
C.  DALLI  Pils.13     Tairiuji,  Awa,  Shikoku  Island  (Y.  Hirase). 

Section  STEREOPH^DUSA  Bttg.  O 

C.  UNA  Pils. ,4     Goto,  Uzen  (Y.  Hirase.) 

11  C.  aulacopoma  n.sp.     Fusiform,  slowly  tapering  above  to  asubacute 
apex,  light  reddish  brown,  weakly  striatulate,  the  last  whoil  somewhat  pro- 
duced forward.    Whorls  9j.    Aperture  piriform,  the  lip  well  reflexed,  thick- 
ened.     Superior  lamella  low  ;    inferior    deeply   receding ;    subcolumellar 
emerging  to  the  lip-edge.     Principal  plica  long.    Upper  palatal  plica  short, 
joined  in  the  middle  to  the  lunella,  which  is  curved  inward  below  (j-like), 
with  a  nodule  at  its  inner  termination.     Clausilium  somewhat  spout-like 
distally,  but  wider  there  than  in  species  of  the  ptychochila  group. 

12  (7.  bigeneris  n.sp.     About   the  size  and  shape  of  C.  ignobilis ;  pale- 
brownish,  faintly  striate.    Snbcolumellar  lamella  immersed  ;  lip  broadly  re- 
Hexed.     Principal  plica  rather  short,   dorsal  and   lateral ;    upper    palatal 
plica  oblique,  almost  joined  in  the  middle  to  a  long,  slender  lunella,  the 
lower  end  of  which  curves  far  inward.     Length  14.3,  diam.  3.5  mm. 

13  C.  Dalli  n.sp.     With  the  general  form  of  (J.  mikado,  the  aperture  is 
much  as  in  C.  iotaptyx.     Whorls  14  to  16.     The  subcolumellar  lamella 
emerges  strongly,  and  sometimes  the  lip  is  puckered  above  it.     Lunella  as 
in  C.  bilabrata.     Length  18.5,   diam.  4  mm.     This  exceedingly  peculiar 
many-whorl ed  Clausilia  belongs  to  the  group  of  C.  bilabrata  by  its  palatal 
armature,  but  in  contour  it  resembles  species  of  the  group  of  C.  mikado. 

14  C.  una  n.sp.     General  contour  of  C.  oostoma  Mlldff. ,  pale  yellowish- 
corneous,  striate.     Whorls  11^.     Entire  interlamellar  margin  of    the  lip 
closely  and  deeply  plicate.     Upper  palatal  plica  short,  oblique  j  lower  long 
and  arcuate,  a  short,  rudimentary  lunella  rising  from  it.     An  extraordinary 
Stereophmdusa,  with  interlamellar  p  ication  like  Luchuphcedusa  callisto- 
chila. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  647 


CATALOGUE   OF   THE  CLAUSILIIDJE   OF   THE    JAPANESE    EMPIRE.1 
BY   HENRY   A.    PILSBRY. 

The  general  sequence  of  species  in  the  following  list  is  from 
primitive  to  specialized  forms;  but  this  end  is  only  imperfectly 
attained,  as  there  are  several  highly  specialized  groups  terminating 
wholly  independent  phyla,  making  a  serial  arrangement  quite 
arbitrary.  The  forms  with  narrow  clausilium  and  several  palatal 
plicae  in  place  of  a  lunella  are  the  more  primitive,  retaining  the 
structure  of  early  Tertiary  groups.  Megalophcedusa  and  the  typi- 
cal Hemiphcedusce  are  of  this  kind.  Zaptyx,  Luchuphcedusa  and 
Tyrannophcedusa  seem  to  be  three  independent  specializations  from 
an  early  Hemiphredusan  stock.  Stereophcedusa  stands  a  little  more 
remote;  while  Pseudonenia,  Euphcedusa  and  Reinia  probably 
separated  from  the  pro-Hemiphsedusan  stock  at  a  still  earlier  period. 

The  East  Asiatic  Clausiliidce  are  much  more  closely  related  to 
early  Tertiary  than  to  modern  European  groups.  The  evidence 
indicates  that,  like  the  Belogonous  Helicidce,  a  common  stock  of 
Clausiliidce  spread  over  Asia  and  Europe,  at  least  as  early  as  the 
Eocene.  Subsequent  evolution  has  been  along  independent  lines 
in  the  East  and  the  West;  and  just  as  I  have  demonstrated  in  the 
Helicidce,  the  European  stock  has  forged  ahead,  while  the  Oriental 
looks  backward,  many  a  group  retaining  old  characters. 

Ninety-three  well-established  species  of  Clausilia  are  now  known 
from  Japan,  more  than  half  of  them  first  described  in  this  journal. 
Of  this  number  forty- four  were  brought  to  light  by  Mr.  Hirase. 
The  localities  of  many  others,  previously  uncertain,  have  been 
ascertained  from  specimens  collected  by  him.  In  addition  to  these 
species,  thirty-five  subspecies  or  varieties  have  been  described. 
The  list  of-  species  is  encumbered  with  eleven  additional  specific 
names,  standing  for  forms  so  inadequately  described  that  their  rela- 
tionships with  other  species  are  not  ascertainable  from  published 

1  Exclusive  of  Formosa. 


648  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [Dec. , 

data,   though  part  of   them   can   be   identified   specifically  when 
specimens  from  the  original  localities  come  to  competent  hands. 

Section  MEGALOPILEDUSA  Bttg. 

C.    MARTENSI    '  Herklots '    v.    Mart.  (=  C.  yokohamensis  Crosse 

and    C.  Reiniana  var.,    Kob.,    Jahrb.    iii,    PL    5,    f.    8). 

Yokohama    (Crosse);    Hakone    Mountains    (Schmacker); 

Mikuriya,   Suruga;    Gojo   and   Kambe,    Yamato;    Kobe, 

Setsu;  Kashima,  Harima. 

Form  TINCTILABRIS  Pils.     Nachi  and  Tomisato,  Kii   (Hirase). 
Var.  REINIANA  Kobe  It.     Ibuki,  Omi  (Hirase);  Aichi  (U.  S. 

Nat.  Mus.). 

C.  MITSUKURII  Pils.     Tomisato,  Kii.2 
C.  DCCALIS  Kob.     "  Interior  of  Nippon"    (Rein);  Miya-tnura, 

Hida  (Hirase). 

Var.  DORCAS  Pils.     Kiyomi-mura,  Hida  (Hirase). 
C.   VASTA  Bttg.     Nagasaki  (Rein,  Schmacker);  Seluchi  (Rein); 

Fukuregi,  Higo  (Hirase). 
C.  FULTONI  Sykes.     Shikoku:  Kinnayama,  type  locality;   Ushi- 

rogawa,  Tosa;  Narnetoko,  lyo;  Goto,  Uzen  (Hirase). 
C.  HIRASEANA  Pils.     Okinoshima,  Tosa,  Shikoku  (Hirase). 

Section  HEMIPH^DUSA  Bttg. 
Group  of  C.  validiuscula. 

C.     DECUSSATA  v.  Mart.     Tsukuba-san,  a  mountain  in   Hitachi 

Province,    north   of    Tokyo    (Hilgendorf).       A  species  of 

uncertain  position  in  the  system. 
C.  VALIDIUSCULA  v.  Mart.     Seluchi,  Kiushiu  (Rein). 

Var.    BILAMELLATA    Bttg.      "  Seluchi,     between    Hiuga   and 

Bugo"  (Rein). 

C.  I>TERLAMELLARIS  v.  Mart.     Kiushiu. 
C.  ^ETHIOPS  Mlldff.     Near  Nagasaki,  Kiushiu. 
C.    VIRIDIFLAVA   Bttg.        ' '  Interior     of    Japan, "     "  Kiushiu  ' y 

(Rein). 

2  Smaller  than  Martensi  ;  somewhat  Buliminus-sbaped.  Whorls  9J,  the 
upper  ones  not  amputated.  Aperture  about  as  in  Martensi.  Length  29, 
diam.  8  mm. 


1901.]  NATTKAL    S<   IKNTKS    (»F     I'l  I  I  I. A  I » III. I'll  I  A  .  649 

C.  HICKONIS  Bttg      "  Interior  of  Nippon  "  (Rein). 

Var.  BIXODIFERA  Bttg.      "Interior  of  Nippon"  (Rein). 
C.  NOLANI  Pils.     Fukura  and  Ikari,  Awaji  (Hirase). 
C.  GKA<  ILISPIKA  Mlldff.     Near  Kobe',  Setsu. 
C.  CARYOSTOMA  Mlldff.     Kobi:,  Setsu. 

Var.  JAYI  Pilsbry.     Jo,  Kii  (Hirase). 
C.  TOSANA  Pils.     Ushirohawa,  Tosa,  and  Nametoko,  Jyo,*Shikoku 

Island. 
C.  ORACLE  Pils.     Nachi,  Kii  (Hirase,  No.  794). 

Group  of  C.  sublunellata. 

C.  SUBLUNELLATA  Mlldff.     Nikko  Mountains  (Hungerford). 
C.  HETEROPTyx  Pilsbry.     Tomisato  and  Nachi,  Kii  (Hirase). 
C.  OPEAS  Mlldff.     Nikko  Mountains  (Hungerford). 
C.  MICROPEAS  Mlldff.     Nikko  (Hungerford)  ;  Mikuriya,  Suruga 

(Hirase). 

Var.  PERPALLIDA  Pils.     Nishigo,  Uzen. 
Var.  HOKKAIDOENSIS  Pils.     Kayabe,  Ojima,  Hokkaido. 
C.    HUBULINA   Mlldff.       Nikko   Mountains    and    Lake   Chusenji, 

Shimotsuke. 
Var.  LEUCOPEAS   Pilsbry.     Ikoma  and  Samotonakamura,    Kii 

(Hirase). 
C.  SERICINA  Mlldff.     Lake  Chusenji,  Shimotsuke  and  Yumagaai- 

shi  (Hungerford). 
Var.  RHOPALIA  Pilsbry.     Mikuriya,  Suruga  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  hyper olia. 

C.  HYPEROLIA  v.  Mart.     Uweno,  near  Yeddo  (Hilgendorf,  type 

locality).     Oshiraa,  Izu  ;  Mikuriya,   Suruga  (Hirase). 
Var.  RECTALUNA  MJldff.     Kamatokogiro. ' 
Var.  APTYCHIA  Mlldff.     Hakone  and  Chusenji. 
Var.  PLANULATA  Mlldff.     Kobe. 

Group  of  C.  awajiensis. 

C.  AWAJIENSIS  Pils.     Fukura,  Awaji. 

C.  HARIMENSIS  Pils.     Kashiwa,  Harima;  Shirono,  Buzen. 


3  In  the  specimens  of  C.  tosyna  from  Nametoko,  lyo,  the  intermediate 
palatal  plicte  coalesce  to  form  a  somewhat  I-shaped  lunella.  They  are  a 
transition  form  to  the  group  of  C.  aulacophora. 


650  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [Dec., 

C.  PERIGNOBILIS  Pils.     Okinoshima,  Tosa;  Dogo,  lyo. 
C.    KOCHIENSIS  Pils.     Kochi,    Tosa;  Minamata  and   Yatsushiro, 
Higo ;  Togo,  Satsuma.      (  C.  higoensis  Pils.  is  a  synonym. ) 
C.  SUBAURANTIACA  Pils.     Deyai  and  Toyonishihami,  Nagato. 
C.  ISCHNA  Pils.     Kochi,  Tosa,  Shikoku  Island. 

Var.  NEPTIS  Pils.     Kochi,  Tosa. 
C.  IGNOBILIS  Sykes.     Kinnayama,  Shikoku. 
C.   SHIKOKUENSIS   Pils.     Ushirohawa,   Tosa,  Tairiuji,   Awa,   and 

Nametoko,  lyo,  Shikoku  Island. 
C.  STRICTALUNA  Bttg.     Nagasaki  (Lischke). 

Var.  MAJOR  Bttg.     Seluchi,  between  Hiuga  and  Bugo  (Rein). 

Var.  NANA  Mlldff.     Nagasaki. 

Group  of  C.  aulaeophora. 

C.  AULACOPHORA  Pils.     Fukura,  Awaji  (C.  breviluna  Mlldff.). 
C.  PIGRA  Pils.     Kashima,  Harima  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  platyauehen. 

C.  PLATYAUCHEN  v.  Mart.  (C.  fusangensis  Mlldff.).  Tsukuba- 
san,  a  mountain  north  of  Tokyo  (Hilgendorf,  type  local- 
ity) ;  Lake  Chusenji  (Schmacker) ;  Nishigo,  Uzen; 
Mikuriya,  Suruga  (Hirase)  ;  Prov.  Suruga  (F.  Stearns); 
Prov.  Yamato  (Rein). 

C.   ATTRITA  Bttg.      Japan   (Rein);    Ibuki,    Omi,    and  Kiyomi- 

mura,  Hida  (Hirase). 

Var.    INFAUSTA   Pils.      Nachi,    Ikoma,    and    Jo,    Prov.     Kii 
(Hirase).4 

C.  HAKONENSIS  Pils.  Hakone  Mountains  (B.  Schmacker); 
Oshima,  Izu  (Hirase). 

C.  SCHMACKERI  Sykes.  Kinnayama  (Sykes) ;  Kochi,  Tosa 
(Hirase);  Shikoku  Island. 

C.  BUSCHII  Kiister.     Japan  (Siebold).     Position  uncertain. 

C.  PLATYDERA  v.  Mart.     Kobe  (Schmacker);  Prov.  Yamato,  at 
Gose,  Matsunotoge,   Kambe  and  Nara,  and  Hieisan,  west 
of  Lake  Biwa  (A.  Gulickl). 
Var.  LAMBDA  Bttg.     Japan  (Rein);  Nohara,  Yamato  (Hirase). 

*  Somewhat  smaller  than  attrita  ;  the  sfrbcolumellar  lamella  immersed, 
inferior  lamella  continued  inward  decidedly  farther  than  the  spiral  lamellal 
Other  characters  substantially  as  in  attrita. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  651 

Var.  KIIENSIS  Pils.     Kurozu,  Nachi  and  Tomisato,   Prov.  Kii 

(Hirase).5 

Group  of  C.  ptychochila. 

C.  BERNARDII  Pfr.      [Siam  ?     Riukiu  Islands  ?] 
C.  CRENILABIUM  Pils.     Prov.  Kunchan,  Okinawa  (Hirase). 
C.  PTYCHOCHILA  Bttg.      [China  ?     Riukiu  Islands  ?] 
C.     EXCELLENS    Pfr.     (  C.    prceclara    Gld.    preoc. ).       Okinawa 
(U.  S.  N.  P.  Exp.). 

Group  of  C.  Pinto. 

C.  PINTO  Pils.     Tane-ga-shima,  Osumi  (Hirase). 
C.  PTYCHOCYMA  Pils.     Tane-ga-shima,  Osumi  (^  Hirase). 
Var.  YAKUSHIM^E  Pils.     Yaku-shima,  Osumi  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  munus. 
C.  MUNUS  Pils.     Oshima,  in  the  Riukiu  Islands  (Hirase). 

Section  ZAPTYX  Pilsbry. 

C.    HIRASEI    Pi]?.     Kagoshima    and    Sakura    Island,    Satsuma 

(Hirase). 
Var.  KIKAIENSIS  Pils.    Kikaigashima,  Osumi  (Hirase,  Nos.  557, 

557&X 

C.  HYPEROPTYX  Pils.     Okinawa;  Yaeyama  (Hirase). 
C.  HACHIJOENSIS  Pils.     Hachijo  Island,  Izu. 

Section  TYKA^7OPH^EDUSA  Pilsbry. 
Group  of  C.  mikado. 

C.  MIKACO  Pils.  (C.  omiensis  Mlldff. ).     Ibuki,   Omi,  and  Akas- 

aku,  Miuo  (Hirase). 
C.  IOTAPTYX  Pils.     Ibuki  and  Ryozen,6  Omi  (Hirase). 

Var.  CLAVA  Pils.     Senzan,  Awaji;  Ikoma,  Kii  (Hirase). 
C.  ORTHATRACTA  Pils.     Akasaka,  Mino  (Hirase). 

5  Smaller  than  platydera  ;  more  swollen  below  and  more  attenuate  above- 
Whorls  8J-10.     Length  16-17,  diam.  4£  mm. 

6  Specimens  of  (7.  iotaptyxfrow  Ryozen,  Omi,  have  12  to  13  whorls,  but 
otherwise  are  like  the  types  from  Ibuki,  Omi.     The  shells  from  Ikoma,  Kii, 
are  somewhat  intermediate  between  iotaptyxand.  clava,  but  nearer  the  latter. 


652  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ACADEMY    OF  [Dec., 

C.   AUKANTIACA  Bttg.      "  Interior  of    Nippon"    (Rein);    Kobe 

^Schmacker) ;    Nachi,    Kii,    Ikari,    Awaji,    and   Suimura, 

Awa  (Hirase). 
Var.  HYPOPTYCHIA  Pils.  Kashima,  an  island  near  Tanabe, 

Kii  (Hirase).7 
Var.  ERBERI  Bttg.  (minor  Mlldff.).  Nara,  Nohara  and  Gojo, 

Yamato;  Chikubushima,  inLakeBivva;  Kashima,  Harima; 

Tomisato,  Aiga,  and  Kurozu,  Kii  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  bilabrata. 
C.    PLICILABRIS   A.    Ad.       Tanabe,    Kii.      (Subgeneric   position 

doubtful. ) 
C.   BILABRATA   Smith.       Kobe,    type   locality;    southern  half  of 

Nippon ;  Shikoku,  Kiushiu  and  Iki  Islands. 
Var.     PTYCHOL^EMA   Bttg.       *'  Seluchi,    between    Hinga    and 

Bugo"  (Rein). 

C.  OSCARIANA  Pils.     Fukuregi,  Higo,  Kiushiu  (Hirase). 
C.  SURUGENSIS  Pils.     Mikuriya,  Suruga  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  tanegashimce. 

C.   OXYCYMA  Pils.       Kagoshima,   Satsuma,   in  southern  Kiushiu 

(Hirase). 

C.  TAKEGASHIM.E  Pils.     Tane-ga-shima  and  Yaku-shima,   Osumi 
(Hirase). 

Section  LUCHUPILEDUSA  Pilsbry. 

C.  CALLISTOCHILA  Pils.     Prov.  Kunchan,  Okinawa  (Hirase). 

C.  MIMA  Pils.     Oshima,  Riukiu  Islands  (Hirase). 

C.  NESIOTHAUMA  Pils.     Oshima,  Riukiu  Islands  (Hirase). 

C.  OSHIM^E  Pils.     Nase,  Oshima  (Hirase). 

C.  PSEUDOSHIMJE  Pils.     Furuniya,  Oshima  (Hirase). 

Section  STEREOPH^DUSA  Bttg. 

Group  of  C.  valida. 
C.  VALIDA  Pfr.     Okinawa. 

Var.  FASCIATA  Sykes.     Okinawa. 

Var.  PERFASCIATA  Pils      Prov.  Kunchau,  Okinawa. 

Var.  STRIATELLA  Pils.     Okinawa. 

'Larger  than  aurantiaca,  with  narrower,  less  developed  lip,  more  whorls, 
and  several  plica  in  the  subcolumellar  region. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  653 

Group  of  C.  japonica. 

C.   JAPONICA  Crosse.     Middle  and  southern  Nippon;   Awaji  and 
Shikoku  Islands.      (Includes   C    kobensis  Smith,  type  loc. 
Kobej    C.  nipponensis  Kobelt;  and   C.  eurystoma  v.  Mart., 
type   loc..    Tsukuba-san,   a  mountain    north  of  Yeddo,   in 
Hitachi  Province,  Hilgendorf. ) 
Var.  FALLENS  Mlldff.     "  Koma-kasunga. " 
Var.  PEROBSCURA  Pils.     Shirono,  Buzen  (Hirase). 
Var.   INTERPLICATA  Pils.     Nishigo,    Uzen;    Takeya,    Idzumo; 
Ryozen,  Omi  (Hirase). 

C.  HiLkENDORFi  v.  Mart.     Prov.  Idzumo  (Hilgendorf). 

C.  OOSTOMA  Mlldff.  Hakone  (?  C.  japonica  var  surugce  Pils.  + 
C.  eurystoma  subsp.  brachyptychia  Mlldff.,  both  from 
Mikuriya,  Suruga;  also  occurs  at  Kashiwa,  Awaji). 

C.  SUBJAPONICA  Pils.  (—  C.  fultoni  subsp.  clavula  Mlldff.). 
Ibuki,  Omi;  Tomisato,  Kii  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  brevior. 

C.  BREVIOR  v.  Mart.  (C.  tetraptyx  Mlldff.).  Misaki,  Sagami 
(Hilgendorf);  Yokohama  (Schmacker);  Tokyo  (Stearns); 
Nikko,  Shimotsuke  (Loomis);  Oshima,  Izu,  and  Goto, 
Uzen  (Hirase). 

C.  NIKKOENSIS  Mlldff.     Near  Nikko  (Eastlake). 
C.  HONDANA  Pils.     Coast  of  Prov.  Suruga  (F.  Stearns). 
C.    JACOBIANA   Pils.     Tane-ga-shima    and    Yaku-shima,    Osumi 

(Hirase). 

C.  ADDISONI  Pils.  Provinces  Satsuma  and  Higo,  Kiushiu. 
C.  S  EARNSII  Pils.  Okinawa;  Yayama  (Hirase,  Stearns). 
C.  STEREOMA  Pils.  Yakushima,  Osumi,  south  of  Kiushiu. 

Var.  COQNATA  Pils.     Tane-ga-shima,  Osumi,  south  of  Kiushiu. 
Var.  NUOAX  Pils.     Yaku  shima. 

Group  of  C.  entospira. 
C.  EN.OSPIRA  Pils.     Tane-ga-shima  (Hirase). 

Section  PSEUDONENIA  Boettger. 

C.  SIEBOLDI  Pfr.  Kashiwashima,  Tosa;  Toyonishikami,  Nagato; 
Sasebo,  Hizen;  Yatsushiro,  Higo  (Hirase). 


654  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [Dec.  , 

Section  EUPH^EDUSA  Boettger. 

Group  of  C*  jos. 
C.  SUB9IBBERA  Bttg.     Japan. 

C.    EXPANSILABRIS  Bttg. 

Var  STROPH03TOMA  Bttg.     Interior  of  Nippon  (Rein). 
Var.  NAN  A  Bttg.     Interior  of  Nippon  (Rein). 
C.  ONCAUCHEN  Mlldff.     Tsu-shima  (Fruhstorfer). 

Group  of  C.  shanghaiensis. 

C.  ACCJLUS  Bans.     Nagasaki  (Rsin)  ;  also  China. 

C.  DIGONOPTYX  Bttg.     "  Interior  of  Nippon  '!   (Rein);  Manabe, 

Hitachi;  Takasaki,  Kozuke;  Yamaguchi,  Tajima;  Nishigo, 

Uzen. 
C.  TAU    Bttg.    (C.  proba  Mlldff.,   1885,    not  A.   Ad.).      Kyoto 

(Rein,    Hirase);    Nohara   and   Gojo,  Yamato ;   Takasaki, 

Kozuke  (Hirase);  Tokyo;  Yokohama. 
C.  COMES  Pils.     Kashinia,  Harima  (Hirase). 
C.  TRYONI  Pils.     Hachijo  Island,  Izu  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  Hungerfordiana. 

C.  HUNGERFORDIANA  Mlldff.     Nara,  Yamato. 
C.  MONELASMDS  Pils.     Kayabe,  Ojima,  Hokkaido. 

Group  of  C.  euholostoma. 

C.  EUHOLOSTOMA  Pils.     Mikuriya,  Suruga  (Hirase). 
C.  HOLOTREMA  Pils.     Nachi,  Kii  (Hirase).8 

Section  REINIA  Kobelt. 

C.  VARIEGATA   (A.  Ad.).     "Tago"    (A.    Ad.);    Uvveno,    near 
Tokyo;  Tokyo;  Takasaki,   Prov.  Kozuke;  Hirado,   Hizeu. 
Var.  NESioriCA  Pils.     Hachijo  Island,  Izu. 

8  C.  holotrema  resembles  C.  euholostoma,  but  is  larger,  purplish-brown 
with  a  yellow  bslt  below  the  sutures,  the  base  yellowish.  Principal  and 
palatal  plicae  longer.  Whorls  85.  Alt.  12,  diam.  3.2  mm. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OP   PHILADELPHIA.  655 

Species  of  unknown  subgeneric  position. 

The  following  forms  have  been  too  imperfectly  characterized  to 
permit  their  reference  to  subgeneric  groups : 
C.  (  INCTICOLLIS  Ehrmann.     Province  Tosa,  Shikoku. 
C.  CRASSILAMELLATA  Ehrmann.     Province  Tosa,  Shikoku. 
C.  GOULDII  A..  Adams.     Tago. 
C.  UIMJE  Ehrmann.     Province  Tosa,  Shikoku. 
C.  LIRULATA  A.  Adams.     Mososeki. 

C.  NODULIFERA  v.  Mart.  Nippon,  probably  from  near  Yeddo 
(Donitz).  Based  upon  a  single,  perhaps  abnormal, 
specimen. 

C.  PINGUIS  A.  Adams.     Kino-o-sima. 
C.  PROBA  A.  Adams.     Kino-o-sima. 
C.  SPRETA  A.  Adams.     Tago. 
C.  STENOSPIRA  A.  Adams.     Kino-o-sima. 
C.  STIMPSONI  A.  Adams.     Tsu-sima  and  Awa-sima. 


APPENDIX. 

The  following  species  have  been  received  since  the  preparation 
of  the  foregoing  list,  bringing  the  number  of  recognized  species  to 
99,  with  37  subspecies  or  varieties  ;•  exclusive  of  11  species  of  inde- 
terminate position,  enumerated  above. 

Section  HEMIPHJ2DUSA  Bttg. 

C.  SUBIGNOBILIS  Pils.9      Hirado,  Hizen  (Y.  Hirase). 
C.  TANTILLA  Pils.10     Goto,  Uzen  (Y.  Hirase). 

'  C.  subignobilis  n.sp.  Rather  stout,  fusiform,  light  brown,  lightly 
striate,  composed  of  9^  whorls.  Spire  strongly  attenuated  above,  the  apex 
small.  Aperture  subtrapezoidal,  the  lip  reflexed  and  thickened.  Superior 
lamella  rather  small,  inferior  very  deeply  receding,  subcolumellar  emerging. 
Principal  plica  rather  short.  Lunella  lateral,  arcuate  or  bow-shaped. 
Length  15,  diam.  3.3  mm.  Like  C.  ignobilis  Sykes,  but  with  smaller 
early  whorls. 

10  C.  tantilla  n.sp.  Small,  brownish,  fusiform,  striatulate,  the  last 
whorl  distinctly  striate  ;  whorls  8,  the  second  rather  large.  Aperture 
small,  squarish -ovate,  the  lip  well  reflexed,  somewhat  thickened.  Superior 
lamella  !-mall,  ioferior  deeply  receding,  subcolumellar  either  immersed  or 
emerging.  Lunella  oblique,  united  above  with  the  middle  of  a  short  upper 
palatal  plica.  Length  9.5,  diam.  ?.5  mm. 


656  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [Dec. , 

C.  AULACOPOMA  Pils.11     Hirado,  Hizen  (Y.  Hirase). 
C.  BIGENERIS  Pils.12     Goto,  Uzen  (Y.  Hirase). 

Section  TYRANNOPH^EDUSA  Pils. 
C.  DALLI  Pils.13     Tairiuji,  Awa,  Shikoku  Island  (Y.  Hirase). 

Section  STEREOPH^EDUSA  "Bttg. 
C.  UNA  Pils.  14     Goto,  Uzen  (Y.  Hirase.) 

11  C.  aulacopoma  n.sp.     Fusiform,  slowly  tapering  above  to  a  subacute 
apex,  light  reddish  brown,  weakly  striatulate,  the  last  whorl  somewhat  pro- 
duced forward.    Whorls  9^.    Aperture  piriform,  the  lip  well  reflexed,  thick- 
ened.     Superior  lamella  low  ;    inferior    deeply   receding ;    subcolumellar 
emerging  to  the  lip-edge.     Principal  plica  long.    Upper  palatal  plica  short, 
joined  in  the  middle  to  the  lunella,  which  is  curved  inward  balow  (j-like), 
with  a  nodule  at  its  inner  termination.     Clausiliutn  somewhat  spout-like 
distally,  but  wider  there  than  in  species  of  the  ptychochila  group. 

12  C.  bigeneris  n.sp.     About   the  size  and  shape  of  C.  ignobilis ;  pale- 
brownish,  faintly  striate.    Subcolumellar  lamella  immersed  ;  lip  broadly  re- 
flexed.     Principal  plica  rather  short,   dorsal  and   lateral ;    upper    palatal 
plica  oblique,  almost  joined  in  the  middle  to  a  long,  slender  lunella,  the 
lower  end  of  which  curves  far  inward.     Length  14.3,  diam.  3.5  mm. 

13  G.  Dalli  n.sp.     With  the  general  form  of  C.  mikado,  the  aperture  is 
much  as  in  C.  iotaptyx.     Whorls  14  to  16.     The  subcolumellar  lamella 
emerges  strongly,  and  sometimes  the  lip  is  puckered  above  it.     Lunella  as 
in  C.  bilabrata.     Length  18.5,   diam.  4  mm.     This  exceedingly  peculiar 
many-whorled  Clausilia  belongs  to  the  group  of  C.  bilabrata  by  its  palatal 
armature,  but  in  contour  it  resembles  species  of  the  group  of  G.  mikado. 

14  G.  una  n.sp.     General  contour  of  C.  oostoma  Mlldff. ,  pale  yellowish- 
corneous,  striate.     Whorls  11^.     Entire  interlamellar  margin  of    the  lip 
closely  and  deeply  plicate.     Upper  palatal  plica  short,  oblique  ;  lower  long 
and  arcuate,  a  short,  rudimentary  lunella  rising  from  it.     An  extraordinary 
Stereophcedusa,  with  interlamellar  p  ication  like  LucJiuphmdusa  callisto- 
chila. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  647 


CATALOGUE   OF   THE   CLAUSILIIDJE   OF   THE    JAPANESE    EMPIRE.1 
BY    HENRY    A.    PILSBRY. 

The  general  sequence  of  species  in  the  following  list  is  from 
primitive  to  specialized  forms;  but  this  end  is  only  imperfectly 
attained,  as  there  are  several  highly  specialized  groups  terminating 
wholly  independent  phyla,  making  a  serial  arrangement  quite 
arbitrary.  The  forms  with  narrow  clausilium  and  several  palatal 
plicae  in  place  of  a  lunella  are  the  more  primitive,  retaining  the 
structure  of  early  Tertiary  groups.  Meg alop heed usa  and  the  typi- 
cal Hemiphcedusce  are  of  this  kind.  Zaptyx,  Luchuphcedusa  and 
Ti/rannophcedusa  seem  to  be  three  independent  specializations  from 
an  early  Hemiphredusan  stock.  Stereophcedusa  stands  a  little  more 
remote;  while  Pseudonenia,  Euphcedusa  and  Reinia  probably 
separated  from  the  pro-Hemiphsedusan  stock  at  a  still  earlier  period. 

The  East  Asiatic  Clausiliidw  are  much  more  closely  related  to 
early  Tertiary  than  to  modern  European  groups.  The  evidence 
indicates  that,  like  the  Belogonous  Helicidce,  a  common  stock  of 
Clausiliidce  spread  over  Asia  and  Europe,  at  least  as  early  as  the 
Eocene.  Subsequent  evolution  has  been  along  independent  lines 
in  the  East  and  the  West;  and  just  as  I  have  demonstrated  in  the 
Helicidce,  the  European  stock  has  forged  ahead,  while  the  Oriental 
looks  backward,  many  a  group  retaining  old  characters. 

•  Ninety-three  well-established  species  of  Clausilia  are  now  known 
from  Japan,  more  than  half  of  them  first  described  in  this  journal. 
Of  this  number  forty-four  were  brought  to  light  by  Mr.  Hirase. 
The  localities  of  many  others,  previously  uncertain,  have  been 
ascertained  from  specimens  collected  by  him.  In  addition  to  these 
species,  thirty-five  subspecies  or  varieties  have  been  described. 
The  list  of  species  is  encumbered  with  eleven  additional  specific 
names,  standing  for  forms  so  inadequately  described  that  their  rela- 
tionships with  other  species  are  not  ascertainable  from  published 

1  Exclusive  of  Formosa. 


648  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY   OF  [Dec. , 

data,    though  part  of    them    can   be   identified   specifically  when 
specimens  from  the  original  localities  come  to  competent  hands. 

Section  MEGALOPH.EDUSA.  Bttg. 

C.    MARTENSI    '  Herklots '    v.    Mart.  (=  C.  yokohamensis  Crosse 

and    C.  Reiniana  var.,    Kob.,    Jahrb.    iii,    PI.    5,    f.    8). 

Yokohama    (Crosse);    Hakone    Mountains    (Schmacker); 

Mikuriya,    Suruga;    Gojo   and   Kambe,    Yamato;    Kobe, 

Setsu;  Kashima,  Harima. 

Form  TINCTILABRIS  Pils.     Nachi  and  Tomisato,  Kii  (Hirase). 
Var.  REINIANA  Kobelt.     Ibuki,  Omi  (Hirase);  Aichi  (U.  S. 

Nat.  Mus.). 

C.  MITSUKURII  Pils.     Tomisato,  Kii.2 
C.  DDCALIS  Kob.     "  Interior  of  Nippon"    (Rein);  Miya-mura, 

Hida  (Hirase). 

Var.  DORCAS  Pils.     Kiyomi-mura,  Hida  (Hirase). 
C.  VASTA  Bttg.     Nagasaki  (Rein,  Schmacker);  Seluchi  (Rein); 

Fukuregi,  Higo  (Hirase). 
C.  FULTONI  Sykes.     Shikoku:  Kinnayama,   type  locality;   Ushi- 

rogawa,  Tosa;  Narnetoko,  lyo;  Goto,  Uzen  (Hirase). 
C.  HIRASEANA  Pils.     Okinoshima,  Tosa,  Shikoku  (Hirase). 

Section  HEMIPH^EDUSA  Bttg. 
Group  of  C.  validiuscula. 

C.     DECUSSATA  v.  Mart.     Tsukuba-san,   a  mountain  in   Hitachi 

Province,    north   of    Tokyo    (Hilgendorf).       A  species  of 

uncertain  position  in  the  system. 
C.  VALIDIUSCULA  v.  Mart.     Seluchi,  Kiushiu  (Rein). 

Var.    BILAMELLATA    Bttg.      '*  Seluchi,     between    Hiuga   and 

Bugo"  (Rein). 

C.  ]]ST£RLAMELLARIS  v.  Mart.     Kiushiu. 
C.  ^THIOPS  Mlldff.     Near  Nagasaki,  Kiushiu. 
C.    VIRIDIFLAVA   Bttg.        "Interior     of    Japan,"     "Kiushiu" 

(Rein). 

2  Smaller  than  Martensi  ;  somewhat  Buliminus-sbaped.  Whorls  9|,  the 
upper  ones  not  amputated.  Aperture  about  as  in  Martensi.  Length  29, 
diam.  8  mm. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIHNCKS   OF    PHILADELPHIA.  649 

C.  HICKONIS  Bttg      "  Interior  of  Nippon  "  (Rein). 

Var.  BINODIFERA  Bttg.      "Interior  of  Nippon  "  (Rein). 
C.  NOLANI  Pils.     Fukuni  and  Ikari,  Awaji  (Hirase). 
C.  GRACILISPIRA  Mlldff.     Near  Kobe,  Setsu. 
C.  CARYOSTOMA  MlldfF.     Kobe,  Setsu. 

Var.  JAYI  Pilsbry.     Jo,  Kii  (Hirase). 
C.  TOSANA  Pils.     Ushirohawa,  Tosa,  and  Nametoko,  Jyo,8Shikoku 

Island. 
C.  GRACING  Pils.     Nachi,  Kii  (Hirase,  No.  794). 

Group  of  C.  sublunellata. 

C.  SUBLUNELLATA  Mlldff.     Nikko  Mountains  (Hungerford). 
C.  HETEROPTrx  Pilsbry.     Toraisato  and  Nachi,  Kii  (Hirase). 
C.  OPEAS  Mlldff.     Nikko  Mountains  (Hungerford). 
C.  MICROPEAS  Mlldff.     Nikko  (Hungerford)  ;  Mikuriya,  Suruga 

(Hirase). 

Var.  PERPALLIDA  Pils.     Nishigo,  Uzen. 
Var.  HOKKAIDOENSIS  Pils.     Kayabe,  Ojima,  Hokkaido. 
C.    SUBULINA   Mlldff.       Nikko   Mountains    arid    Lake   Chusenji, 

Shimotsuke. 
Var.  LEUCOPEAS   Pilsbry.     Ikoma  and  Samotonakamura,    Kii 

(Hirase). 
C.  SERICINA  Mlldff.     Lake  Chusenji,  Shimotsuke  and  Yumagaai- 

shi  (Hungerford). 
Var.  RHOPALIA  Pilsbry.     Mikuriya,  Suruga  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  hyper olia. 

C.  HYPEROLIA  v.  Mart.     Uweno,  near  Yeddo  (Hilgendorf,  type 

locality).     Oshima,  Izu  ;  Mikuriya,   Suruga  (Hirase). 
Var.  RECTALUNA  Mlldff.     Kamatokogiro. 
Var.  APTYCHIA  Mlldff.     Hakone  and  Chusenji. 
Var.  PLANULATA  Mlldff.     Kobe. 

Group  of  C.  awajiensis. 

C.  AWAJIENSIS  Pils.     Fukura,  Awaji. 

C.  HARIMENSIS  Pils.     Kashiwa,  Harima;  Shirono,  Buzen. 

3  In  the  specimens  of  C.  tosana  from  Nametoko,  lyo,  the  intermediate 
palatal  plicae  coalesce  to  form  a  somewhat  I-shaped  lunella.  They  are  a 
transition  form  to  the  group  of  C.  aulacophora. 


650  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE    ACADEMY    OF  [Dec., 

C.  PERIGNOBILIS  Pils.     Okinoshima,  Tosa;  Dogo,  lyo. 
C.    KOCHIENSIS  Pils.     Kochi,    Tosa;  Minamata  and   Yatsushiro, 
Higo ;  Togo,  Satsuma.      (  C.  higoensis  Pils.  is  a  synonym. ) 
C.  SUBAURANTIACA  Pils.     Deyai  and  Toyonishihami,  Nagato. 
C.  ISCHNA  Pils.     Kochi,  Tosa,  Shikoku  Island. 

Var.  NEPTIS  Pils.     Kochi,  Tosa. 
C.  IGNOBILIS  Sykes.     Kinnayama,  Shikoku. 
C.   SHIKOKUENSIS   Pils.     Ushirohawa,   Tosa,  Tairiuji,  Awa,   and 

Nametoko,  lyo,  Shikoku  Island. 
C.  STRICTALTJNA  Bttg.     Nagasaki  (Lischke). 

Var.  MAJOR  Bttg.     Seluchi,  between  Hiuga  and  Bugo  (Rein). 

Var.  NANA  Mlldff.     Nagasaki. 

Group  of  C.  aulacophora. 

C.  AULACOPHORA  Pils.     Fukura,  Awaji  (C.  breviluna  Mlldff. ). 
C.  PIGRA  Pils.     Kashima,  Harima  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  platyauchen. 

C.  PLATYAUCHEN  v.  Mart.  (C.  fusangensis  Mlldff.).  Tsukuba- 
san,  a  mountain  north  of  Tokyo  (Hilgendorf,  type  local- 
ity) ;  Lake  Chusenji  (Schmacker) ;  Nishigo,  Uzen; 
Mikuriya,  Suruga  (Hirase)  ;  Prov.  Suruga  (F.  Stearns); 
Prov.  Yamato  (Rein). 

C.   ATTRITA  Bttg.      Japan   (Rsin) ;    Ibuki,    Omi,    and  Kiyomi- 

mura,  Hida  (Hirase). 

Var.    INFAUSTA   Pils       Nachi,    Ikoma,    and    Jo,    Prov.     Kii 
(Hirase).4 

C.  HAKONENSIS  Pils.  Hakone  Mountains  (B.  Schmacker); 
Oshima,  Izu  (Hirase). 

C.  SCHMACKERI  Sykes.  Kinnayama  (Sykes) ;  Kochi,  Tosa 
(Hirase);  Shikoku  Island. 

C.  BUSCHII  Kiister.     Japan  (Siebold).     Position  uncertain. 

C.  PLATYDERA  v.  Mart.     Kobe  (Schmacker);  Prov.  Yamato,  at 
Gose,  Matsunotoge,   Kambe  and  Nara,  and  Hieisan,  west 
of  Lake  Biwa  (A.  Gulick!). 
Var.  LAMBDA  Bttg.     Japan  (Rein);  Nohara,  Yamato  (Hirase). 

*  Somewhat  smaller  than  attrita  ;  the  subcolumellar  lamella  immersed, 
inferior  lamella  continued  inward  decidedly  farther  than  the  spiral  ]amella. 
Other  characters  substantially  as  in  attrita. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  651 

Var.  KIIENSIS  Pils.     Kurozu,  Nachi  and  Tomisato,   Prov.  Kii 
(Hirase).5 

Group  of  C.  ptychochila. 

C.  BERXARDII  Pfr.      [Siam  ?     Riukiu  Islands  ?] 
r.  CRENILABIUM  Pils.     Prov.  Kunchan,  Okinawa  (Hirase). 
C.  PIYCHOCHILA  Bttg.      [China  ?     Riukiu  Islands  ?] 
C.     EXCELLENS    Pfr.     ( C.    prceclara    Old.    preoc.).       Okinawa 
(U.  S.  N.  P.  Exp.). 

Group  of  C.  Pinto. 

C.  PINTO  Pils.     Tane-ga-shima,  Osumi  (Hirase). 
C.  PTYCHOCYMA  Pils.     Tane-ga-shima,  Osumi  (Hirase). 
Var.  YAKUSHIMJE  Pils.     Yaku-shima,  Osumi  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  munus. 
C.  MUNUS  Pils.     Oshima,  in  the  Riukiu  Islands  (Hirase). 

Section  ZAPTYX  Pilsbry. 

C.    HIRASEI    Pils.     Kagoshima    and    Sakura    Island,    Satsuma 

(Hirase). 
Var.  KIKAIENSIS  Pils.    Kikaigashima,  Osumi  (Hirase,  Nos.  557, 

5576X 

C.  HYPEROPTYX  Pils.     Okinawa;  Yaeyama  (Hirase). 
C.  HACHIJOENSIS  Pils.     Hachijo  Island,  Izu. 

Section  TYRANNOPH2EDUSA  Pilsbry. 
Group  of  C.  mikado. 

C.  MIKADO  Pils.  (C.  omiensis  Mlldff. ).     Ibuki,   Omi,  and  Akas- 

aku,  Miuo  (Hirase). 
C.  IOTAPTYX  Pils.     Ibuki  and  Ryozen,6  Omi  (Hirase). 

Var.  CLAVA  Pils.     Senzan,  Awaji;  Ikoma,  Kii  (Hirase). 
C.  ORTHATRACTA  Pils.     Akasaka,  Mino  (Hirase). 

5  Smaller  than  platydera  ;  more  swollen  below  and  more  attenuate  above- 
Whorls  8£-10.     Length  16-17,  diam.  4}  mm. 

6  Specimens  of  C.  iotaptyx  f rom  Ryozen,  Omi,  have  12  to  13  whorls,  but 
otherwise  are  like  the  types  from  Ibuki,  Omi.     The  shells  from  Ikoma,  Kii, 
are  somewhat  intermediate  between  iotaptyx  and  clava,  but  nearer  the  latter. 


652  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE    ACADEMY    OF  [Dec., 

C.   AURANTIACA  Bttg.      "Interior  of    Nippon"    (Kein);    Kobe 

(Schmacker) ;    Nachi,    Kii,    Ikari,   Awaji,    and   Suimura, 

Awa  (Hirase). 
Var.  HYPOPTYCHIA  Pils.  Kashima,  an  island  near  Tanabe, 

Kii  (Hirase).7 
Var.  ERBERI  Bttg.  (minor  Mlldff. ).  Nara,  Nohara  and  Gojo, 

Yamato;  Chikubushima,  inLakeBiwa;  Kashima,  Harima; 

Tomisato,  Aiga,  and  Kurozu,  Kii  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  bilabrata. 
C.    PLICILABRIS   A.    Ad.      Tanabe,    Kii.      (Subgeneric   position 

doubtful.) 
C.  BILABRATA   Smith.       Kobe,    type   locality;    southern  half  of 

Nippon;  Shikoku,  Kiushiu  and  Iki  Islands. 
Var.     PTYCHOL^MA   Bttg.       "  Seluchi,    between    Hinga    and 

Bugo"  (Rein). 

C.  OSCARIANA  Pils.     Fukuregi,  Higo,  Kiushiu  (Hirase). 
C.  SUR CJGE ssis  Pils.     Mikuriya,  Suruga  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  tanegashimce. 

C.   OXYCYMA  Pils.       Kagoshima,   Satsuma,  in  southern  Kiushiu 

(Hirase). 
C.  TANEGASHIM^E  Pils.     Tane-ga-shima  and  Yaku-shima,    Osumi 

(Hirase). 

Section  LUCHUPILEDUSA  Pilsbry. 

C.  CALLISTOCHILA  Pils.     Prov.  Kunchan,  Okinawa  (Hirase). 

C.  MIMA  Pils.     Oshima,  Riukiu  Islands  (Hirase). 

C.  NESI  XTHAUMA  Pils.     Oshima,  Riukiu  Islands  (Hirase). 

C.  OSHIM.E  Pils.     Nase,  Oshima  (Hirase). 

C.  PSEUDOSHIM.E  Pils.     Furuniya,  Oshima  (Hirase). 

Section  STEREOPH^EDUSA  Bttg. 

Group  of  C.  valida. 
C.  VALIDA  Pfr.     Okinawa. 

Var.  FASCIATA  Sykes.     Okinawa. 

Var.  PERFASCIATA  Pils      Prov.  Kunchau,  Okinawa. 

Var.  STRIATELLA  Pils.     Okinawa. 

'Larger  than  aurantiaca,  with  narrower,  less  developed  lip,  more  whorls, 
and  several  plica  in  the  subcolumellar  region. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  653 

Group  of  C.  japonica. 

C.   JAPONICA  Crosse.     Middle  and  southern  Nippon;   Awaji  and 
Shikoku  Islands.      (Includes   C.   kobensis  Smith,  type  loc. 
Kobe;    C.  nipponensis  Kobelt;  and   C.  eurystoma  v.  Mart., 
type   loc..    Tsukuba-san,   a  mountain    north  of  Yeddo,   in 
Hitachi  Province,  HiJgendorf. ) 
Var.  FALLENS  Mlldff.     "  Koma-kasunga." 
Var.  PEROBSCURA  Pils.     Shirono,  Buzen  (Hirase). 
Var.   INTERPLICATA  Pils.     Nishigo,    Uzen;    Takeya,    Idzumo; 
Ryozen,  Omi  (Hirase). 

C/HILGENDORFI  v.  Mart.     Prov.  Idzumo  (Hilgendorf). 

C.  OOSTOMA  Mlldff.  Hakone  (?  C.  japonica  var  surugce  Pils.  + 
C.  eurystoma  subsp.  brachyptychia  Mlldff.,  both  from 
Mikuriya,  Suruga;  also  occurs  at  Kashivva,  Awaji). 

C.  SUBJAPONICA  Pils.  (=  C.  faltoni  subsp.  clavula  Mlldff.). 
Ibuki,  Omi;  Tomisato,  Kii  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  brevior. 

C.   BREVIOR  v.    Mart.    (C.    tetraptyx   Mlldff.).     Misaki,   Sagami 

(Hilgendorf);  Yokohama  (Schmacker);  Tokyo  (Stearns); 

Nikko,    Shimotsuke    (Loomis);   Oshima,    Izu,    and   Goto, 

Uzen  (Hirase). 

C.  NIKKOENSIS  Mlldff.     Near  Nikko  (Eastlake). 
C.  HONDANA  Pils.     Coast  of  Prov.  Suruga  (F.  Stearns). 
C.    JACOBIANA   Pils.     Tane-ga-shima    and    Yaku-shima,    Osumi 

(Hirase). 

C.  ADDISONI  Pils.  Provinces  Satsuma  and  Higo,  Kiushiu. 
C.  S  EARNSII  Pils.  Okinawa;  Yayama  (Hirase,  Stearns). 
C.  STEREOMA  Pils.  Yakushima,  Osumi,  south  of  Kiushiu. 

Var.  COGNATA  Pils.     Tane-ga-shima,  Osumi,  south  of  Kiushiu. 
Var.  NUGAX  Pils.     Yaku  shima. 

Group  of  C.  entospira. 
C.  EN:OSPIRA  Pils.     Tane-ga-shima  (Hirase). 

Section  PSEUDONENIA  Boettger. 

C.  SIEBOLDI  Pfr.  Kashiwashima,  Tosa;  Toyonishikami,  Nagato; 
Sasebo,  Hizen;  Yatsushiro,  Higo  (Hirase). 


654  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [Dec.  , 

Section  EUPHLEDUSA  Boettger. 

Group  of  C.  jos. 
C.  SUBGIBBERA  Bttg.     Japan. 

G.    EXPANSILABRIS  Bttg. 

Var  STROPHOSTOMA  Bttg.     Interior  of  Nippon  (Rein). 
Var.  NAN  A  Bttg.     Interior  of  Nippon  (Rein). 
C.  ONCAUCHEN  Mlldff.     Tsu-shima  (Fruhstorfer). 

Group  of  C.  shanghaiensis. 

C.  ACOLUS  Bens.     Nagasaki  (Rein)  ;  also  China. 

C.  DIGONOPTYX  Bttg.     "  Interior  of  Nippon  "   (Rein);  Manabe, 

Hitachi;  Takasaki,  Kozuke;  Yamaguchi,  Tajima;  Nishigo, 

Uzen. 
C.  TAU    Bttg.   (C.  proba  Mlldff.,   1885,   not  A.   Ad.).      Kyoto 

(Rein,    Hirase);    Nohara   and   Gojo,  Yamato;   Takasaki, 

Kozuke  (Hirase)  ;  Tokyo  ;  Yokohama. 
C.  COMES  Pils.     Kashima,  Harima  (Hirase). 
G.  TRYONI  Pils.     Hachijo  Island,  Izu  (Hirase). 

Group  of  C.  Hungerfordiana. 

C.  HUNGERFORDIANA  Mlldff.     Nara,  Yamato. 
C.  MONELASMCS  Pils.     Kayabe,  Ojima,  Hokkaido. 

Group  of  C.  euholostoma. 

C.  EUHOLOSTOMA  Pils.     Mikuriya,  Suruga  (Hirase). 
C.  HOLOTREMA  Pils.     Nachi,  Kii  (Hirase).8 

Section  REINIA  Kobelt. 

C.  VARIEGATA   (A.  Ad.).     "  Tago "    (A.    Ad.);    Uweno,    near 
Tokyo;  Tokyo;  Takasaki,  Prov.   Kozuke;  Hirado,   Hizen. 
Var.  NESIOTICA  Pils.     Hachijo  Island,  Izu. 

8  C.  holotrema  resembles  C.  euholostoma,  but  is  larger,  purplish-brown 
with  a  yellow  belt  below  the  sutures,  the  base  yellowish.  PrincipaPand 
palatal  plicse  longer.  Whorls  8|.  Alt.  12,  diam.  3.2  mm. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA. 

Species  of  unknown  subgeneric  position. 

The  following  forms  have  been  too  imperfectly  characterized  to 
permit  their  reference  to  subgeneric  groups : 
C.  CINCTICOLLIS  Ehrmann.     Province  Tosa,  Shikoku. 
C.  CRASSILAMELLATA  Ehrmann.     Province  Tosa,  Shikoku. 
C.  GOULDII  A..  Adams.     Tago. 
C.  IJIM^E  Ehrmann.     Province  Tosa,  Shikoku. 
C.  LIRULATA  A.  Adams.     Mososeki. 

C.  NODULIFERA  v.  Mart.  Nippon,  probably  from  near  Yeddo 
(Donitz).  Based  upon  a  single,  perhaps  abnormal, 
specimen. 

C.  PINGUIS  A.  Adams.     Kino-o-sima. 
C.  PROBA  A.  Adams.     Kino-o-sima. 
C.  SPRETA  A.  Adams.     Tago. 
C   STENOSPIRA  A.  Adams.     Kino-o-sima. 
C.  STIMPSONI  A.  Adams.     Tsu-sima  and  Awa-sima. 


APPENDIX. 

The  following:  species  have  been  received  since  the  preparation 
of  the  foregoing  list,  bringing  the  number  of  recognized  species  to 
99,  with  37  subspecies  or  varieties  ;  exclusive  of  11  species  of  inde- 
terminate position,  enumerated  above. 

Section  HEMIPHJ3DUSA  Bttg. 

C.  SUBIGNOBILIS  Pils.9      Hirado,  Hizen  (Y.  Hirase). 
C.  TANTILLA  Pils.JO     Goto,  Uzen  (Y.  Hirase). 

•  C.  subignobilis  n.sp.  Rather  stout,  fusiform,  light  brown,  lightly 
striate,  composed  of  9^  whorls.  Spire  strongly  attenuated  above,  the  apex 
small.  Aperture  subtrapezoidal,  the  lip  reflexed  and  thickened.  Superior 
lamella  rather  small,  inferior  very  deeply  receding,  subcolumellar  emerging. 
Principal  plica  rather  short.  Lunella  lateral,  arcuate  or  bow-shaped. 
Length  15,  diam.  3.3  mm.  Like  C.  ignobilis  Syke?,  but  with  smaller 
tarly  whorls. 

10  C.  tantilla  n.sp.  Small,  brownish,  fusiform,  striatulate,  the  last 
whorl  distinctly  striate  ;  whorls  8,  the  second  rather  large.  Aperture 
small,  squarish  -ovate,  the  lip  well  reflexed,  somewhat  thickened.  Superior 
lamella  Muall,  inferior  deeply  receding,  subcolumellar  either  immersed  or 
emerging.  Lunella  oblique,  united  above  with  the  middle  of  a  short  upper 
palatnl  plica.  Length  9.5,  diam.  ?.5  mm. 


656  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE    ACADEMY   OF  [Dec. , 

C.  AULACOPOMA  Pils.11     Hirado,  Hizen  (Y.  Hirase). 
C.  BIGENERIS  Pils.12     Goto,  Uzen  (Y.  Hirase). 

Section  TYRANNOPH^EDUSA  Pils. 
C.  DALLI  Pils.13     Tairiuji,  Awa,  Shikoku  Island  (Y.  Hirase). 

Section  STEREOPHJEDUSA  Bttg. 
C.  UNA  Pils.  ,4     Goto,  Uzen  (Y.  Hirase.) 

11  C.  aulacopoma  n.sp.     Fusiform,  slowly  tapering  above  to  asubacute 
apex,  light  reddish  brown,  weakly  striatulate,  the  last  whoil  somewhat  pro- 
duced forward.    Whorls  9£.    Aperture  piriform,  the  lip  well  reflexed,  thick- 
ened.     Superior  lamella  low  ;    inferior    deeply  receding  ;    subcolumellar 
emerging  to  the  lip-edge.     Principal  plica  long.    Upper  palatal  plica  short, 
joined  in  the  middle  to  the  lunella,  which  is  curved  inward  below  (j-like), 
with  a  nodule  at  its  inner  termination.     Clausilium  somewhat  spout-like 
distally,  but  wider  there  than  in  species  of  the  ptychochila  group. 

12  C.  bigeneris  n.sp.     About   the  size  and  shape  of  C.  ignobilis ;  pale- 
brownish,  faintly  striate.    Subcolumellar  lamella  immersed  ;  lip  broadly  re- 
flexed.     Principal  plica  rather  short,   dorsal  and   lateral ;    upper    palatal 
plica  oblique,  almost  joined  in  the  middle  to  a  long,  slender  lunella,  the 
lower  end  of  which  curves  far  inward.     Length  14.3,  diam.  3.5  mm. 

13  C.  Dalli  n.sp.     With  the  general  form  of  C.  mikado,  the  aperture  is 
much  as  in   C.  iotaptyx.     Whorls   14  to  16.     The  subcolumellar  lamella 
emerges  strongly,  and  sometimes  the  lip  is  puckered  above  it.     Lunella  as 
in  C.  bilabrata.     Length  18.5,   diam.  4  mm.     This  exceedingly  peculiar 
many- whorl ed  Clausilia  belongs  to  the  group  of  C.  bilabrata  by  its  palatal 
armature,  but  in  contour  it  resembles  species  of  the  group  of  G.  mikado. 

14  C.  una  n.sp.     General  contour  of  G.  oostoma  Mlldff. ,  pale  yellowish- 
corneous,  t-triate.     Whorls   11  £.     Entire  interlamellar  margin  of    the  lip 
closely  and  deeply  plicate.     Upper  palatal  plica  short,  "oblique  ;  lower  long 
and  arcuate,  a  short,  rudimentary  lunella  rising  from  it.     An  extraordinary 
Stereophcedusa,  with  interlamellar  p  ication  like  Luchuphcedusa  callisto- 
chila. 


1900.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  381 


NOTICES   OF  NEW  JAPANESE   LAND   SNAILS.  J        , 
BY  H.   A.   PILSBRY. 

Certain  species  of  Japanese  laud  mollusks,  described  by  the 
author  in  these  Proceed  ings  for  1899,  pp.  525-530,  have  been  rede- 
scribed  by  Mr.  G.  K.  Gude  in  Proceedings  of  the  Malacological 
Society  of  London,  IV,  March,  1890,  pp.  8-23,  Mr.  Gude  having 
been  unaware  of  their  previous  definition.  .  The  necessary  cor- 
rections of  nomenclature  will  be  made  by  Mr.  Gude  in  an  article 
now  about  to  be  published.  The  diagnostic  characters  of  a  num- 
ber of  new  Japanese  land  snails  may  be  stated  as  follows : 

Key  to   Japanese  Species  of  Alycceus. 

a. — Operculum  typical;  thin,  concave  and  nearly  smooth  outside. 
b. — Last  whorl  moderately  contracted  behind  the  aperture. 
c. — Broadly  and  perspectively  umbilicated;    last  whorl 
smooth  near  the  aperture;  whorls  3|.     Alt.  2£, 
diam.   4J  mm.     Operculum  thin,  tawny  brown. 
Yokohama,  under  the  bark  of  pine  trees. 

A.  japonicus  Martens. 

c'. — Umbilicus  moderate  and  deep,  its  width  contained  3f 
times  in  that  of  shell;  last  whorl  constricted  into 
a  smooth  neck,  beyond  which  it  is  striate  again; 
no  spiral  striae  on  the  early  whorls;  whorls  3£. 
Alt.  2.6,  diam.  3.75,  umbil.  1  mm.  Operc. 
thin,  tawny  yellow,  showing  the  edges  of  the 
whorls  slightly.  Kashima,  Harima. 

A.  harimensis  n.  sp. 

b'. — Last  whorl  scarcely  contracted,  rib  striate  to  the  aperture, 
c.  — Umbilicus  moderate,  its  width  contained  3£  times  in 
that  of  the  shell ;  whorls  3£,  densely  and  almost 
evenly  rib-striate  to  the  aperture,  not  spirally 
striated.  Alt.  1.7,  diam.  3.2,  width  of  umbilicus 
.9  mm.  Operc.  thin,  yellowish.  Kashima,  Har- 
ima  A.  reinhardti  n.  sp. 

c'. — Umbilicus  open;  whorls  4,  the  post-nepionic  one  spi- 
rally striate.  Alt.  2,  diam.  4  mm."  Yedo. 

A.  nipponensis  Reinh. 


382  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [1900. 

a'. — Operculum  thickened  outside  by   conspicuous  concentric  or 

oblique  laminae,  thin  in  the  middle  (Metalycceus  n.  sect.). 

b. — Operculum   with    blackish    concentric    laminae.       Shell 

openly  umbilicate,   the  umbilicus    less  than  one-third 

the   diameter  of   shell;    whorls  3J,   the  post-nepionic 

spirally  striate,  the  last  half  of  the  last  swollen  and 

straightened,    more  finely  rib-striate,  then  contracted, 

nearly   smooth   beyond    the   contraction.       Alt.   2.6, 

diam.  4,  umbilicus  1J  mm.     Hakone  Mountains. 

A.  melanopoma  n.  sp. 

b' '. — Operculum  with  raised  oblique  laminae  around  the  edge 
of  the  outer  face,  like  a  single  coil  of  tarred  rope  ;  a 
pit  in  the  middle.  Shell  with  the  general  shape  of 
A.  japonicus,  the  width  of  umbilicus  one-third  that  of 
the  shell ;  whorls  3 J,  the  post-nepionic  one  not  striated 
spirally,  all  but  the  nepionic  finely  rib-striate,  the  last 
moderately  swollen  and  then  somewhat  contracted, 
smooth  or  nearly  so  beyond  the  constriction.  Alt.  2.7, 
diam.  4.7,  umbilicus  1.5  mm.  Kioto. 

A.  hirasei  n.  sp. 

Full  descriptions  have  been  prepared  to  be  published  as  soon  as 
the  necessary  figures  illustrating  them  can  be  drawn. 

Diplommatina  pusilla  var.  omiensis  n.  var. 

Smaller  than  D.  pusilla,  and  more  closely  costulate,  the  inter- 
vals between  the  riblets  smooth.  Alt.  1.9,  diam.  1  mm. 

Ibuki,  prov.  Omi,  Japan  (Y.  Hirase). 

In  the  form  I  have  identified  as  D.  pusilla,  the  riblets  are  more 
spaced,  about  12  to  a  millimeter,  on  the  circumference  of  the  last 
two  whorls,  and  the  intervals  are  seen  to  be  densely  striated  spirally 
on  the  penultimate  whorl,  when  viewed  under  a  high  magnification. 

In  var.  omiensis  there  are  about  18  riblets  in  the  space  of  one 
millimeter,  and  the  interstices  look  smooth  under  the  same  lens. 
The  form  is  much  alike  in  the  two  species,  but  D.  pusilla  is  a 
trifle  larger,  a  specimen  measuring  alt.  2.2,  diam.  1.1  mm.  Both 
are  sinistral  forms.  D.  pusilla  was  collected  by  Prof,  von  Mar- 
tens at  Uweno,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Tokyo. 

Macrochlamys  micrograpta  n.  sp. 

Shell  narrowly  umbilicate,  the  width  of  umbilicus  contained 
about  eighteen  times  in  the  diameter  of  the  shell,  depressed,  glossy, 
pale  corneous  brown,  adults  a  little  whitish  around  the  umbilicus, 
subtransparent,  the  earlier  whorls  visible  through  the  base.  Sculp- 


1900.]  NATURAL    SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  383 

ture  of  slight  growth  strhv  and  excessively  close,  deeply  engraved 
and  minute  spirals.  Spire  very  slightly  raised,  narrow  ;  whorls  4|, 
slowly  increasing,  the  last  much  wider,  double  the  width  of  the 
preceding,  rounded  at  the  periphery.  Aperture  but  slightly  ob- 
lique, rather  broadly  lunate,  the  peristome  simple  and  acute,  a 
little  retracted  toward  the  insertion  above,  the  columellar  insertion 
produced  forward  and  a  little  dilated. 

Alt.  4.6,  diam.  9.5  mm. 

Similar  in  general  form  to  Helix  rejecta  Pfr.,  as  figured  by  Rein- 
hardt,1  but  miorograpta  differs  in  the  less  oblique  and  less  laterally 
dilated  aperture.  No  mention  of  spiral  stria?  is  made  in  the  de- 
scription of  H.  rejecta.  In  H.  donitzi  Reinh.  the  last  whorl  is 
conspicuously  narrower,  as  seen  from  above. 

Kaliella  multivolvis  n.  sp. 

Shell  minute,  imperforate,  trochiform  with  convex  base  and 
carinatecl  periphery ;  thin  and  subtransparent,  of  a  brownish  yellow 
tint.  Surface  smooth,  glossy  beneath,  a  little  less  bright  above. 
Spire  regularly  and  straightly  conic;  the  apex  obtuse.  Whorls 
6-J-7,  the  first  rather  large,  the  rest  very  narrowly  revolving, 
decidedly  convex,  the  last  whorl  depressed-globose,  with  a  rather 
acute  peripheral  keel  and  quite  convex  base,  which  is  narrowly 
but  rather  deeply  impressed  around  the  axis.  Aperture  mainly 
basal,  shaped  like  a  narrow,  weakly  curved  crescent,  with  blunt  or 
truncate  ends.  Upon  the  base  may  be  seen,  in  most  specimens, 
one  or  two  nearly  straight  white  radial  stripes,  produced  by  low 
radiating  barriers  within,  the  last  one  often  visible  within  the 
mouth,  upon  the  basal  wall. 

Alt.  1.7,  diam.  2.2  mm. 

Kashima,  prov.  Harima  (Y.  Hirase). 

Apparently  allied  only  to  K.  stenogyra  (A.  Ad.),  from  Tsu- 
Sima,  described  as  a  Conulus ;  but  the  present  species  differs  in  the 
strongly  convex  whorls  of  the  spire.  It  is  also  smaller  with  fewer 
whorls.  The  low  radial  ramparts  within  the  last  whorl  are  similar 
to  those  of  the  American  Conulus  chersinus  dentatus  Sterki. 
•Some  species  of  the  little  group  Taxeodonta  Pils.  have  internal 
armature  of  the  same  kind. 

In  K.  multivolvis  the  barriers  are  placed  at  intervals  of  a  third 

lJahrb.  d.  d.  Malak.  Ge8.,  IV,  1877,  p.  316,  PL  10,  f.  1. 


384  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [1900. 

of  a  whorl,  when  more  than  one  is  present.     Two  specimens  of  six 
sent  by  Mr.  Hirase  show  no  barriers. 

Vitrea  harimensis  n.  sp. 

Shell  narrowly  umbilicate,  small,  depressed,  thin,  brownish- 
yellow,  translucent,  the  surface  smooth  and  polished,  growth-strise 
being  scarcely  visible.  Spire  slightly  convex.  Whorls  3J,  the 
first  one  rather  large,  the  rest  very  slowly  widening  to  the  last, 
which  is  much  wider,  about  double  the  width  of  the  preceding. 
Sutures  appressed  and  margined,  the  margin  concave.  Periphery 
equably  rounded,  the  base  somewhat  convex.  Aperture  somewhat 
oblique,  deeply  crescentic. 

Alt.  1.8,  diam.  3.5  mm. ;  width  of  umbilicus  0.3  mm. 

Kashima,  Harima,  Japan  (Y.  Hirase). 

With  much  the  form  of  V.  radiatella  Reinh.,  this  species  is  dis- 
tinguished by  the  smoothness  of  the  brilliantly  glossy  surface. 
Mr.  G.  K.  Gude  has  recently  placed  radiatella  under  Zonitoides 
nitidus  as  a  synonym,  but  from  the  description  and  figure  given  by 
Mr.  Reinhardt  I  am  quite  unable  to  follow  him. 

Georissa  japonica  n.  sp. 

Shell  minute,  imperforate,  high-conic,  flesh  or  salmon  tinted, 
rather  thin,  finely  lirulate  throughout,  but  the  threads  often  almost 
obsolete  basally.  Whorls  3f ,  the  nucleus  large,  globular  and 
projecting,  glossy  and  rather  translucent;  following  whorls  very 
convex,  separated  by  deep  sutures.  Aperture  slightly  oblique, 
half-round,  the  outer  lip  simple  and  thin,  unexpanded,  parietal 
and  columellar  margin  a  little  concave;  the  umbilical  region  covered 
by  a  heavy  white  callus,  triangular  in  shape,  as  seen  from  in 
front. 

Alt.  2,  diam.  1.7  mrn. 

Operculum  semicircular,  whitish  externally,  bearing  a  long 
curved  process  within. 

Kashima,  Harima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

I  do  not  know  that  this  genus  has  been  reported  from  Japan 
hitherto.  The  median  field  of  the  radula  is  nude,  uncini  ex- 
tremely  numerous,  in  very  oblique  rows. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  545 


NEW   LAND   MOLLUSKS   OF  THE  JAPANESE  EMPIRE 
BY  HENRY  A.   PILSBRY. 

Eulota  (Plectotropis)  shikokuensis  n.  sp. 

Shell  openly  umbilicate,  rather  thin,  reddish-brown,  low-conic 
above,  convex  beneath,  irregularly  striate,  and  covered  with  short, 
triangular  cuticular  scales,  a  series  of  longer  ones  along  the  per- 
iphery. Whorls  5|  to  6,  slightly  convex,  the  last  carinated  at  the 
periphery,  more  or  less  deflexed  in  front.  Aperture  very  oblique, 
subcircular,  the  peristome  narrowly  reflexed,  dilated  at  the  colu- 
mella,  the  ends  approaching. 

Alt.  8,  diam.  14  mm. 

Alt.  7,  diam.  12^  mm. 

Yoshida,  Prov.  lyo.  Type  No.  81885,  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.^from 
No.  694  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

Similar  in  contour  to  trochula,  of  Tsu-shima.  The  cuticular 
scales  are  less  densely  crowded  than  in  scepasma. 

Eulota  mercatoria  var.  daemonorum  nov. 

Shell  solid,  with  .well-elevated  spire  and  rounded  periphery, 
slightly  plicatulate  above,  as  in  mercatoria,  from  which  it  differs  in 
the  straighter,  slightly  bent  forward,  basal  lip,  with  an  impressed 
line  or  two  behind  it,  as  in  E.  caliginosa. 

Alt.  27,  diam.  36  mm. ;  whorls  6J. 

Alt.  20J,  diam.  29  mm. ;  whorls  5f . 

Kikai,  Osumi  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  683 ).  It  occurs  fossil  with 
a  form  of  Eulota  luhuana,  a  large  form  of  E.  sieboldiana, 
Cyclop horus  turgidus,  and  fragments  of  a  Claunlia,  in  a  calcareous 
deposit  consisting  largely  of  foraminifera. 

Eulota  (Plectotropis)  omiensis  n.  sp. 

Shell  small,  openly  umbilicate,  low-conic  above,  convex  beneath, 
carinate  at  the  periphery,  brown.  Surface  of  the  last  whorl 
shaggy  with  triangular  cuticular  scales,  large  for  so  small  a  shell, 
and  longer  at  the  periphery.  Whorls  4J,  convex,  those  of  the 
spire  roughly  striate,  the  last  slightly  and  slowly  descending  in 
35 


546  PROCEEDINGS   OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [Oct., 

frout.  Aperture  oblique,  subcircular,  the  parietal  wall  excising 
about  one-fourth  of  the  circle.  Peristome  thin,  narrowly  ex- 
panded throughout,  more  dilated  at  the  coluinellar  insertion. 

Alt.  3J,  diam.  7\  ram. 

Itanami,  Omi  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  752). 

Much  like  E.  lepidophora  var.  tennis  Gude,  but  with  fewer 
whorls  and  more  shaggy,  large-scaled  cuticle. 

Ganesella  fausta  n.  sp. 

Shell  resembling  G.  pagodula  Ehrm.  in  contour;  umbilicate, 
very  glossy,  light  chestnut  colored.  Sculpture  of  faint  growth- 
lines  and  excessively  fine,  subobsolete  spiral  strise.  Spire  high, 
convexly  conic.  Whorls  5^,  convex,  the  last  rounded  at  the 
periphery,  very  slightly  descending  in  front,  a  trifle  constricted 
behind  the  lip.  Base  convex,  impressed  in  the  middle.  Aperture 
less  oblique  than  in  G.  pagodula,  rounded,  the  parietal  wall  excis- 
ing slightly  less  than  a  third  of  the  circle;  peristome  narrowly 
expanded,  the  outer  lip  hardly  reflexed,  columellar  margin  dilated 
above,  half  covering  the  umbilicus.  Columella  subvertical  above. 

Alt.  13J,  diam.  12J  mm. 

Mikuriya,  Suruga  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  734). 

This  form  differs  from  G.  pagodula  in  its  smaller  size,  fewer 
whorls,  dark  color  and  glossy  surface,  the  hollow  axis  and  different 
form  of  the  columella.  I  do  not  think  it  directly  related  to  G. 
pagodula.  The  two  species  are  apparently  independent  offshoots 
from  the  G.  japonica  stock. 

Ganesella  Adelinae  n.  sp. 

Shell  pyramidal,  narrowly  umbilicate,  thin,  pale  yellow  or  rose- 
whitish,  with  three  equidistant  blackish  chestnut  bands  ;  the  first 
above  the  middle  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  last  whorl,  the 
second  at  the  periphery,  the  space  between  these  two  varying  from 
light  red-brown  to  almost  as  dark  as  the  bands  themselves,  which 
are  then  confluent;  the  third  baud  is  wider,  in  the  middle  of  the 
basal  surface;  the  interior  of  the  umbilicus  also  dark.  Surface 
rather  glossy  but  with  a  dull  "  bloom  "  as  in  some  forms  of  G. 
Largillierti,  having  slight  wrinkles  of  growth  and  fine,  subobso- 
lete, spiral  striae.  Spire  straightly  conic,  the  apex  obtuse,  whorls 
6  to  6J,  slightly  convex,  the  last  angular  at  the  periphery,  mod- 
erately convex  beneath,  but  slightly  descending  in  front.  Aper- 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OP    PHILADELPHIA.  547 

ture  wide,  semicircular,  banded  within,  somewhat  oblique;  peris- 
tome  thin,  narrowly  expanded  throughout,  white-edged,  the 
columellar  margin  dilated,  purple-black,  partially  covering  the 
umbilicus. 

Alt.  26£,  diam.  25  mm. 

Alt.  24,  diam.  22£-23|  mm. 

Oshima  (Amani-Oshima),  Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  352. 

This  charming  species  is  closely  related  to  G.  Largillierti  of 
Okinawa,  and  has  also  some  superficial  resemblance  to  Eulota 
vallizona  var.  Dixoni.  It  differs  from  the  former  in  the  larger 
umbilicus  and  the  pyramidal  rather  than  turbinate  contour. 

A  specimen  I  dissected   has  the  exceedingly  long  kidney  and 
characteristic  genitalia  of   Ganesella.     As  its  close  relationship  to 
Largillierti  is  obvious,   that  species  can  no  longer  be  placed  in 
Eulota,  as  some  authors  have  done. 
Trishoplita  hilgendorfi  var.  tennis  nov. 

Closely  resembling  T.  hilgendorfi  (Kob. ),  this  form  differs  in 
being  thinner  with  perceptibly  larger  aperture,  and  the  surface  is 
seen  under  a  lens  to  be  finely  decussate,  the  fine  growth-wrinkles 
being  cut  into  spiral  series  of  long  granules.  Pale  corneous- 
brown,  with  inconspicuous  darker  streaks. 

Alt.  9J,  diam.  14-15  mm. 

Ibuki,  Omi  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  310c). 
Trishoplita  collinsoni  var.  okinosMmae  nov. 

Similar  to  var.  casta,  but  not  papillose,  distinctly  decussate, 
especially  beneath,  with  a  reddish-chestnut  band  at  the  slightly 
angular  periphery.  Whorls  5J  to  6. 

Alt.  10J,  diam.  15  mm. 

Alt.  9,  diam.  13  J  mm. 

Okinoshima,  Tosa.     Type  No.  81,884,  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from 
No.  691  of  Mr.  Hirase' s  collection. 
Kaliella  praealta  n.  sp. 

Shell  perforate,  pyramidal,  pale  brown,  the  surface  glossy  and 
smooth.  Spire  very  high,  straightly  conic,  the  apex  obtuse, 
whorls  9,  convex,  the  last  angular  at  the  periphery,  convex 
beneath.  Aperture  semicircular,  the  lip  thin  as  usual,  columella 
vertical,  triangularly  dilated  above. 

Alt.  4,  diam.  2J  mm. 

Ryozen,  Omi  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  743). 


548  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [Oct.  r 

This  species  is  distinguished  among  the  crowd  of  Japanese 
Kaliellas  by  its  high,  pyramidal  contour  and  numerous  whorls. 
In  outline  it  resembles  Buliminopsis  turrita  (Gude).  It  has  not  the 
minute  vertical  striation  of  most  species  of  the  genus. 

Kaliella  kyotoensis  n.  sp. 

Shell  imperforate,  obtusely  pyramidal,  the  apex  obtuse  ;  thin, 
yellowish  brown,  smooth  but  rather  dull,  more  glossy  beneath. 
Whorls  6,  very  convex,  the  last  rounded  at  the  periphery  and 
beneath,  impressed  around  the  axis.  Aperture  lunate,  chiefly 
basal;  peristome  thin  and  acute,  abruptly  reflexed  over  the  umbili- 
cal perforation. 

Alt.  3,  diam.  3  mm. 

Kyoto  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

Much  larger  than  nanodes,  pagoduloides  or  harimensis,  and  well 
rounded  at  the  periphery. 

Kaliella  modesta  n.  sp. 

Shell  minutely  perforate,  similar  to  K.  pagoduloides,  but  less 
elevated  and  larger.  Whorls  4f ,  very  convex,  the  last  rounded 
at  the  periphery,  impressed  in  the  centre  beneath.  Sculpture  of 
excessively  fine,  close,  subobsolete  striae,  the  base  most  minutely 
striate  spirally.  Aperture  lunate. 

Alt.  2.4,  diam.  2.7  mm. 

Oshima,  Prov.  Higo  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

Kaliella  nahaensis  (Gude). 

Naha  (or  Nafa),  in  southern  Okinawa,  on  the  west  side.  A 
new  variety  of  this  species  is  represented  by  specimens  sent  by  Mr. 
Hirase  from  Kunchan,  the  northern  province  of  Okinawa.  It 
differs  from  nahaensis  in  being  slightly  smaller,  with  decidedly 
sharper  striation ;  and  may  be  called  var.  kunchana. 

Alycaeus  satsumana  n.  sp. 

Shell  with  the  general  form  of  A.  melanopoma,  red -brown 
becoming  pale-brown  beneath.  Whorls  3J,  the  first  smooth  and 
projecting  nipple-like,  the  next  spirally  striate,  the  last  1 J  whorls 
costulate,  the  riblets  narrow,  rather  widely  spaced  and  accompanied 
by  spiral  strise  on  the  first  half  of  the  last  whorl,  which  then  be- 
comes more  swollen  and  sculptured  with  crowded  riblets.  At  the 
end  of  the  swollen  portion  the  sutural  process  is  given  off.  This  is 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  549 

rather  long  and  lies  backward  in  the  suture;  the  whorl  is  then 
rather  strongly  constricted  and  almost  smooth,  the  riblets  reappear- 
ing behind  the  lip.  Aperture  oblique,  circular,  peristome  narrowly 
reflexed  and  doubled.  Operculum  thin,  reddish-corneous,  smooth 
externally. 

Alt.  2.3,  diam.  3.7  mm. 

Kagoshima,  Satsuma,  Kiusiu  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  704). 

The  "  neck"  is  more  constricted  than  in  A.  melanopoma,  and 
the  operculum  is  thin.  It  differs  in  sculpture  from  the  other 
Japanese  species  of  Alycwus,  which  are  all  a  good  deal  alike  in 
form. 

Cyclophorus  turgidus  var.  angulatus  nov. 

Substance  of  the  shell  roseate ;  thick  and  strong,  distinctly  angu- 
lar or  cariiiated  at  the  periphery ;  interior  orange  or  orange-red. 
Whorls  5. 

Alt.  23J,  diam.  29  mm. 

Alt.  16,  diam.  20  mm. 

Loo  Choo  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  713). 


550  PROCEEDINGS   OP   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [Oct.: 


A  QUICK   METHOD   OF   TESTING  FOE  GOLD. 


BY  E.   GOLDSMITH. 


The  volcan^r  rocks  of  the  crater  in  which  the  towns  of  Cripple 
Creek  and  Jrictor,  Colo.,  are  built,  according  to  Mr.  Moore,  the 
chief  mining  engineer  of  the  district,  all  contain  gold.  The  rock 
mined,  however,  is  thrown  on  the  dump  and  many  thousands  of 
tons,  n,6t  worked  for  the  gold  at  present,  are  piled  up  outside  the 


The  vein  gold,  in  the  form  of  sylyanite,  telluride,  and  prob- 
ably calaverite,  is  separated  by  hand  from  the  gangue  or  rock  and 
sent  to  the  smelters  for  reduction.  A  specimen  was  secured  from 
a  depth  of  about  800  feet  below  the  surface.  Its  general  appear- 
ance was^Trefr^ery  promising,  inasmuch  as  /me  minerals  were  so 
finely  divided  that  a  mechanical  separation  for  a  test  seemed  to 
involve  a  waste  of  time.  Separation,  melting  and  cupellation  are 
practiced  extensively  and  are  well  known.  A  quicker  and  simpler 
method  for  at  least  a  qualitative  determination  of  the  gold  in  the 
rock  can,  1  think,  be  devised.  Sinjce  these  and  other  gold  com- 
pounds are  very  fusible,  it  seemed  .probable  that  the  small  particles 
of  the  gold  salts  may  be  fused  together  before  the  blowpipe  in  the 
rock,  and  by  shaking  and  drijftng  with  the  pointed  flame  larger 
globules  may  be  formed.  Tjiis  proves  to  be  the  case.  During 
the  process  the  tellurium  and  selenium,  if  present  along  with 
other  volatile  bodies,  are  roasted,  i.  e.,  oxydized  and  expelled.  The 
flame  is  bluish  green.  After  the  volatile  substances  are  thus 
removed  dark-colored  glojbules  project  upward  on  the  surface  of 
the  rock  -splinter,  which  was  about  one  inch  long  and  a  quarter  of 
an  inch  thick.  To  clean  these  under  the  flame  I  covered  the  whole 
surface  with  cyanide  of  potassium,  a  reducing  fire  finishing  this 
part  of  the  work.  V  .  ^^***\ 

The  rock-splinter  was  disintegrated;  it  broke  easily  and  the 
globules  of  dark  metal  could  be  picked  up  with  the  pointed  pin- 
cette or  separated  with  a  knife.  These  were  put  into  the  agate 
mortar  and  pressed  and  rubbed  with  the  pistil  to  thin  plates.  A 


582  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE    ACADEMY    OF  [Nov., 


NEW  LAND   MOLLTJSKS    OF  THE   JAPANESE  EMPIEE. 
BY  HENRY  A.  PILSBRY. 


(S) 


Alycaeus  tanegashimae  n.  sp. 

Shell  similar  in  shape  to  A.  harimensis.  Pale  brown,  the  early 
whorls  orange-red,  or  uniform  whitish -corneous.  Whorls  3J,  the 
last  slowly  descending,  moderately  constricted,  then  swollen  again. 
Sculpture  of  crowded  rib- striae,  finer  at  the  constriction;  no  spiral 
striae.  Aperture  very  oblique,  circular,  the  peristome  double. 
Operculum  nearly  smooth,  the  edges  of  the  whorls  slightly  pro- 
jecting. 

Alt.  1.7.  diam.  3  mm. 

Tane-ga-shima,  Osumi  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  723). 

Closely  related  to  A.    harimensis,  but  that  is  a   much   larger 
species. 
Carychium  pessimum  n.  sp. 

Shell  very  minute,  corneous-white,  fusiform-conic,  minutely 
striate.  Whorls  4f ,  convex.  Aperture  ovate,  the  peristome  well 
expanded,  very  much  thickened  within,  with  a  strong  tooth-like 
prominence  just  above  the  middle  of  the  outer  lip,  marked  by  a 
groove  behind  the  lip.  Columella  truncate  below,  the  columellar 
lamella  small,  receding. 

Length  1.8  mm. 

Tane-ga-shima,  Osumi  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  729). 

This  species  is  smaller  and  less  conically  tapering  than  C.  nodu- 
liferum   Reinh.       The   columellar  lamella   is   smaller,   much  less 
prominent  than  in  either  C.  noduliferum  or  C.  cymatoplax. 
Macrochlamys  dulcis  n.  sp. 

Shell  depressed,  brownish-yellow,  rather  transparent,  narrowly 
perforate.  Surface  brilliantly  glossy,  weakly  marked  by  growth - 
lines,  and  under  a  strong  lens  seen  to  be  engraved  with  excessively 
fine,  crowded  spiral  lines,  which  are  obsolete  on  the  upper  and 
peripheral  portions  of  the  last  whorl.  Spire  a  little  convex,  nar- 
row. Whorls  4£,  slowly  widening,  the  last  very  wide,  concave  at 


1901.] 


NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA. 


561 


Near  Port-a>*<£*rmce  a  hillside  was  vis'ilid^  which  supported  an 
almost.  purXgrowth  of  lignum  vitee',  Guajfcum  officinalc  Linn. ;  the 
mezquij^f  Prosopis  juliflora  D.  C.,  andilie  acacias,  Acacia  sphcero- 
cephqJKt,  Cham,  and  Schlecht.,  Acacfa  farnesiana  Willd.,  while  on 
y  outcrops  in  op£h  places  infthese  woods  was  found  a  growth 
yuccas,  probal^  Yucca  aloimia  Linn. 

This  brief  sketch  of  the  ecology  of  the  flora  of  Santo  Domingo 
suffices  to^show  that  an  interesting  and  profitable  field  of  investiga- 
tion lies  at  the  doors  of  £he  American  botanist.     Tne  West  Indies, 
r  varied  topographical  configuration,  are   especially  adapted 
iry  into  the  causes  which  have  influenced 
North  American  continent.     The 
to  Haiti  and  Jamaica,  that  the  solu- 
ic  problem  will  follow  a  careful  biologi- 


in 


philosophical  im 
the  distribution  of 
writer  believes,  sin< 
tion  of  this  phyto-j 


ints  on 
his 


iphi 


cal  survey  of  the  fauna  and  flora  of  the  Greater  and  Lesser  Antilles. 


36 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  563 

the  suture,  rounded  peripherally  and  less  so  beneath,  narrowlv 
impressed  around  the  umbilical  perforation.  Aperture  large,  but 
slightly  oblique,  very  broadly  lunate;  peristome  simple,  a  little 
retracted  at  the  upper  insertion,  basal  margin  straightened,  the 
columellar  margin  short,  subvertical,  dilated. 

Ait.  6,  greater  diam.  11J?,  lesser  10  mm. 

Nachi,  Prov.  Kii  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  785). 

Well  marked  by  the  narrow  perforation,  small  spire,  sculpture 
and  the  shape  of  the  aperture.  M.  perfragilis  Pils.  of  Kunchan, 
Okinawa,  is  a  closely  related  species,  differing  in  the  much  larger 
size,  smaller  perforation,  etc. 

Eulota  (Plectotropis)  pannosa  n.  sp. 

Shell  similar  to  trochula  A.  Ad.  in  general  shape;  light  brown, 
somewhat  translucent.  Surface  slightly  shining,  sculptured  with 
very  minute  spiral  striae  under  sparsely  scaly  oblique  cuticular 
striae,  with,  at  the  periphery,  a  long,  ragged  fringe  of  flattened 
filaments,  triangular  at  their  bases.  Spire  low-conic.  Whorls 
sligntly  over  6,  slowly  and  regularly  increasing,  a  little  convex, 
acutely  carinate  peripherally,  convex  beneath,  being  elevated  and 
subangular  around  the  deep,  broadly  open  umbilicus;  the  last 
whorl  very  slightly  descending  in  front.  Aperture  oblique,  the 
peristome  hardly  expanded  above,  thickened  within  and  expanded 
and  somewhat  reflexed  below. 

Alt.  8J,  diam.  (exclusive  of  fringe)  17  mm.;  width  of  umbili- 
cus (from  suture  to  suture)  4^-  mm. 

Atsumi,  Prov.  Uzen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  773). 
This  species  differs  from  E.  trochula  in  being  much  more  angular 
around  the  umbilicus,  trochula  being  rounded  there.     E.  vulgivaga 
is  a  more  solid  shell,  with  the  umbilicus  wider  and  the  base  more 
convex. 
Eulota  (Plectotropis)  deflexa  n.  sp. 

Shell  small,  biconvex,  widely  and  openly  umbilicate,  brown. 
Surface  dull,  sculptured  with  subobsolete,  fine  spiral  striae  and  slight 
spaced  growth-wrinkles,  bearing  a  few  cuticular  threads  and  scales 
above,  more  numerous  short  scales  beneath,  with  a  peripheral  fringe 
of  flattened,  ragged  filaments.  Spire  low-conic.  Whorls  5J,  the 
first  1 J  convex,  following  whorls  less  so,  the  last  whorl  acutely 
carinate,  descending  near  the  aperture  for  some  distance  and  rather 


564  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [Nov., 

deeply  below  the  keel;  the  base  convex,  subangular  around  the 
umbilicus.  Aperture  oblique,  rounded,  the  peristome  arcuate, 
unexpanded  and  thin  above,  narrowly  expanded  and  subreflexed 
below  the  periphery,  the  margins  approaching,  separated  by  the 
nearly  straight  parietal  margin,  which  forms  less  than  one-fourth 
the  total  circumference  of  the  peristome. 

Alt.  5.5,  diam.  10.8mm.;  width  of  umbilicus  (from  suture  to 
suture)  3  mm. 

Tobishima,  Prov.  Ugo  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  774). 

This  species  is  related  to  Eulota  (Plectotropis)  cemula  Gude,  but 
it  is  smaller  with  fewer  whorls,  the  last  descending  in  front  and 
with  a  developed,  though  usually  incomplete,  peripheral  fringe. 
E.  deflexa  is  also  less  conic  above,  and  the  nepionic  1  \  whorls  pro- 
ject somewhat. 

Eulota  (JEgista)  aperta  var.  cavata  nov. 

Larger  and  more  elevated  than  aperta,  with  6  J-  to  6f  whorls,  the 
umbilicus  larger,  more  widely  open.  Aperture  more  oblique,  ^the 
basal  margin  more  deeply  arcuate. 

Alt.  9,  diam.  16,  width  of  umbilicus  6  mm. 

Alt.  8,  diam.  17,  width  of  umbilicus  6J  mm. 

Tomisato,  Kii  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  761). 

This  form  approaches  E.  (JEgista)  kobensis  somewhat,  but  that 
is  still  more  open  beneath,  with  the  aperture  more  elliptic.  Some 
specimens  from  Gojo,  Yamato  (Mr.  Hirase's  No.  567),  are  to  some 
extent  intermediate  between  aperta  and  cavata  in  shape,  as  they 
are  in  geographic  position. 

Trishoplita  Hilgendorfi  var.  chikubasliimae  nov. 

Shell  smaller  and  thinner  than  hilgendorfi  from  the  top  of  Mt. 
Ibuki,  Omi;  very  densely  and  minutely  but  subobsoletely  granu- 
lose;  angular  at  the  periphery  in  front,  the  umbilicus  smaller. 
Spire  conic;  whorls  5  in  small,  5J-  in  large  specimens.  Aperture 
rounded-lunate,  the  peristome  thin,  expanded. 

Alt.  7J,  diam.  10J  mm. 

Alt.  7,  diam.  9J  mm. 

Alt.  6,  diam.  84  mm. 

Chikubashima,  an  island  in  Lake  Biwa  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No. 
746). 

In  describing  T.  Hilgendorfi  var.  tennis  in  these  Proceedings,  p. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  565 

547,  I  neglected  to  state  that  while  Hilgendorfi  occurs  at  the  top  of 
Mt.  Ibuki,  the  var.  tennis  is  found  in  a  valley  below. 

Trishoplita  tosana  var.  anozona  nov. 

Shell  thin  and  glossy  like  tosana,  and  resembling  that  species  in 
shape  and  the  size  of  the  umbilicus,  but  differing  from  it  in  want- 
ing a  pale  zone  below  the  suture.  It  has  a  narrower  umbilicus  than 
T.  Hilgendorfi,  var.  tennis. 

Alt.  8J,  diam.  13  mm. 

Alt.  7,  diam.  11J  mm. 

Akasaka,  Mino  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  7516). 

Still  another  form  of  this  terrible  genus,  which  I  will  call  T. 
tosana  var.  rufa,  occurs  at  Kashima,  Harima.  It  resembles  ano- 
zona,  but  is  dull,  russet-colored,  densely  striate  spirally  beneath, 
subangular  at  the  periphery  in  front.  Whorls  5|  to  5|,  the  spire 
conic. 

Alt.  8,  diam.  11|  mm. 

Chloritis  Hirasei  n.  sp. 

Shell  openly  umbilicate,  depressed,  thin  and  fragile,  flattened 
above,  the  earlier  whorls  a  trifle  sunken;  pale  brown.  Surface 
lustreless,  densely  beset  with  delicate  hairs  arranged  in  oblique 
sweeps.  Whorls  4J-,  the  last  wide,  rounded  at  the  periphery  and 
beneath,  hardly  descending  in  front.  Aperture  lunate,  the  peri- 
stome  thin,  a  little, expanded,  somewhat  dilated  at  the  columellar 
insertion. 

Alt.  8J,  greatest  diam.  17-J-,  width  of  umbilicus  2f  mm. 

Kurozu,  Prov.  Kii  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  786). 

This  species  is  larger  and  flatter  than  G.  fragilis  Gude,  with 
more  densely  placed  hairs,  and  a  much  wider  umbilicus.  C.  osci- 
tans  v.  Mart. ,  a  form  of  which  Mr.  Hirase  sends  from  Mikuriya, 
Prov.  Suruga,  is  a  smaller,  almost  imperf orate  species,  the  most 
northern  of  its  genus.  No  exact  locality  has  hitherto  been  reported 
for  von  Marten's  species.  C.  eucharistus  Pils.,  of  Oshima,  also 
brought  to  light  by  Mr.  Hirase,  is  the  finest  Chloritis  of  the 
Japanese  Empire,  these  four  species  being  all  known  from  Japan 
to  this  time. 
Ganesella  tanegashimae  var.  dulcis  n.  var. 

Similar  to  the  type  except  in  color,  the  shell  being  of  a  very 
dark  and  beautiful  chestnut  color,  with  a  blackish  peripheral 


566  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [Nov., 

band.     The  interior  is  purple  with  a  bluish  gleam,  and  the  lip- 
purple. 

Alt.  18J,  diam.  26  mm. 

Tane-ga-shima. 

Only  two  living  specimens  of  this  superb  variety  were  taken. 
Dead  shells  are  reddish  rather  than  chestnut. 
Ganesella  selasia  n.  sp. 

Shell  umbilicate,  trochiform,  brown  or  corneous-brown,  very 
glossy,  striatulate,  finely  malleate  in  places.  Spire  conic;  whorls 
5f,  convex,  slowly  increasing,  the  last  depressed,  subangular  at 
the  periphery,  somewhat  convex  below,  slightly  descending  in 
front,  narrowly  constricted  behind  the  lip.  Aperture  oblique, 
somewhat  triangular,  the  peristome  thin,  arcuate  and  narrowly 
expanded  above  and  outwardly,  the  basal  margin  straight  or  sinu- 
ous, reflexed,  thickened  (like  a  low,  wide  tooth)  within;  columel- 
lar  margin  short,  dilated. 

Alt.  11J,  diam.  16,  width  of  umbilicus  1J  mm. 

Alt.  11J,  diam.  15,  width  of  umbilicus  1J  mm. 

Nachi,  Prov.  Kii  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  788). 

The  glossy  surface,  narrow  whorls  and  open  umbilicus  separate 
this  from  all  forms  of  G.  japonica.* 
Ganesella  cristata  n.  sp. 

Shell  imperforate,  globose-trochiform,  pale  russet,  with  a  faint 
brown  line  at  the  periphery,  a  pale  line  below  it.  Surface  very 
obsoletely  and  indistinctly  papillose,  somewhat  dull.  Spire  a  little 
convexly  conic.  Whorls  5f  to  6J,  convex,  the  last  rounded  per- 
ipherally. Abruptly  descending  in  front,  expanding  in  a  conspicuous 
ridge  or  crest  and  then  strongly  contracted  behind  the  lip.  Aperture 
oblique,  somewhat  triangular,  the  upper  and  outer  margins  ex- 
panded, thickened  within,  basal  margin  straightened,  reflexed, 
indistinctly  toothed  or  thickened  within;  columellar  margin  short,, 
abruptly  expanded  over  and  covering  the  umbilicus. 

Alt.  14,  diam.  16  mm. 

Alt.  11^,  diam.  15  mm. 

Nachi,  Prov.  Kii  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  7836). 

The  absence  of  spiral  lines  on  the  slightly  dull,  silken  surface, 
the  closure  of  the  umbilicus,  and  the  crest  behind  the  lip  all  mark 
this  as  a  species  distinct  from  the  G.  japonica  series.  The  smaller 
specimens  are  obtusely  subangular  in  front. 


614  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE    ACADEMY    OF  [Deo.  f 


NEW  LAND   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE  JAPANESE  EMPIRE. 
BY    HENRY    A.    PILSBRY. 

Eulota  (JEgista)  aperta  var.  trachyderma  Pils.  and  Gude,  nov. 

Resembling  E.  aperta  in  general  characters,  but  smaller,  more 
depressed,  less  distinctly  angular  at  the  periphery  in  front;  whorls 
5|to5f;  base  a  little  more  widely  umbilicate.  Surface  densely 
clothed  with  short,  crowded,  thread-like  cuticular  processes, 
visible  only  under  a  lens,  and  in  large  part  rubbed  off  of  most 
specimens.  Peristome  thin,  expanded,  narrowly  reflexed  below. 

Alt.  6J,  diam.  12  mm. 

Alt.  5,  diam  10J  mm. 

Ikoma,  Kii.  Types  No.  82,464,  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P,  from  No.  787 
of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

Eulota  (Euhadra)  luhuana  var.  pachya  nov. 

A  fossil  form  characterized  by  the  thickness  of  the  large  shell, 
the  somewhat  swollen  latter  third  of  the  base,  which  is  also  swollen 
immediately  around  the  umbilicus.  The  peristome  is  very  thick 
and  heavy,  especially  along  the  columellar  margin.  Traces  of  a 
reddish  band  above  the  periphery,  and  copious  opaque-white  streaks 
and  flecks  are  visible  on  some  specimens.  The  type  measures,  alt. 
23,  diam.  46  mm. 

Kikai-ga-shima,   Oshima  group,   Osumi.       Types   No.   81,921, 
Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  682  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 
Eulota  luhuana  var.  nesiotica  nov. 

In  this  race  the  shell  is  rather  small,  comparatively  smooth  and 
glossy,  with  slightly  flattened  base,  passing  inlo  the  umbilicus  in  a 
regular  curve,  not  in  the  least  angular.  Umbilicus  much  smaller 
than  in  any  other  known  form  of  luhuana,  rapidly  contracting 
within.  Yellow,  either  uniform  or  with  reddish- brown  bands 
according  to  the  formula?  00300,  00340,  00345. 

Alt.  22J,  diam.  35,  diam.  of  umbilicus  3  mm. ;  whorls  6J. 

Alt.  20^,  diam.  30J,  diam.  of  umbilicus  2f  mm. ;  whorls  6. 

Tane-ga-shima,  Osumi  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  736). 


1901.]  NATUKAL    SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  613 

The  snake  here  described  was  received  alive  at  the  Zoological 
Gardens,  on  October  22,  and  came  from  the  same  locality  and 
collector  as  the  lately  described  Coluber  subocularis.  In  propor- 
tions and  scale  formula  it  comes  nearest  to  0.  zonatus  Blain. 
(n=  0.  pyrrhomelas  Cope),  but  the  head  is  narrower,  the  snout 
more  contracted  and  there  are  two  more  rows  of  scales,  while  the 
peculiar  disposition  of  the  dorsal  cross  bands  is  quite  unlike  any 
Ophibolus  previously  known.  The  species  is  perhaps  intermediate 
between  0.  zonatus  and  0.  leonis  Gunth.,  the  type  of  which  came 
from  Nuevo  Leon,  Mexico. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA.  <H  •> 

The  absence  of  any  trace  of  angulatiou  around  the  umbilicus, 
and  the  small  size  of  the  latter,  give  this  race  an  appearance  of 
distinctness. 

Clausilia  ducalis  Kobe-It. 

This  magnificent  species  was  described  from  a  specimen  of  un- 
known locality  further  than  the  indefinite  "  interior  of  Nippon" 
which  served  as  habitat  for  Rein's  Japanese  collection.  The  type 
is  described  as  yellowish  horn-colored,  and  36  mm.  long,  8  wide, 
the  aperture  9  mm.  long.  Mr.  Hirase  has  lately  sent  specimens 
from  Miya-nmra,  in  Hida  Province,  which  agree  with  ducalis  in 
the  brilliant  gloss  and  large  apex,  but  have  the  last  two  whorls 
dark  vinaceous-brown,  with  a  yellow  sutural  border  and  sprinkled 
with  fine  yellow  dots;  the  two  next  earlier  whorls  are  rather  bright 
yellow,  still  earlier  ones  are  worn. 

Length  32J  to  34£,  diam.  8  mm. 

It  is  a  magnificent  species. 

At  Kiyomi-mura,  Hida,  an  interesting  variety  occurs,  the 
shell  being  longer  and  narrower,  less  glossy,  the  surface  more 
striate,  last  whorl  more  cylindric.  Color  light  olivaceous  yellow. 

Length  35,  diam.  6-J-  mm. ;  whorls  11J. 

This  race  I  call  var.  dorcas.  Some  specimens  are  shorter,  length 
28£,  diam.  6J-  mm.  ;  whorls  10. 

Truncatella  kiusiuensis  n.  sp. 

Shell  nearly  cylindric,  slightly  tapering,  pale  red,  composed  of 
4^  whorls,  the  upper  one  truncate  and  plugged.  Sculpture  of 
strong,  regular,  nearly  straight  ribs,  about  20  on  the  last  whorl. 
There  is  a  high,  narrow  rib  behind  the  outer  and  basal  lips,  and 
a  rounded  rib  or  prominence  around  the  umbilical  region.  Aper- 
ture oval;  the  inner  lip  covered  with  a  heavy  callus. 

Alt.  7,  diam.  2.6  mm. 

Hirado,  Hizen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  844a).  Also  Tane-ga- 
shima  (Hirase,  No,  81  Ic). 

This  is  one  of  the  few  Old  World  species  of  Truncatella  in 
which  there  is  a  rib  or  crest  behind  the  lip.  It  differs  in  this 
respect  from  T.  valida  Pfr.,  which  is  found  in  Okinawa  or  Riukiu 
Island.  The  latter  is  also  larger  and  has  more  numerous,  smaller 
ribs. 

Truncatella  Pfeifferi  Martens  is  the  only  species  of  the  genus 


616  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ACADEMY    OF  [Dec. , 

hitherto  reported  from  Japan.  It  was  described  from  a  specimen 
or  specimens  in  the  Leyden  Museum,  collected  by  Siebold,  and 
bearing  the  locality  "  Japan."  It  has  not  been  figured,  but  from 
the  description  it  differs  from  T.  kiusiuensis  in  being  shorter  and 
wider,  with  the  ribs  disappearing  on  the  last  whorl.  No  crest  or 
rib  behind  the  lip  is  mentioned. 


496 


PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [August, 


NOTICES  OF  NEW  LAND  SNAILS  FROM  THE  JAPANESE  EMPIRE. 
BY   HENRY   A.    PLLSBRY. 

Continuing  his  zoological  researches  in  the  islands  south  of 
Kiusiu,  Mr.  Hirase  has  had  the  two  principal  islands  of  the 
' '  Northeastern  group  ' '  of  the  Loo  Choo  chain  explored  for  land 
snails.  These  islands,  Tane-ga-shima  and  Yaku-no-shima  (Yaku- 
shima),  belong  politically  to  the  Province  of  Osumi,  and  hence  in 
Japan  are  not  ordinarily  included  in  the  Loo  Choo  Islands.  I 
shall  discuss  their  faunal  relations  more  fully  at  another  time,  but 
it  may  be  said  here  that  while  there  is  one  species  of  land  snail, 
Trochomorpha  Gouldiana  Pils.,  identical  with  a  species  of  Oshima, 
the  rest  of  the  fauna,  though  composed  almost  wholly  of  endemic 
species,  is  more  nearly  related  to  that  of  Kiusiu  than  to  the  Loo 
Choo  fauna  proper. 

CYCLOPHORIDJE. 
Spiropoma  Nakadai  n.  sp. 

Shell  discoidal,  with  very  wide,  bowl-shaped  umbilicus,  and 
nearly  flat  spire,  except  that  the  first  whorl  projects  when  not  worn; 
solid,  yellowish-brown,  rather  dull,  sculptured  with  slight  growth- 
lines  only.  Whorls  4-J,  convex,  the  last  one  very  deeply  descend- 
ing in  front.  Aperture  quite  oblique,  nearly  circular,  the  peris- 
tome  built  forward,  becoming  free  from  the  preceding  whorl,  and  a 
little  contracted.  Diam.  10,  alt.  4.8  mm.;  diam.  9,  alt. 
4.7  mm. 

Tane-ga-shima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  658). 

In  the  larger  S.  japonicum  the  last  whorl  descends  much  less  in 
front;  the  peristome  is  expanded  and  not  so  much,  usually  not  at 
all,  built  forward.  It  is  named  for  Mr.  Nakada,  an  earnest  and 
successful  collector  for  Mr.  Hirase. 

Spiropoma  is  a  new  name  recently  substituted  for  Coelopoma, 
which  was  found  to  be  preoccupied. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  495 

and  lateral  angles  of  the  frontal  plate.     There  is  the  same  number 
of  dorsal  spots  as  in  the  type. 

The  fourth  example  is  472  mm.  long  (tail  67);  scales  in  31 
rows,  of  which  15  are  keeled;  ventrals  about  240;  subcaudal& 
about  63.  The  color  is  very  similar  to  the  type,  but  less  intense, 
and  there  are  but  20  dorsal  spots  on  the  body,  with  8  on  the  tail. 

In  all  the  young  individuals  the  light  portion  of  the  dorsal 
stripes,  continuing  the  lateral  arms  of  the  H-shaped  spots,  is  less 
distinct  than  in  the  adult,  and  the  whole  under  surface  is  pearly 
white,  with  indications  of  the  cloudy  markings  under  the  tail ;  the 
carination  of  the  dorsal  scales  is  so  indistinct  that  it  is  hard  to 
determine  its  exact  extent. 

The  bright  colors  and  the  strong  contrasts  shown  in  life  by  the 
adults,  render  this  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  North  American 
snakes.  The  pattern  on  the  dorsal  region  is  simply  the  extreme 
development  of  the  tendency  toward  longitudinal  extension  of  the 
corners  of  the  spots,  which  is  shown  at  times  in  some  other  species, 
such  as  C.  obsoletus  confinis,  which  occasionally  exhibits  even  the 
neck -bands.  It  is  also  suggested  on  the  forepart  of  the  body  in 
0.  lineaticollis  Cope,  but  from  these  it  differs  widely  in  scutella- 
tion,  and  its  real  relations  are  with  the  section  of  Coluber  repre- 
sented by  the  Mexican  C.  triaspis  and  C.  mutabilis,  which  tend  in 
the  direction  of  the  nearly  related  genus  Pityophis  through  P. 
vertebralis,  from  which,  however,  it  is  abundantly  distinguished  by 
the  generic  characters  and  by  the  curious  fact  that  the  color  shading 
is  completely  reversed,  the  spots  in  C.  subocularis  being  black 
anteriorly  and  fading  toward  the  tail,  while  in  all  species  of 
Pityophis  the  exact  opposite  occurs. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA.  497 

Pupinella  rufa  vur.  tanegashimae  nov. 

Smaller  than  P.  rufa  from  Hondo,  Awaji  or  Kiusiu,  or  the 
Tsushima  or  Iki  forms;  whorls  6;  peristome  very  heavy.  Alt. 
9.5,  diam.  above  aperture  4.3  mm.;  alt.  8.3,  diam.  4  mm. 

Pupinella  Funatoi  n.  sp. 

This  species  differs  from  P.  rufa  in  being  much  smaller,  with  only 
oj  whorls,  the  spire  more  abruptly  tapering  above;  more  solid; 
darker  colored.  The  aperture  is  vertical,  the  lower  margin  not  in 
the  least  carried  forward  as  it  is  in  P.  rufa.  The  whole  peristome 
is  exceedingly  thick  and  strong,  with  an  inner  elevated  rim  about 
the  orifice.  The  posterior  orifice  is  not  channel -like;  and  the 
columellar  orifice  is  a  small  slit,  which  does  not  deeply  penetrate 
the  lip,  as  it  does  in  P.  rufa.  A  glossy  callus  spreads  much  fur- 
ther up  on  the  ventral  face  of  the  whorl  than  in  P.  rufa.  Length 
7ir,  diam.  above  aperture  3^  mm. 

Tane-ga-shima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  665a). 

It  seems  curious  that  there  should  be  a  slightly  differentiated 
race  of  the  widespread  P.  rufa,  and  a  well-characterized  species 
of  the  same  genus,  on  so  small  an  island  as  Tane-ga-shirna.  This 
species  is  named  for  Mr.  Funato,  one  of  the  efficient  assistants  who 
have  enabled  Mr.  Hirase  to  make  such  notable  additions  to  our 
knowledge  of  Japanese  mollusks. 

Diplommatina  tanegashimae  n.  sp. 

Shell  small,  obese,  pupiform,  light  red,  composed  of  5£  convex 
whorls,  the  penultimate  whorl  widest,  those  above  tapering  regu- 
larly; last  whorl  much  contracted.  Sculpture  of  widely  spaced, 
delicate  riblets  on  the  spire,  the  last  two  whorls  with  very  much 
finer,  i!ar  closer  rib-strisB.  Aperture  circular,  the  peristome  ex- 
panded, thickened  within,  slightly  duplicate.  Columellar  tooth 
strong  and  acute;  palatal  plica  short,  distinct,  situated  above  the 
columella.  Length  2.6,  diam.  1.6  mm. 

Tane-ga-shima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  668). 

Somewhat  allied  to  D.  saginata,  of  Oshima. 

HELICINID^E. 
Helicina  yaeyamensis  n.  sp. 

Shell  very  small  for  the   genus,    thin,    rather  pale  red,    dull, 
faintly  marked    with  growth-lines,    and    a  few    spiral    striae  are 
usually  developed ;    shaped  like  H.  verecunda.     Whorls  4J,   con- 
32 


498  PROCEEDINGS    OP   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [August, 

vex,  the  last  rounded  at  the  periphery,  a  little  compressed  above 
and  below.  Aperture  oblique,  semicircular,  the  outer  lip  simple, 
unexpanded,  not  thickened.  Umbilical  callus  whitish,  rather  large 
and  densely  pitted.  Alt.  2.2,  diam.  3.3  mm. 

Yaeyama,  in  the  southwestern  group  of  the  Loo  Choo  Islands 
(Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  624).  Types  No.  80,967  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P. 

About  half  the  dimensions  of  H.  verecunda  of  Okinawa,  but 
with  the  same  number  of  whorls,  and  a  simple,  unexpanded  lip. 
I  at  first  supposed  the  specimens  were  young,  but  the  receipt  of  a 
second  lot  from  Mr.  Hirase,  agreeing  in  size  and  other  characters 
with  the  first,  indicates  that  they  are  full  grown. 

ZONITID-ffi. 
Microcystina  Hiraseana  n.  sp. 

Shell  trochiform,  with  minute,  nearly  covered  perforation; 
brown,  glossy  and  smooth,  slightly  transparent.  The  periphery 
has  a  narrow,  acute,  projecting  keel,  visible  in  the  suture  above. 
Spire  conic,  the  apex  obtuse.  Whorls  5J-,  quite  convex;  base  con- 
vex, narrowly  impressed  in  the  centre.  Aperture  shaped  like  a 
crescent  with  truncate  ends,  slightly  oblique;  peristome  simple  and 
acute,  the  columellar  margin  reflexed  at  the  perforation,  thickened 
within  with  a  white  callus,  sometimes  sinuous.  Alt.  3,  diam. 
3.5  mm. 

Tane-ga-shima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  667). 

This  species  resembles  M.  ceratodes  (Gude)  in  general  features, 
but  is  more  elevated,  with  more  exserted  keel,  a  less  varnish-like 
gloss,  and  more  closely  coiled  whorls. 

Macrochlamys  tanegashimse  n.  sp. 

Shell  small,  depressed,  minutely  perforate,  smooth  and  glossy, 
rich  brown,  somewhat  translucent.  Spire  low-conoidal,  obtuse  at 
the  apex.  Whorls  4^,  moderately  convex,  rather  closely  revolving, 
appressed  at  the  suture,  which  appears  margined;  the  last  whorl 
nearly  double  the  width  of  the  preceding,  rounded  at  the  periphery, 
moderately  convex  beneath.  Aperture  crescentic,  slightly  oblique, 
the  lip  simple  and  thin,  abruptly  reflexed  at  the  columellar  inser- 
tion. Alt.  nearly  2,  diam.  3.8  mm. 

Tane-ga-shima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  666). 

About  the  size  and  general  appearance  of  the  shell  I  called 
Vitrea  harimensis,  but  which  I  subsequently  decided  to  be  young 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  499 

Macrochlamys  Doenitzi  (Reinh.);  but  the  species  from  Tane-ga- 
shima  has  a  narrower  umbilical  perforation,  and  the  spire  is  more 
developed,  with  an  additional  whorl. 

CL.AUSILIIDJE. 
Clausilia  oscariana  n.  sp. 

Shell  fusiform,  rather  slender,  not  subject  to  truncation,  brown, 
finely  striate,  the  last  whorl  more  coarsely  so.  Whorls  10 J  to  11£, 
the  upper  part  of  the  spire  decidedly  attenuated.  Aperture  piri- 
form,  the  peristome  thickened  and  reflexed,  with  several  more  or 
less  distinct  folds  on  its  face,  adjacent  to  the  subcolumellar  lamella. 
Superior  lamella  rather  small,  oblique,  not  connected  with  the 
spiral  lamella.  Inferior  lamella  deeply  receding,  straightened  and 
subvertically  ascending  within.  Subcolumellar  lamella  emerging. 
Principal  plica  long.  Lunella  curved  inward  above,  straightened 
and  connected  with  a  short  palatal  plica  below,  being  thus  shaped 
like  an  inverted  letter  J.  Length  12-14.5,  diam.  2.8-3.3  mm. 

Fukuregi,  Province  of  Higo,  Kiusiu  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  674). 

This  Hemiphcedusa  belongs  to  the  group  of  C.  plicilabris  A. 
Ad.  (bilabrata  Smith),  but  this  is  a  much  smaller  species  and 
differs  in  various  structural  characters.  It  is  named  in  honor 
of  Dr.  Oscar  Boettger,  the  acute  and  lucid  master  in  the  study  of 
Clausiliidce. 

Clausilia  higoensis  n.  sp. 

Shell  fusiform,  very  much  attenuated  above,  brown,  finely 
striate,  the  last  whorl  tapering.  Whorls  10,  the  last  more  coarsely 
striate  dorsally,  having  a  low,  inconspicuous  wave  or  prominence 
behind  the  outer  lip.  Aperture  piriform,  the  peristome  slightly 
reflexed,  somewhat  thickened.  Superior  lamella  rather  small, 
oblique,  marginal,  continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella.  Inferior 
lamella  deeply  receding,  rather  straightly  ascending  inside.  Sub- 
columellar lamella  immersed,  or  nearly  emerging.  Principal  plica 
extending  beyond  the  lateral  lunella.  Lunella  strongly  curved 
inward  below,  straightened  above,  where  it  joins  the  middle  of  a 
short,  oblique  upper  palatal  plica.  Length  14-15,  diam.  3.7- 
3.8  mm. 

Midumate,  Province  of  Higo,  Kiusiu  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No. 
677). 

A  species  of  the  Hemiphsedusan  group  of  C.  awajiensis,  perig- 


500  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ACADEMY    OF  [August, 

nobilis,  etc.,  more  attenuated  above  than  any  of  the  known  species 
except  C.  awajiensis,  which  is  a  more  obese  form  with  narrow  lip 
and  emerging  subcolumellar  lamella. 

Clausilia  ischna  n.  sp. 

A  slender  and  elongate  member  of  the  group  of  C.  awajiensis, 
the  length  five  times  the  greatest  diameter;  rather  thin,  brown, 
with  about  11^-  whorls;  finely  stri ate.  Aperture  small,  the  peri- 
stome  reflexed,  rather  narrow.  Superior  lamella  compressed, 
oblique,  continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella.  Inferior  lamella  very 
deeply  receding.  Subcolumellar  lamella  deeply  immersed.  Lu- 
nella  curved  inward  below,  straightened  above,  and  connected  with 
a  short,  oblique  upper  palatal  plica,  being  shaped  like  the  letter 
J.  Length  16.5,  diam.  3  to  3.3  mm. 

Kochi,  Tosa  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  657a). 

More  slender  than  any  other  known  species  of  the  group  of  C. 
awajiensis. 

Clausilia  ischna  var.  neptis  nov. 

Paler,  nearly  corneons  or  whitish;  less  slender,  the  last  whorl 
more  coarsely  striate;  peristome  broader;  sinulus  more  retracted. 
Whorls  11.  Length  15.5  to  16.5,  diam.  3.5  mm. 

Occurred  with  the  preceding. 

Clausilia  tanegashimae  n.  sp. 

Fusiform,  rather  slender,  obsoletely  marked  with  growth-lines, 
the  last  whorl  striate,  pinched  up  in  a  rather  acute  strong  wave 
behind  the  peristome.  Whorls  10J.  Aperture  ovate,  the  peri- 
stome well  expanded.  Superior  lamella  small,  oblique,  marginal. 
Inferior  lamella  receding,  not  visible  from  in  front.  Sub- 
columellar lamella  emerging.  Lunella  curved  inward  above, 
straight  below,  its  lower  end  joined  to  a  lower  palatal  plica  near 
its  inner  end.  Length  18J,  diam.  4J  mm.  or  smaller,  length 
16J-  mm. 

Tane-ga-shima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  662). 

The  HemiphceduscB  of  the  northeastern  Loo  Choo  Islands  belong 
to  several  groups  special  to  those  islands.  The  group  of  C.  tone- 
gashimcB  has  the  internal  structure  of  the  plicilabris  group,  but 
there  is  a  strong  wave  or  crest  behind  the  outer  lip  parallel  with  it. 
The  shell  is  very  solid  and  strong. 


1901.]  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  501 

Clausilia  ptychocyma  ".  *i>. 

Obesely  fusiform,  nearly  smooth  except  the  last  whorl,  which 
has  a  wave-like  ridge  and  several  strong  wrinkles  behind  the  lip. 
Whorls  about  8J.  Aperture  squarish-ovate,  the  peristome  thick, 
narrowly  reflexed.  Superior  lamella  small  and  obtuse.  Inferior 
lamella  very  deeply  receding.  Subcolumellar  lamella  immersed. 
Lunella  very  low,  narrow,  straight  above,  curved  inward  and 
meeting  the  outer  end  of  a  short  lower  palatal  plica  below. 
Length  11,  cliam.  3  mm. 

Tane-ga-shima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  664a). 

Clausilia  ptychocyma  vnr.  yakushimae  nov. 

Wrinkles  on  the  latter  part  of  the  last  whorl  more  numerous 
and  less  prominent;  superior  lamella  often  subobsolete;  subcolu- 
mellar  lamella  less  deeply  immersed,  or  emerging.  Lunella  more 
distinct. 

Yakushima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  6645). 

The  following  species  belong  to  another  group  of  Hemiphcedusa, 
characterized  by  the  very  strongly  spiral  inferior  lamella. 

Clausilia  entospira  n.  sp. 

Fusiform,  rather  slender,  yellowish,  smooth,  the  latter  half  of 
last  whorl  coarsely  striate,  whorls  about  8^-,  moderately  convex. 
Aperture  small;  peristome  narrowly  reflexed,  very  much  thick- 
ened, flattened.  Superior  lamella  small,  remote  from  the  spiral 
lamella.  Inferior  lamella  forming  a  prominent,  heavy  fold  rather 
deep  within  the  mouth,  strongly  spiral  within  the  last  whorl. 
Subcolumellar  lamella  immersed.  Lunella  very  strong,  strongly 
curved  inward  below,  straight  above.  No  palatal  plicae  except  the 
principal  plica.  Length  10,  diam.  2^  mm. 

Tane-ga-shima. 
Clausilia  pinto  n.  sp. 

Shell  small,  fusiform,  dull  brownish -olive,  nearly  smooth. 
Whorls  8,  moderately  convex.  Aperture  small,  squarish -ovate; 
peristome  thick,  expanded,  subreflexed.  Superior  lamella  small, 
vertical,  marginal,  barely  continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella.  In- 
ferior lamella  very  deeply  receding,  straightened  within  the  last 
whorl.  Subcolumellar  lamella  emerging.  Lunella  connected 
above  with  the  middle  of  a  short  upper  palatal  plica,  strongly 


502  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [August, 

curving  inward  at  its  lower  end,  being  shaped  like  the  letter  J. 
Length  9.3,  diam.  2.4  mm. 

Tane-ga-shima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  663;. 

This  species  looks  like  a  Zaptyx,  but  wants  the  accessory  lamellae 
and  plicae  of  that  group.  I  am  disposed  to  consider  it  a  degener- 
ate member  of  that  subgenus.  Otherwise,  the  receding  inferior 
lamella  would  cause  it  to  be  ranked  as  a  Hemiphcedusa. 

Clausilia  (Stereophaedusa)  stereoma  n.  sp. 

Excessively  strong,  glossy,  olive-yellow,  weakly  striate  ;  very 
obese  below,  the  upper  third  very  much  attenuated,  latter  half  of 
the  last  whorl  compressed.  Whorls  about  8J.  Aperture  piri- 
form,  ^the  peristome  thickened,  narrowly  reflexed.  Superior 
lamella  rather  small,  continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella;  inferior 
lamella  forming  a  strong,  subhorizontal  fold;  subcolumellar 
lamella  emerging.  Principal  plica  rather  short,  lateral;  upper 
and  lower  palatal  plicae  of  moderate  length,  oblique,  two  minute 
palatal  plicae  between  them.  Length  21^,  diam.  6  mm. 

Yaku-shima  (No.  670  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection). 

Specimens  from  Tane-ga-shima,  which  may  be  called  var.  cog- 
nata,  are  referable  to  the  same  species.  They  are  a  little  larger, 
reddish-brown,  perceptibly  thinner  than  the  types  though  still  very 
strong,  and  with  9J  whorls  (No.  661  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection). 

There  is  also  a  well-marked  variety  found  on  Yaku-shima,  much 
smaller,  length  14 \  to  17  mm.,  more  slender,  but  the  color  of  the 
type.  This  may  be  called  var.  nugax. 

These  forms  closely  resemble  C.  brevior  v.  Mart,  in  the  obese 
contour,  very  much  attenuated  above;  but  they  are  excessively 
strong,  while  brevior  is  thin.  One  species  of  the  brevior  group 
occurs  in  southeastern  Kiusiu,  C.  Addisoni  Pils.  This  was  orig- 
inally described  as  a  variety  of  C.  brevior,  but  on  opening  addi- 
tional specimens  I  find  that  there  is  a  more  or  less  distinct,  straight 
lunella  between  the  second  and  lower  palatal  plicae,  not  present  in 
C.  brevior.  Moreover,  C.  brevior  seems  to  be  widely  separated 
geographically  from  Addisoni.  I  think  therefore  that  the  latter 
will  stand  as  a  distinct  species. 


1900.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OP    PHILADELPHIA.  443 


ADDITIONS   TO   THE  JAPANESE  LAND   SNAIL  FAUNA.     II. 
BY  HENRY  A.   PILSBRY. 

The  discovery  of  the  forms  described  herein  is  due  to  the  well- 
directed  industry  of  Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  of  Kyoto,  Japan,  to  whom 
the  Academy  is  indebted  for  many  Japanese  land  snails.  There 
can  be  little  doubt  that  the  land  molluscan  fauna  of  Japan  will 
prove  to  be  very  prolific  in  specific  forms,  like  most  insular  faunas. 

The  Clausilias  of  Japan  have  been  worked  up  by  Dr.  O.  Boett- 
ger,  who  in  his  masterly  Clamilienstudien  has  laid  a  firm  founda- 
tion for  future  builders.  Subsequent  work  has  been  done  by 
Kobelt,  von  Moellendorff,  Smith,  Sykes  and  the  present  writer. 
Arthur  Adams'  contribution  to  the  literature  of  Japanese  Clausi- 
lias is,  like  all  of  his  Japoniana,  quite  worthless. 
Clausilia  hakonensis  n.  sp.  PI.  XIV,  figs,  l,  2,  3. 

Shell  rather  slenderly  fusiform,  moderately  attenuated  above, 
the  earlier  3J  whorls  scarcely  increasing  in  diameter,  then  gradu- 
ally increasing  to  the  penultimate  whorl  which  is  widest,  the  last 
whorl  being  distinctly  compressed  and  tapering.  Whorls  12. 
Reddish  or  olivaceous  brown,  paler  below  the  sutures,  glossy  where 
not  eroded,  distinctly,  finely  striated  obliquely.  Aperture  subver- 
tical  or  slightly  oblique,  ovate,  the  peristome  continuous,  white, 
well  expanded.  Superior  lamella  strong,  oblique,  reaching  the 
margin,  continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella,  but  becoming  abruptly 
lower  at  the  junction.  Inferior  lamella  converging  to  the  superior, 
strongly  folded,  rapidly  tapering  below,  becoming  very  high,  stout 
and  very  strongly  spiral  within.  Subcolumellar  lamella  very 
deeply  immersed,  not  visible  from  the  aperture.  Principal  plica 
rather  short;  upper  palatal  plica  short,  oblique,  passing  into  a 
strong,  curved  lunella,  which  is  connected  below  with  the  middle 
of  the  rather  short  lower  palatal  plica,  somewhat  like  a  Greek 
letter  r  inverted. 

Length  32,  diam.  of  penultimate  whorl  7  mm. ;  length  of  aper- 
ture 7.7,  width  5  mm. 


444  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [1900. 

Hakone  Mts.  (B.  Schmacker),  types  No.  60,370,  coll.  A.  N. 
S.  P. 

A  Hemiphcedusa,  differing  from  all  of  the  platydera  group  by 
the  strongly  spiral  and  heavily  developed  inferior  lamella  and  wholly 
immersed  subcolumellar  lamella.  The  clausilium  has  the  character- 
istic parallel-sided  contour  of  the  section.  C.  hakonensis  will 
become  the  type  of  a  new  group  or  '  '  Formenkreis ' '  in  Hemi- 
phcedusa,  characterized  by  the  strongly  spiral,  Stereophwdusa-likQ 
inferior  lamella. 

Clausilia  awajiensis  n.  sp.    PI.  XIV,  figs.  15, 16, 17. 

Shell  shortly  rimate,  obesely  fusiform,  thin,  a  little  transparent, 
strongly  but  shortly  attenuated  above,  the  last  whorl  decidedly 
tapering.  Corneous -bro wn ;  the  last  whorl  reddish,  glossy,  dis- 
tinctly, finely  striate.  Whorls  9J.  Aperture  small,  pyriform,  the 
peristome  white,  moderately  expanded,  rather  thin.  Superior 
lamella  rather  thin,  oblique,  continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella. 
Inferior  lamella  very  low  and  inconspicuous,  stronger  within  and 
almosl  vertically  ascending.  Subcolumellar  lamella  not  reaching 
the  lip-edge,  even  immersed.  Principal  plica  long,  reaching 
almost  to  the  lip,  extending  inward  beyond  the  lateral  lunella. 
Upper  palatal  plica  very  short,  its  outer  end  connected  with  a 
rather  strong,  oblique  lunella,  recurved  toward  its  lower  end ;  no 
lower  palatal  plica.  Clausilium  slender,  tongue-shaped,  emar- 
ginate  posteriorly,  slowly  tapering  below. 

Length  12J,  diam.  3^  mm. 

Fukura,  Awaji  Island  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

A  Hemiphcedusa  near  C.  aurantiaca  Bttg. ,  but  with  fewer 
whorls,  the  lunella  more  lateral,  not  I -shaped,  a  lower  palatal 
plica  being  absent. 

Clausilia  subaurantiaca  n.  sp.    PI.  XIV,  figs.  5,  6, 7. 

Shell  slenderly  fusiform,  attenuated  above,  the  last  whorl  rather 
narrower;  brown,  but  slightly  glossy,  weakly  striate,  more  strongly 
so  on  the  last  whorl.  Whorls  nearly  11,  the  upper  convex,  the  last 
two  nearly  flat.  Aperture  small,  somewhat  oblique,  retracted  and 
with  a  well-marked  sinulus  above,  pyriform,  produced;  peristome 
thick,  well  reflexed.  Superior  lamella  strong,  oblique,  continuous 
with  the  spiral  lamella.  Inferior  lamella  immersed,  inconspicuous 
in  a  front  view,  becoming  strong  and  subvertical  within.  Subcol- 


PROC.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHI  LA 


PLATE  XIV. 


PILSBRY.    JAPANESE  LAND  SNAIL  FAUNA. 


1900.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  445 

umellar  lamella  very  weak,  not  extending  upon  the  expansion  of 
thejip,  or  immersed.  Plica  principalis  very  long  (the  whorl  out- 
side a  little  swollen  above  it),  extending  nearly  to  the  lip.  Upper 
palatal  plica  extremely  short,  united  with  the  lateral,  nearly  straight 
lunella;  no  lower  palatal  plica.  Clausilium  long,  tongue-shaped, 
somewhat  tapering  toward  the  blunt  apex. 

Length  16,  diam.  3  mm. 

Deyai,  Prov.  Nagato  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

This  Hemiphcedusa  differs  from  C.  aurantiaca  Bttg.  by  wanting 
a  lower  palatal  plica  (which  in  C.  aurantiaca  makes  an  I-like 
figure  with  the  lunella  and  the  upper  palatal  plica);  by  the 
lateral,  not  ventral,  position  of  the  lunella,  and  the  more  slender 
contour.  C.  awajiensis  is  much  more  obese. 
Clausilia  aulacophora  n.  sp.  PL  XIV,  figs.  18, 19, 20. 

Shell  small,  slender,  moderately  attenuated  above,  opaque,  dull 
reddish  brown,  paler  above;  finely  striate,  the  last  whorl  more 
coarsely  so.  Whorls  10,  convex,  the  last  short,  compressed  later- 
ally, hardly  narrower  than  the  preceding,  a  little  turgid  below  the 
suture  and  at  the  base.  Aperture  small,  pyriform,  with  well- 
defined  and  slightly  retracted  sinulus.  Peristome  white,  thick- 
ened and  well  expanded,  the  outer  margin  excavated  above. 
Superior  lamella  strong,  oblique,  continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella, 
and  extending  to  the  margin;  a  groove  on  the  right  side  of  it, 
usually  producing  a  notch  or  emargination  in  the  upper  margin  of 
the  lip,  and  followed  by  a  small  rounded  tubercle,  to  the  right  of 
which  there  is  sometimes  a  second  shallow  groove  in  adult  shells. 
Inferior  lamella  immersed,  becoming  strong  and  subvertical  within. 
Subcolumellar  lamella  completely  immersed.  Principal  plica  a 
half  whorl  long,  visible  within  the  aperture.  Upper  palatal  plica 
short,  continuous  anteriorly  with  and  curving  into  the  lunella, 
which  is  united  with  the  middle  of  the  lower  palatal  plica.  There 
is  a  punctiform  plica  below  the  latter.  Clausilium  long,  tongue- 
shaped,  emarginate  behind,  the  margins  slowly  converging  toward 
the  apex,  which  is  bluntly  attenuated. 
^  Length  10,  diam.  2.1  mm. 

Fukura,  Awaji  Island  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

Belonging  to  the  Hemiphsedusan  group  of  C.  platydera,  as  defined 
by  Dr.  Boettger,  this  small  species  is  well  disl  inguished  by  the 
groove  in  the  peristome  on  the  right  side  of  the  superior  lamella. 


446  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE    ACADEMY    OF  [1900. 

Clausilia  Hirasei  n.  sp.   PL  XIV,  figs.  8,  9, 10, 11. 

Shell  small,  solid,  slenderly  fusiform,  regularly  tapering  above 
to  an  obtuse  apex;  glossy,  irregularly  striate,  chestnut  brown. 
Whorls  8-8  J,  rather  weakly  convex,  the  last  two  long,  last  whorl 
somewhat  narrower,  compressed.  Aperture  small,  rather  rhombic; 
peristome  narrowly  expanded,  a  little  thickened.  Superior  lamella 
low,  separated  widely  from  the  spiral  lamella.  Inferior  lamella 
immersed,  becoming  strong  and  vertical  within.  Subcolumellar 
lamella  weak  but  emerging.  Principal  plica  less  than  a  half -whorl 
long,  extending  well  inward  beyond  the  lateral  lunella.  Upper 
palatal  plica  oblique,  not  united  with  the  lunella,  which  is  nearly 
straight  above,  curved  below.  Three  short  sutural  plicae  are 
developed  above  the  upper  end  of  the  lunella,  the  second  one 
shortest,  upper  one  low ;  within  the  upper  end  of  the  spiral  lamella 
there  is  sometimes  an  inserted  lamella  (lamella  inserta),  or  perhaps 
this  is  a  recrudescence  of  the  inferior  lamella;  and  outside  of  it 
there  is  a  short  fulcrum  (lamella  fulcrans,  fig.  10,  l.f. )  and  a 
longer  parallel  lamella  (lamella  parallela,  fig.  10,  l.p. ). 

Length  9.3,  diam.  2.2,  length  of  aperture  2.2  mm. 

Length  7.3,  diam.  2.2  mm. 

Kagashima,  Satsuma  (Y.  ilirase). 

This  is,  so  far  as  I  know,  the  smallest  Japanese  Clausilia  known. 
Internally  it  has  the  straightly  vertical  inferior  lamella  of  Hemi- 
phcedusa,  but  in  several  fresh  specimens  opened  I  found  no  clau- 
silium.  In  the  development  of  the  sutural  plicae  it  resembles  0. 
hyperoptyx.  The  superior  lamella  is  widely  separated  from  the 
spiral  lamella,  and  there  is  a  lamella  inserta  developed  in  some 
examples.  The  internal  complication  is  greater  than  in  any  other 
Japanese  species  known  to  me.  Fig.  10  of  Plate  XIV,  is  diagram- 
matic. 

•   It  is  named  in  honor  of  Mr.  Y.  Hirase,   of    Kyoto,  who  has 
brought  to  our  knowledge  a  .large  number  of  interesting  Japanese 
land  snails. 
Clausilia  hyperoptyx  n.  sp.    PI.  XIV,  figs.  12, 13, 14. 

Shell  small,  slender,  moderately  attenuated  above,  glossy,  of 
a  dark,  rich  reddish-chestnut  color,  finely  and  rather  irregularly, 
not  deeply,  striate,  the  last  whorl  densely  and  more  deeply  so. 
Whorls  8J-,  convex,  the  last  more  flattened,  a  trifle  narrower  than 
the  preceding.  Aperture  ovate,  the  peristome  thick,  expanded, 


1900.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  447 

whitish  at  the  edge.  Superior  lamella  rather  low,  vertical,  attain- 
ing the  margin,  widely  disconnected  from  the  spiral  lamella.  In- 
ferior lamella  immersed,  scarcely  visible  in  a  front  view,  strong 
and  vertical  within.  Subcolumellar  lamella  emerging,  continued 
to  the  edge  of  peristome.  Principal  plica  about  a  half-whorl 
long,  visible  within  the  aperture.  Upper  palatal  plica  very  short, 
slightly  united  with  the  nearly  straight,  oblique  lunella,  which  is 
lateral  in  position.  Two  short  sutural  plicae  developed  a  little 
further  inward  than  the  upper  end  of  the  lunella.  Spiral  lamella 
and  inferior  lamella  of  equal  length  within,  a  rather  long  lamella 
fulcrans  and  a  lamella  parallela  developed,  each  standing  free. 
Clausilium  rather  narrow,  parallel-sided,  bluntly  tapering  at 
the  apex. 

Length  10,  diam.  2.2,  length  of  aperture  2.1  mm. 

Loo  Choo  Islands  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

This  slender,  dark-colored  Hemiphcedusa  is  a  beautiful  little 
species,  distinguished  by  the  two  sutural  plicse  and  the  development 
of  a  fulcrum  and  parallel  lamella,  as  in  C.  Hirasei.  It  differs 
from  that  species  in  the  dark  color,  attenuated  and  concave  spire, 
stronger  superior  lamella,  and  various  other  details  of  the  closing 
apparatus. 

C.  Hirasei  and  C.  hyperoptyx  form  a  new  group  of  Hemi- 
phcedusa characterized  as  follows: 

Superior  lamella  widely  separated  from  the  spiral  lamella ;  a 
fulcrum  and  parallel  lamella  present;  sutural  plicse  developed; 
upper  palatal  plica  independent  or  united  with  the  well-developed 
lunella;  no  lower  palatal  plica. 

Just   what  relation  this  group  holds  to  Dr.  von  Moellendorft's 
group  of    0.   sublunellata  I  do  not   know,  but  as  he   does   not 
describe  the  complicated  closing  apparatus  I  find  in  my  species,  I 
presume  it  to  be  quite  different. 
Clansilia  japonica  var.  surugae,  n.  v.    PL  XIV,  fig.  4. 

Similar  to  C.  japonica  but  smaller,  strongly  attenuated  above 
for  a  longer  distance,  the  aperture  smaller  with  rather  stronger 
principal  lamella;  upper  palatal  fold  shorter,  the  lower  palatal 
short  or  obsolete. 

Mikuria,  Prov.  Suruga  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

Having  examined  some  hundreds  of  specimens  of  C.  japonica 
from  several  localities,  collected  by  Mr.  Stearns,  Mr.  Hirase, 


448  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [1900. 

Prof.  M.  R.  Gaines  and  others,  I  conclude  that  C.  nipponensis  is 
hardly  tenable  as  a  variety.  The  gibbous  penultimate  and  slender 
last  whorl  occur  sporadically  among  typical  japonica.  The  size 
varies  a  good  deal  in  C.  japonica,  but  the  above -described  variety 
presents  a  peculiar  and  quite  recognizable  contour. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XIV. 

Figs.  1-3.    Clausilia  hakonensis  n.  sp.     Fig.  2,  natural  size. 

Fig.  4.    Clausilia  japonica  var.  surugce  n.  var.,  natural  size. 

Figs.  5-7.    Clausilia  subaurantiaca  n.  sp. 

Figs.  8-11.  Clausilia  Hirasei  n.  sp.  Fig.  10,  diagrammatic. 
/.,  lunella;  Lf.,  fulcrum  or  lamella  fulcrans ;  l.i., 
inferior  lamella;  l.p.,  parallel  lamella;  l.s.,  superior 
lamella;  l.sp.,  spiral  lamella;  p.p.,  principal  plica; 
p.s.,  sutural  plicae;  u.p.p.,  upper  palatal  plica. 

Figs.  12-14.    Clausilia  hyper optyx  n.  sp. 

Figs.  15-17.    Clausilia  awajiensis  n.  sp. 

Figs.  18-20.    Clausilia  aulacophora  n.  sp. 


672  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ACADEMY    OF  [1900. 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE  JAPANESE  LAND  SNAIL  FAUNA.    III. 
BY  HENRY  A.   PILSBRY. 

The  Japanese  fauna  is  proving  very  prolific  in  Clausilias,  and 
may  yet  rival  the  richer  portions  of  Eastern  Europe  in  degree  of 
specific  differentiation.  It  is  obvious  that  until  much  more  merely 
descriptive  work  is  done,  no  sound  generalization  upon  the  Japanese 
species  is  possible.  I  have  therefore  been  satisfied  to  add  to  the 
accumulation  of  facts  which  can  tell  their  story  only  when  collec- 
tions from  many  more  localities  come  to  our  hands.  Many  of 
the  species  of  Clausilia  seem  to  be  of  restricted  geographic  distribu- 
tion. Thus,  the  fauna  of  southern  Hondo,  Shikoku  and  Awaji 
seems  to  have  but  few  Clausilise  in  common  with  the  Nikko  region. 

The  fruitful  researches  of  Mr.  Y.  Hirase  now  enable  me  to  add 
several  species  to  the  fauna  of  Shikoku  Island,  and  a  remarkable 
Euphcedusa  to  the  Hokkaido  fauna,  the  first  Clausilia  known  from 
that  island.  Moreover,  he  has  discovered  a  very  remarkable  modifi- 
cation of  the  Euphsedusan  type,  C.  mikado,  in  the  region  of  Lake 
Biwa. 

In  a  former  paper  I  described  two  species,  C.  Hirasei  and  C. 
hyperoptyx,  remarkable  among  Asiatic  Clausilise  for  their  compli- 
cated internal  armature.  It  is  now  proposed  to  erect  a  section  for 
the  reception  of  these  species. 

Section  ZAPTYX  nov. 

Clausilium  tongue-shaped,  about  twice  as  long  as  wide,  with 
subparallel  lateral  margins,  the  apex  much  thickened  on  the 
columellar  side ;  posteriorly  emarginate  or  auriculate  on  both  sides 
of  the  filament  or  on  the  columellar  side  only;  straight  distally, 
but  abruptly  and  strongly  curved  near  the  filament. 

Shell  small,  the  superior  lamella  widely  separated  from  the 
spiral  lamella;  a  fulcrum  and  parallel  lamella  developed;  sutural 


1900.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF   PHILADELPHIA.  671 

LACTUCA  CANADENSIS  L.     Wildwood,  *Holly  Beach. 

*LACTUCA  FLORID  AN  A  (L.)  Gaertn.     Anglesea. 

fLACTUCA  HIRSUTA  Muhl.     Atlantic  City. 

*LACINARIA  SQUARROSA  (L.)  Hill  (Liatris  squarrosa  Willd. ). 
Anglesea. 

LIATRIS  SPICATA  (L.)  Willd.  (L.  spicata  Willd. ).     Bay  Head. 

LEPTILON  CANADENSIS  (L.)  Britton  (Erigeron  canadensis  L. ). 
Wildwood. 

PLUCHEA  CAMPHORATA  (L. )  D.  C.  Seaside  Park,  *  Atlantic 
City,  *Ocean  City,  *Cape  May. 

SOLIDAGO  FISTULOSA  Mill.  (S.  pilosa  Walt.).     Wildwood. 

SOLIDAGO  ODORA  Ait.     Wildwood. 

SOLIDAGO  SEMPERVIRENS  L.  Seaside  Park,  Wildwood, 
*Ocean  City. 

*SOLIDAGO  STRICTA  Ait.     Anglesea. 

WILLUGHB^A  SCANDENS  (L. )  Kuntze  (Mikania  scandens 
Willd.).  Ocean  City,  Wildwood. 

XANTHIUM  CANADENSE  Mill.     Seaside  Park. 

XANTHIUM  CANADENSE  var.  ECHINATUM  Gray.     Wildwood. 


1900.]  NATURAL    SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA.  673 

plic?e  present;  upper  palatal  plica  independent  from  or  united 
with  the  well -developed  lunella;  no  lower  palatal  plica. 

Type  C.  Hirasei  Pils. 

Distribution:  Southern  Kiusiu  and  the  Loo  Choo  Islands. 

The  general  shape  of  the  clausilium  is  somewhat  Hemiphsedu- 
soid,  but  the  abruptly  bent  and  emarginate  posterior  end  and 
heavily  thickened  apex  differ  strikingly  from  those  parts  in  the 
clausilium  of  Hemiphsedusa. 

In  C.  Hirasei  the  clausilium  (PL  XXV,  figs.  33,  34)  is  biemar- 
ginate  behind.  In  C.  hyperoptyx  the  columellar  side  only  is  dis- 
tinctly emarginaLe. 

Section  EUPH^DUSA  Bttg. 
(  Group  of  C.  shanghaiensis. ) 
Clausilia  comes  n.  sp.    PI.  XXIV,  figs,  l,  2,  3. 

Shell  small,  rimate,  slenderly  fusiform,  rather  weakly  striate, 
the  last  whorl  with  delicate  rib-striae ;  olivaceous  brownish.  Apex 
slightly  obtuse.  Whorls  9,  strongly  convex,  separated  by  deep 
sutures.  Aperture  not  oblique,  pyriform,  with  a  distinct  sinulus 
above,  the  peristorae  white,  expanded  and  subreflexed,  scarcely 
thickened.  Superior  lamella  rather  small,  though  rather  higher 
than  in  C.  digonoptyx,  diconnected  from  or  barely  continuous  with 
the  spiral  lamella.  Inferior  lamella  converging  strongly  toward 
the  superior,  though  somewhat  less  so  than  in  C.  digonoptyx, 
strongly  spiral  within.  Subcolumellar  lamella  immersed  very 
deeply.  Principal  plica  short  and  small,  wholly  lateral.  Lunella 
shaped  as  in  C.  aculus,  but  so  slight  as  to  be  all  but  imperceptible 
except  at  the  ends,  which  appear  as  small,  short,  irregular,  upper 
and  lower  palatal  folds.  Clausilium  of  the  typical  form  for 
Euphcedusa,  short  and  wide,  broadest  distally,  strongly  curved, 
moderately  thickened  at  the  apex,  the  columellar  side  emarginate 
behind  (PL  XXV,  figs.  35,  36). 

Alt.  10,  diam.  2.3  mm. 

Kashima,  Harima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

Belonging  to  the  little  group  of  C.  aculus,  digonoptyx  and  tau, 
this  form  is  smaller  and  deficient  in  palatal  armature.  C.  aculus, 
which  probably  does  not  occur  in  Japan  north  or  east  of  Kiusiu, 
has  a  less  developed  superior  lamella.  In  C.  digonoptyx  the 
lamella)  converge  more,  the  lunella  is  better  developed,  and  the 


674  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [1900. 

striation  is  stronger.      C.  tau  is  a  widely  distributed  species  with 
long  upper  palatal  plica  and  stronger  lunella,  etc. 
Clausilia  monelasmus  n.  sp.    PI.  XXIV,  figs.  4,  5,  6. 

Shell  rimate,  slender,  fusiform,  strongly  striate,  brown.  Apex 
rather  acute,  but  the  nuclear  whorl  is  somewhat  swollen;  spire 
attenuated  above.  Whorls  8J  to  9,  quite  convex,  the  sutures 
well  impressed,  the  last  whorl  narrower  than  the  penultimate. 
Aperture  hardly  oblique,  pyriform,  with  rather  indistinctly  denned, 
retracted  sinulus.  Peristome  thickened,  expanded,  continuous, 
white.  Superior  lamella  wanting,  represented  by  a  slight  thick- 
ening of  the  peristome  at  its  position;  spiral  lamella  arising  so  far 
within  that  it  is  not  visible  from  the  aperture,  but  becoming  high 
and  continued  to  the  ventral  side,  being  longer  within  than  the 
other  lamellse.  Inferior  lamella  obsolete  below,  not  emergiDg,  but 
high  within,  as  in  C.  digonoptyx.  Subcolumellar  lamella  deeply 
immersed.  Principal  plica  very  short  and  small,  lateral.  Upper 
palatal  plica  strong,  its  lower  end  bent  downward;  lunella  want- 
ing; lower  palatal  plica  short,  well  developed.  Clausilium  (PI. 
XXV,  figs.  26,  27,  28,  29)  short  and  broad,  strongly  curved, 
not  emarginate  behind,  and  only  slightly  thickened  apically. 

Alt.  10.5,  diam.  2.3  mm. 

Kayabe,  Ojima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

This  is  the  first  Clausilia  to  be  made  known  from  Hokkaido 
(Yesso),  to  my  knowledge.  It  occurred  with  a  small  Hemi- 
phcedusa.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  obsolete  condition  of  the  supe- 
rior lamella,  the  deeply  immersed  spiral  lamella  and  the  wide 
interruption  of  the  lunella,  the  remaining  ends  of  which  appear 
merely  as  upper  and  lower  palatal  folds.  A  white  line  may  be 
seen  on  the  parietal  wall,  on  looking  into  the  aperture,  caused  by 
the  subcolumellar  lamella  showing  through. 

(  Group  of  C.  jos. ) 
Clausilia  iotaptyx  n.  sp.    PI.  XXV,  figs.  7,  8,  9. 

Shell  rimate,  turrited,  the  penultimate  whorl  widest,  those  above 
nearly  regularly  tapering,  then  becoming  almost  cylindrical,  the 
apex  obtuse;  rather  solid,  finely  striate,  a  little  more  coarsely  so 
on  the  back  of  the  last  whorl.  Whorls  nearly  11,  but  slightly 
convex,  the  last  compressed.  Aperture  hardly  oblique,  ovate- 
pyriform,  the  peristome  well  expanded,  slightly  thickened,  whitish, 


1900.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  675 

a  little  emarginate  above.  Sinulus  high.  Superior  lamella  rather 
small,  oblique,  contiguous  to  the  spiral  lamella.  Inferior  lamella 
deeply  placed,  but  continued  and  emerging  upon  the  peristome, 
straightened  within  and  giving  off  a  branch  toward  the  spiral 
lamella.  Subcolumellar  lamella  emerging,  and  with  the  inferior 
lamella,  continued  to  the  margin.  Principal  plica  strong  and 
long,  nearly  reaching  the  lip,  and  extending  inward  well  beyond 
the  lateral  lunella.  Palatal  plicae  two,  short,  the  upper  parallel 
with  the  principal  plica,  the  lower  one  oblique,  a  straight  lunella 
connecting  them,  inserted  near  the  middle  of  each,  and  with  the 
plicse  forming  an  I-like  figure.  Clausilium  (PL  XXV,  fig.  40), 
trapezoidal -oblong,  not  much  curved,  somewhat  thickened  at  the 
sides,  and  especially  thick  on  the  columellar  side  near  the  apex, 
strongly  emarginate  posteriorly  on  the  columellar  side.  It  is 
shaped  very  much  like  that  of  C.  mikado. 

Alt.  18,  diam.  3.8,  longest  axis  of  aperture  3.6  mm. 

Alt.  16.3,  diam.  3.3  mm. 

Ibuki,  Omi  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

A  solid,  opaque  species,  with  peculiarly  thick  though  attenuated 
spire.  The  clausilium  seems  far  too  thick  at  the  end  for  a  Heini- 
phcedusa,  though  it  is  more  elongate  than  usual  in  Euphcedusa, 
being  a  good  deal  like  that  of  C.  mikado :  and  as  in  that  species 
the  superior  and  inferior  lamelke  are  very  widely  separated,  even 
within.  Viewed  from  the  back,  in  a  specimen  broken  open,  the 
inferior  lamella  is  but  very  weakly  spiral,  much  as  in  many 
flemiphsedusas,  and  is  thickened  below.  The  spiral  and  sub- 
columellar  lamellae  both  enter  very  deeply  and  equally,  while  in 
Euphcedusa  the  spiral  lamella  should  extend  inward  beyond  the 
other,  according  to  Dr.  Boettger,  confirmed  by  the  species  I  have 
examined.  This  point  is  not  very  reliable  perhaps,  for  in  two 
specimens  of  C.  mikado  opened,  one  has  the  spiral  lamella  dis- 
tinctly longer,  the  other  has  the  inferior  a  little  longer.  I  fear, 
therefore,  that  the  sectional  position  of  this  species  must  be  left  in 
uncertainty.  I  place  it  in  Boettger' s  Formenkreis  von  C.  jos,  of 
Euphcedusa,  but  probably  it  belongs  elsewhere. 

Compared  with  the  Hemiphcedusa  species,  C.  iotaptyx  is  nearest 
to  C.  aurantiaca;  but  the  closing  apparatus  is  lateral,  the  superior 
lamella  is  very  low  inside  (while  in  C.  aurantiaca  it  is  high),  and 
the  spire  is  thick  and  clumsy  above.  The  lunella  and  associated 


676  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [1900. 

palatal  plicae  are  much  as  in    C.  aurantiaca,  but  the  clausilium 
denies  C.  iotaptyx  entrance  in  any  group  of  Hemiphcedusa. 

Section  TYRANNOPH^EDUSA  nov. 

Many-whorled,  with  distinct  sinulus,  deeply  placed  inferior 
lamella,  very  remote  throughout  from  the  superior  lamella,  the 
clausilium  narrower  than  in  Euphcedusa,  tapering  and  oblique  at 
the  much-thickened  apex.  Other  characters  as  in  the  0.  jos  group 
of  Eaphcedusa.  I  propose  this  section  for  the  following  remark- 
able species : 
Clausilia  mikado  n.  sp.  Pi.  XXIV,  figs.  10, 11, 12. 

Shell  rimate,  the  lower  half  swollen,  upper  half  exceedingly 
attenuated ;  livid  gray,  becoming  dull  red  where  worn,  and  over- 
grown with  alga  in  most  specimens  seen. 

Sculptured  with  crowded,  very  fine  strise,  on  the  last  two  whores 
becoming  very  much  coarser,  last  whorl  rather  irregularly  rib- 
striate.  Apex  obtuse  and  globose;  whorls  18,  the  earlier  8  or  10 
not  increasing  in  diameter,  e*ven  decreasing  a  little;  the  next  few 
whorls  gradually,  slowly  increasing,  the  last  4  whorls  forming  the 
rather  swollen  lower  half  of  the  shell's  length;  last  whorl  de- 
cidedly higher  than  the  preceding,  tapering,  compressed  at  the 
sides.  Sutures  impressed.  Aperture  small,  oblique,  retracted 
above  and  below,  irregularly  pyriform,  the  sinulus  strongly  devel- 
oped, high  and  narrow;  peristome  white,  expanded  and  thickened, 
continuous,  emarginate  above,  where  it  is  built  out  far  beyond  the 
whorl.  Superior  lamella  marginal,  vertical,  well  developed,  con- 
tinuous with  the  spiral  lamella.  Inferior  lamella  not  visible  in  a 
front  view,  deeply  immersed,  continuing  very  distant  from  the 
superior  lamella  within,  but  giving  off  a  low  branch  toward  it. 
Subcolumellar  lamella  emerging,  sometimes  continued  to  the  margin 
of  the  peristome,  and  more  or  less  distinctly  bounded  by  grooves. 
Principal  plica  strong  and  long,  extending  nearly  to  the  lip,  and 
inward  to  the  ventral  side  of  the  whorl.  Upper  and  lower  palatal 
plicae  short,  oblique  and  parallel,  connected  by  a  nearly  straight, 
narrow,  rather  weak  lunella,  which,  however,  is  hardly  connected 
with  the  upper  palatal,  and  is  lateral  in  position.  Clausilium 
(PI.  XXV,  figs.  37,  38,  39)  strongly  thickened  at  the  sides  and 
end,  and  especially  along  the  columellar  margin  near  the  apex  (fig. 
38),  abruptly  emarginate  on  the  columellar  side  posteriorly,  the 


1900.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  677 

apex  oblique,  angular  at  the  outer-lower  or  palato-apical  extrem- 
ity, rounded  at  the  inner-lower  or  columellar-apical  part. 

Alt.  23,  diam.  3.0,  longest  axis  of  aperture  3.5  mm. 

Ibuki,  Omi  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

Remarkable  for  its  mauy-whorled,  slender  spire,  solute  aperture 
and  peculiar  clausilium.  This  species  is  the  first  one  of  its  kind 
to  be  made  known,  and  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  of  Mr. 
Hirase' s  discoveries. 

Section  STEREOPH^EDUSA  Bttg. 

Clausilia  oostoma  Molldff. 

C.  oostoma  Molldff.,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Beng.,  LI.  pt.  2,  p.  4.  PL  1, 

fig.  2(1882). 
C.  jnponica  var.  surugcs  Pils.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila..  1900,  p. 

447,  PL  14,  fig.  4. 

In  my  former  paper  on  Japanese  Clausilias  I  did  not  recognize 
this  species  in  my  C.  ja})onica  var.  surugce.  I  am  now  satisfied 
that  my  variety  is  identical  with  the  form  defined  by  von  Moellen- 
dorff. 

Clausilia  brevior  var.  addisoni  nov. 

Larger  than  C.  brevior,  alt.  16-1 8J,  diam.  4J-  mm.,  more 
coarsely  striated,  especially  on  the  last  whorl;  three  palatal  plicae 
only.  This  form  I  at  first  considered  to  be  the  var.  tetraptyx 
Mlldff.,  having  received  but  one  specimen  from  Mr.  Hirase.  A 
large  series  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Addison  Gulick  shows  it  to 
be  distinct.  It  is  viviparous. 

Kagashima,  Satsuma,  in  southern  Kiusiu  (Gulick  coll.). 

Clausilia  hondana  n.  sp.    PI.  XXIV,  figs.  13-18. 

Shell  rimate,  fusiform,  dark  brown,  sculptured  with  fine  but 
sharp  strioe,  which  are  sometimes  perceptibly  coarser  on  the  back 
of  the  last  whorl ;  apex  globose,  the  first  three  whorls  of  about 
equal  diameter,  second  whorl  higher  than  the  third.  Whorls  10 \ 
to  11|-,  the  last  compressed  laterall  y.  Aperture  but  little  oblique, 
a  trifle  retracted  above  and  below,  pyriform  or  quadrangular- 
pyriform,  the  sinulus  high  and  well  defined;  peris  tome  rather 
widely  reflexed,  somewhat  thickened,  continuous,  the  upper  margin 
shortly  free  and  slightly  or  not  emarginate.  Superior  lamella 
sub  vertical,  compressed,  continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella. 
Inferior  lamella  transversely  converging  to  the  other,  strongly 
44 


678  PROCEEDINGS   OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [1900. 

spiral  within,  not  emerging  upon  the  lip.  Subcolumellar  lamella 
emerging,  nearly  or  quite  attaining  the  margin.  Principal  plicae 
rather  long;  palatal  plicae  seven  or  fewer,  the  upper  two  curved, 
diverging  forward  from  the  principal,  longer  than  the  others 
except  the  lower  one.  Clausilium  strongly  curved,  short,  broader 
and  thickened  distally,  emarginate  posteriorly  on  the  columellar 
margin  (PI.  XXV,  figs.  42,  43,  44). 

Alt.  21,  diam.  4.5,  longest  axis  of  aperture  4.6  mm. 

Alt.  18,  diam.  4,  longest  axis  of  aperture  4  mm. 

Boshiu;  Suruga  coast  (F.  Stearns). 

This  species  stands  between  C.  oostoma  and  C.  brevior  in  size, 
and  has  the  slender  apical  whorls  and  therefore  concave-sided  spire 
of  the  latter,  which  differs  in  being  more  obese  with  a  different- 
shaped  aperture.  It  is  probably  nearest  to  C.  nikkoensis  Mlldff. , 
but  that  species,  from  the  description,  must  be  even  more  slender 
and  with  the  inferior  lamella  reaching  the  margin  of  the  peristome, 
which  is  not  at  all  the  case  in  C.  hondana.  Were  it  not  for  this 
differential  feature  I  would  not  distinguish  my  shells  from  Dr. 
von  Moellendorff's  species.  The  clausilium  is  much  like  that  of 
C.  brevior. 

Of  five  specimens  opened,  no  two  quite  agree  in  the  palatal 
folds,  and  some  are  so  different  that  one  could  scarcely  believe 
them  variations  of  one  species  were  not  all  the  other  characters, 
including  the  clausilium,  quite  identical  in  the  series.  The  follow- 
ing variations  occurred: 

(a)  Palatal  plicae  seven,  as  above  described  (figs.  13-15). 

(6)  Palatal  plicae  three,  two  above,  one  below,  the  third,  fourth, 
fifth  and  sixth  wanting  (fig.  18). 

(c)  Palatal  plicae  four,  the  lower  and  two  upper  undiminished, 
the  third  small,  a  foldless  space  below  it  (fig.  17). 

(d)  Palatal  plicae  three,  a  very  low  but  distinct,  straight  lunella 
running  from  the  second  to  the  lower  plica  (fig.  16). 

These  variations  seem  enough  to  make  several  species  of,  but  I 
feel  confident  that  they  belong  to  one  species.     Specimens  a  and 
b  are  from  Boshiu,  c  and  d  from  Suruga. 
Clausilia  subjaponica  n.  sp. 

General  appearance  of  C.  japonica  Crosse.  Whorls  12  to  13-J, 
the  apex  very  obtuse,  not  tapering  as  in  japonica,  and  the  attenu- 
ated portion  of  the  spire  is  thicker.  Aperture  with  thickened,  re- 


1900.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADEL1MI I  A.  679 

flexed  peristome,  the  superior  lamella  separated  by  a  hiatus  from  the 
spiral  lamella;  subcolumellar  lamella  emerging,  running  to  the  mar- 
gin. Principal  plica  short,  extending  but  slightly  or  not  at  all  in- 
ward  beyond  the  upper  palatal  plica.  Palatal  plica;  four,  the  upper 
quite  long,  the  lower  bow-shaped  or  arched,  the  two  ends  bent 
downward;  the  two  intermediate  plicrc  short.  Clausilium  narrower 
than  in  C.  japonica,  the  palatal  margin  obliquely  sloping  toward 
the  apex,  which  is  thickened  and  obtusely  rounded;  columellar 
margin  slightly  excised  or  subemarginate  near  the  filament,  or 
merely  tapering  there. 

Length  28,  diam.  6  mm. 

Length  28,  diam.  5J  mm. 

Length  23,  diam.  5J  mm. 

Ibuki,  Omi  (Mr.  Y~  Hirase). 

The  shell  does  not  differ  strongly  from  C.  japonica,  certain 
forms  of  which  have  the  superior  and  spiral  lamellae  disconnected, 
and  sometimes  there  are  four  palatal  plicae;  but  the  shape  of  the 
lower  palatal  plica  or  fold  is  different,  it  being  short  and  oblique 
in  C.  japonica,  not  arched  as  in  this  species.  The  shape  of  the 
clausilium,  however,  is  strikingly  unlike  in  the  two  species,  that  of 
C.  japonica  (+  nipponensis  -f-  kobensis)  being  constantly  broader, 
with  pointed  apical  end,  in  specimens  examined  from  some  four- 
teen localities.  This  will  be  suitably  illustrated  in  a  future  com- 
munication, as  the  space  on  my  plates  does  not  allow  figuring  at 
this  time. 

Section  HEMIPHJSDUSA  Bttg. 
(Group  of  C.  validiuscula. ) 
Clausilia  Nolani  n.  sp.    PI.  XXV,  figs.  19,  20,  21. 

Shel)  rimate,  fusiform,  attenuated  above,  solid,  of  a  dark- 
brown  color;  distinctly  but  finelt  striate.  Whorls  10,  moderately 
convex,  separated  by  impressed  sutures,  the  outlines  of  the  spire 
somewhat  concave  above;  last  whorl  a  little  compressed.  Aper- 
ture squarish-ovate,  hardly  oblique;  sinulus  short,  retracted; 
peristonie  brownish,  expanded,  subreflexed  and  thickened,  contin- 
uous and  free  above,  and  slightly  or  not  emarginate  there.  Supe- 
rior lamella  somewhat  oblique,  very  widely  separated  from  the  spiral 
lamella,  attaining  the  margin.  Inferior  lamella  scarcely  emerg- 
ing, but  slightly  visible  from  in  front,  bifurcate  and  straightened 


680  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ACADEMY   OF  [1900. 

within.  Subcolumellar  lamella  not  emerging.  Principal  plica 
strong,  visible  within  the  aperture,  where  it  even  approaches  the 
lip,  extending  inward  but  slightly  beyond  the  palatal  plicae. 
Palatal  plicae  two,  parallel,  rather  long,  diverging  from  the  prin- 
cipal plica  anteriorly,  and  nearly  ventral  in  position.  No  lunella. 

Alt.  15.5,  diam.  3.5,  longest  a,xis  of  aperture  4  mm. 

Fukura,  Awaji  Island  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

This  species  has  much  the  form  and  color  of  the  otherwise  very 
different  C.  aurantiaca.  It  differs  from  C.  caryostoma  Mlldff.  in 
having  no  punctiform  plica  between  the  two  palatals,  and  in 
having  the  superior  lamella  very  widely  separated  from  the  spiral 
lamella ;  from  C.  inter  lamellar  is  v.  Mart,  in  the  wholly  immersed 
Subcolumellar  lamella,  disconnected  superior  and  spiral  lamellae, 
and  in  having  two,  not  four,  palatal  plicae.  C.  gracilispira  Mlldff. , 
described  from  Kobe,  differs  in  being  smaller,  with  three  palatal 
plicae,  and  continuous  superior  and  spiral  lamellae.  C.  validiuscula 
var.  bilamellata  Bttg.,  of  Kiusiu,  has  three  palatal  plicae  and  is  a 
larger  shell.  t. 

The  wide  hiatus  between  the  superior   lamella  and   the   spiral 
lamella  is  characteristic  of  this  species,  which  is  named  in  honor 
of   the  editor   of    the  Proceedings  of    the  Academy  of    Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 
Clausilia  tosana  n.  sp.    PI.  XXV,  figs.  22,  23,  24,  25,  41. 

Shell  small,  slender,  fusiform,  solid,  distinctly  attenuated  and 
with  concave  outlines  above;  light  brown;  finely,  rather  irregu- 
larly striate.  Whorls  9  to  10J,  the  upper  ones  convex,  last  three 
less  so,  the  last  whorl  compressed,  tapering,  becoming  free  for  a 
short  distance  in  front  (like  a  "  Cylindrella  ").  Aperture  slightly 
oblique,  pyriform,  the  sinulus  a  little  retracted;  peristome  con- 
tinuous, expanded,  somewhat  refiexed,  thickened  and  white. 
Superior  lamella  small  and  rather  low,  oblique,  attaining  the  mar- 
gin, continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella,  though  there  is  a  depres- 
sion at  their  junction.  Inferior  lamella  not  emerging,  hardly  visi- 
ble in  a  front  view,  but  seen  to  be  strong  when  viewed  obliquely ; 
inside  it  ascends  almost  vertically,  and  is  stouter  below.  Sub- 
columellar lamella  very  deeply  immersed.  Inside  the  spiral  and 
Subcolumellar  lamellae  terminate  on  the  ventral  side  and  are  of 
about  equal  length,  while  the  inferior  lamella  is  slightly  shorter. 
Principal  plica  strong,  visible  within  the  aperture,  ascending  to  a 


1900.]  NATURAL    SCIENCES    OF    rHILADELIMI  I  A.  681 

lateral  position.  Palatal  plicje  lateral,  the  upper  rather  long  and 
curved  down  at  its  outer  end,  lower  plica  shorter  but  well  devel- 
oped, two  small,  short,  contiguous  plicai  (or  sometimes  one  plica) 
midway  between  them.  Clausilium  rather  long,  with  parallel 
sides  and  thin  rounded  apex ;  posterior  end  tapering  (PL  XXV, 
fig.  41). 

Length  12.2,  diam.  2.5  mm. 

Length  10.5,  diam.  2.5  mm. 

Ushirohawa,  Tosa,  Shikoku  Island  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  This 
little  species  differs  notably  from  the  allied  C.  caryostoma  and 
C.  gradlispira  in  the  produced  last  whorl,  the  aperture  standing 
out  somewhat  like  that  of  a  Diaphora  or  Urocoptis,  though  only 
shortly.  The  spire  is  more  attenuated  than  in  those  species.  It 
is  very  solid  and  strong  for  so  small  a  Clausilia.  The  specimens 
vary  a  good  deal  in  size.  Types  are  No.  79,320  coll.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sciences,  from  No.  550  of  Mr.  Hirase' s  register. 

(Group  of  C.  aurantiaca.*) 
Clausilia  shikokuensis  n.  sp.    PI.  XXV.  figs.  30,  31,  32. 

Shell  rimate,  fusiform,  somewhat  inflated,  attenuated  and  with 
concave  outlines  above;  solid;  of  a  rather  bright  orange-brown 
color;  finely,  rather  obsoletely  striated,  the  last  whorl  more 
strongly  and  sharply  so.  Whorls  about  10J,  moderately  convex, 
separated  by  impressed  sutures,  the  last  whorl  compressed  laterally, 
shortly  solute.  Aperture  ovate,  somewhat  oblique,  the  sinulus 
rather  high  and  retracted ;  peristome  orange-brown,  reflexed  and 
thickened,  continuous,  slightly  emarginate  above.  Superior 
lamella  somewhat  oblique,  rather  strong,  continuous  with  the  spiral 
lamella.  Inferior  lamella  scarcely  emerging,  inconspicuous  in 
the  front  view,  but  becoming  strong  and  thickened  within;  viewed 
obliquely  from  below  it  is  seen  to  be  distinctly  bifurcate.  Sub- 
columellar  lamella  not  emerging,  invisible  from  in  front,  but  seen 
in  an  oblique  view.  Principal  plica  visible  within  the  mouth, 
extending  inward  a  little  beyond  the  lunella.  Lunella  lateral, 
well  curved,  especially  above,  where  it  is  continued  backward  in 
and  quite  united  with  the  anterior  end  of  a  short  upper  palatal 
fold,  being  thus  somewhat  irregularly  bow-shaped.  Clausilium 
narrow,  tongue-like. 

Alt.  16,  diam.  3.8,  longest  axis  of  aperture  3.5  mm. 


682  PKOCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [1900. 

Ushirohawa,    prov.    Tosa,   Shikoku   Island    (Mr.    Y.   Hirase). 

This  species  seems  most  nearly  allied  to  C.  ignobilis  Sykes  and 
C.  subaurantiaca  Pils.  The  former  species,  also  from  Shikoku 
Island,  differs  in  the  emerging  inferior  and  subcolumellar  lamellse; 
is  rather  less  attenuated  above,  judging  by  the  figure,  but  is  of 
about  the  same  size.1  C.  subaurantiaca  is  a  more  slender,  smoother 
species,  in  which  the  straighter  lunella  is  united  with  the  middle 
of  the  upper  palatal  plica.  In  C.  aurantiaca  Bttg.  the  lunella 
is  I-shaped,  and  ventral  in  position,  quite  unlike  the  bow-like  and 
lateral  lunella  of  C.  shikokuensis. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 

(Figs.  2,  5,  8,  10,  14,  20,  23,  24.  31  are  natural  size ;  the  others  enlarged.) 

PLATE  XXIV. 

Figs.  1,     2,     3.  Clausilia  (Euphcedusa)  comes  n.  sp. 

Figs.  4,     5,     6.  Clausilia  (Euphcsdusa)  monelasmus  n.  sp. 

Figs.  7,     8,     9.  Clausilia  (section  ?)  iotaptyx  n.  sp. 

Figs.  10,  11,  12.  Clausilia  (Tyrannophcedusa)  Mikado  n.  sp. 

Figs.  13,  14,  15.  Clausilia  (Stereophcedusa)  hondana  n.  sp.,  type. 

Figs.  16,      17.  Clausilia    (Stereophcedusa)    hondana   varieties, 

prov.  Suruga. 

Fig.  18.  Clausilia  (Stereophcedusa*)  hondana  variety,  Bo- 

shiu. 

• 

PLATE  XXV. 

Figs.  19,  20,  21.    Clausilia  (Hemiphcedusa)  Nolani  n.  sp. 

Figs. 22, 23, 24, 25.  Clausilia  (Hemiphcedusa)  tosana  n.  sp. 

Figs.      26,      28.    Clausilia  monelasmus.   Inner  view  of  clausilium. 

Fig.  27.  Clausilia  monelasmus.  Columellar  view  of  clau- 

silium. 

Fig.  29.  Clausilia  monelasmus.  Outer  and  basal  view  of 

clausilium. 

Figs.  30,  31,  32.    Clausilia  (Hemiphcedusa)  shikokuensis  n.  sp. 

Figs.  33,  34.  Clausilia  (Zaptyx)  Hirasei  Pils.  Clausilium 
in  profile  from  palatal  side,  and  view  of  inside. 

1  In  the  figure  of  C.  ignobilis,  Proc.  Malac.  Soc.  Lond. ,  I,  p.  262,  fig.  5, 
the  lunella  is  represented  as  connected  with  the  plica  principalis.  Such  a 
structure  would  be  unique  in  Japanese  Hemiphcedusce,  but  I  think  it  is 
probably  an  error  of  the  artist,  and  no  such  connection  really  exists. 


1900.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  683 

Figs.      35.      36.    Clausilia   (Euphcedusa)    comes.   Inner  views  of 

the  clausilium. 
Fig.  37.    Chnmlia     (Tyrannophcedusa)     Mikado.      Inner 

view  of  the  clausilium. 

Fig.  38.    Clausilia    (Tyrannophcedusa)    Mikado.     Clau- 

silium from  columellar  side. 
Fig.  39.    Clausilia    (Tijrannophcedusa)    Mikado.     Chm- 

silium  from  outside. 
Fig.  40.    Clausilia  (section  ?)  iotaptyx.     Clausilium  from 

inside. 
Fig.  41.    Clausilia    (ffemiphoedusa)    tosana.     Clausilium 

from  inside. 
Fig.  42.    Clausilia  (Stereophcedusa')  hondana.    Clausilium 

from  columellar  side. 
Figs.       43,      44.    Clausilia  (Stereophcedusa')  hondana.    Clausilium 

from  inside. 


684  PKOCEEDINGS   OF   THE    ACADEMY    OF  [1900. 

NOVEMBER  6. 

Mr.  CHARLES  MORRIS  in  the  Chair. 
Fifteen  persons  present. 

NOVEMBER  13. 

The  President,  SAMUEL  G.  DIXON,  M.D.,  in  the  Chair." 
Thirty -three  persons  present. 

DR.  HENRY   SKINNER   made   a   communication   on  protective 
resemblances  in  insects.      (No  abstract. ) 


NOVEMBER  20. 
The  President,  SAMUEL  G.  DIXON,  M.D.,  in  the  Chair. 

Thirty-seven  persons  present. 

Papers  under  the  following  titles  were  presented  for  publication : 

"  A  Review  of  the  Genera  and  Species  of  American  Snakes, 
North  of  Mexico,"  by  Arthur  Erwin  Brown. 

"  Osteology  of  the  Psittaci,"  by  Dr.  R.  W.  Shufeldt. 

A  paper  by  Miss  CAROLINE  A.  BURGIN  on  the  edible  and  poi- 
sonous mushrooms  of  the  neighborhood  was  read  by  Dr.  A.  W. 
Miller.  (No  abstract. ) 


NOVEMBER  27. 

The  President,  SAMUEL  G.  DIXON,  M.  D. ,  in  the  Chair. 
Sixty -nine  persons  present. 

A  paper  entitled  "  Notes  on  a  Geological  Section  from  Iguala 
to  San  Miguel  de  Totolapa,  State  of  Guerrero,  Mexico,"  by 
Charles  E.  Hall,  was  presented  for  publication. 

The  death  of  Otto  Staudinger,  a  correspondent,  was  announced. 

PROF.  OSCAR  C.  S.  CARTER  made  a  communication  on  the  petri- 
fied forest  and  cave-dwellings  of  Arizona.  (No  abstract. ) 

T.  Percival  Gerson,  M.  D. ,  was  elected  a  member. 

The  following  was  ordered  to  be  printed : 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA.  465 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE  JAPANESE  LAND  SNAIL  FAUNA,  IV, 
BY  HENRY  A.   PILSBRY. 

Iii  the  present  communication  the  description  of  Japanese 
Clausiliidie  is  continued,  and  that  of  the  Pupidce  begun.  The 
genesis  of  Balea-like  forms  in  Japan  is  considered  in  some  detail, 
together  with  various  other  divergent  branches  from  the  Euphsedu- 
soid  phylum. 

For  most  of  the  material  described  I  am  indebted  to  the  liber- 
ality of  Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  a  corresponding  member  of  this  Academy. 

Mr.  E.  R.  Sykes  also  has  entrusted  to  me  certain  specimens  col- 
lected in  Japan  by  Dr.  Hungerford,  many  years  ago,  representing 
species  described  but  not  figured  by  Dr.  O.  von  Mollendorff;  and 
I  have  included  herein  some  account  of  such  of  these  as  are  closely 
related  to  my  new  forms.  My  thanks  are  due  to  both  of  these 
co-workers  for  their  kind  assistance. 

Section  ZAPTYX  Pils. 
Proc.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  3900,  p.  672. 

This  strongly  differentiated  group  has  hitherto  been  known  from 
southern  Kiushiu  and  the  Loo  Choo  Islands  only ;  but  a  represen- 
tative has  now  been  found  to  the  north  and  east  in  an  island 
belonging  to  the  province  of  Izu.  I  have  attempted  below  to 
explain  its  presence  there. 

Typical  Clausilia  (Zaptyx')  Hirasei  occurs  at  Kagoshima,  the 
type  locality,  and  on  Sakura  Island  in  Kagoshima  Bay.  A  more 
slender  form,  of  a  richer,  darker  brown  color,  but  the  same  internal 
structure,  has  been  sent  by  Mr.  Hirase  (No.  557)  from  Kikai,1 
Osumi,  at  the  head  of  Kagoshima  Bay.  Many  specimens  are 
very  small,  length  1\  mm.,  but  others  reach  10  J  mm.  in  length. 
As  the  shell  is  quite  slender,  this  is  one  of  the  smallest  Clausilias 

1  In  Creating  of  Eulota  connivens,  Proc.  Malac.  Soc.  Lond.,  IV,  p.  77, 
Mr.  Gude  has  confused  this  locality  with  the  island  Kikai-ga-shima,  of  the 
Oshiraa  group,  south  of  Kiushiu.  This  island  is  in  the  Loo  Choo  group, 
broadly  speaking,  but  belongs  for  administrative  purposes  to  Kagoshima 
Ken  or  prefecture. 

30 


466  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [July, 

known,  as  well  as  one  of  the  most  complicated  in  internal  struc- 
ture. 

Clausilia  hachijoensis  n.  sp.    PI.  XXVII,  figs.  39,  40. 

Shell  fusiform,  rimate,  rather  thin,  of  a  dark,  rich  brown  color; 
rather  weakly  wrinkle-striate,  the  latter  part  of  the  last  whorl 
distinctly  and  sharply  striate.  Whorls  8  to  8J,  slightly  convex, 
the  apex  obtuse,  the  last  whorl  somewhat  flattened  laterally,  and 
gibbous  or  sack-like  below.  Aperture  trapezoidal-piriform,  the 
peristome  continuous,  brown,  narrowly  expanded  and  subre flexed. 
Superior  lamella  rather  small,  compressed,  vertical,  distant  from  the 
spiral  lamella.  Spiral  lamella  short,  lateral,  not  reaching  a  ventral 
position,  a  short  lamella  fulcrans  lying  parallel  to  it.  Inferior 
lamella  receding,  immersed,  visible  in  an  oblique  view  in  the  aper- 
ture, moderately  spiral  within;  subcolumellar  lamella  either  emerg- 
ing or  immersed.  Principal  plica  short  and  lateral,  one  or  two 
short  sutural  plicse  lying  above  it;  upper  palatal  plica  exceedingly 
short  and  joining  the  lunella.  Lunella  lateral,  rather  long  and 
straight. 

Clausilium  strongly  curved  throughout,  the  apex  rounded, 
straightened  or  slightly  emarginate  on  the  palatal  side,  near  the 
apex. 

Length  10,  diam.  2J  to  2J  mm. 

Bachijo  (or  Hachijo)  Island,  prov.  Izu  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No. 
688). 

This  species  is  aboul  the  size  of  the  largest  specimens  of  C. 
Hirasei  and  C.  hyperoptyx,  but  is  a  trifle  wider.  It  differs  from 
both  in  wanting  a  parallel  lamella,  and  the  upper  palatal  plica  i& 
extremely  short,  a  mere  dilation  of  the  upper  end  of  the  lunella. 
In  C.  Hirasei  it  stands  free  of  the  lunella,  and  in  C.  hyperoptyx  is 
united  with  it  and  is  much  longer.  The  principal  plica  is  shorter 
than  in  the  other  two  species.  The  clausilium  is  much  more 
curved  than  in  either  of  these  species,  and  its  apical  end  has  a 
somewhat  different  shape. 

The  specimens  were  sent  with  C.  Tryoni,  an  Euphcedusa  much 
resembling  this  species  in  size  and  color. 

Bachijo  or,  as  most  charts  spell  it,  Hachijo  (or  sometimes 
Fatsizio)  Island  lies  in  the  Pacific  just  above  the  33d  parallel  N. 
lat.,  and  near  140°  E.  long.  It  is  somewhat  over  100  miles  from 
the  nearest  mainland,  and  is  about  twenty-one  miles  long  by  seven 


1901.]  NATURAL    SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  467 

and  a  half  wide.  A  chain  of  islets  reaches  northward  to  the 
Sagami  Sea;  but  I  am  disposed  to  believe  that  its  molluscan  fauna 
has  been  derived  chiefly  from  the  islands  south  of  Kiushiu  by  means 
of  drift,  as  it  lies  directly  in  the  Kuro  Shi  wo,  or  "  Black  Current," 
and  Z<iptij.v,  the  group  to  which  C.  Hachijoensis  belongs,  is  dis- 
tinctly a  southern  group,  unknown  in  Hondo  Island.  Small  islets 
at  wide  intervals  are  scattered  down  to  the  Bonin  (Ogasawara) 
group,  but  they  rise  from  a  submarine  ridge  in  the  sea  bed  between 
1,000  and  2,000  fathoms  depth. 

The  two  species  of  Clausilia  here  described  and  Clausilia 
(Reinid)  variegata  var.  nesiotica  Pils.  are  the  first  land  shells 
known  from  the  island. 

Section  EUPH^EDUSA  Bottger. 
Clausilia  Tryoni  n.  sp.    PI.  XXV,  figs.  1,  2,  3. 

Shell  small,  rimate,  thin,  fusiform,  dark  purplish  brown,  glossy, 
finely  striatulate,  the  last  whorl  more  coarsely  rib-striate.  Whorls 
8,  rather  convex,  the  apex  obtuse,  next  three  or  four  whorls 
attenuated,  the  last  whorl  flattened  on  its  last  half.  Aperture 
piriform,  the  peristome  rather  thin,  narrowly  expanded  and  subre- 
flexed,  continuous,  adnate  or  very  shortly  free  above,  deeply  emar- 
ginate  at  the  position  of  the  superior  lamella.  Superior  lamella 
thin  but  high,  continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella.  Inferior  lamella 
rather  small,  weak  below,  though  emerging  nearly  to  the  lip-edge, 
rather  abruptly  becoming  stronger  and  converging  toward  the 
superior  lamella  within,  strongly  spiral.  Subcolumellar  lamella 
emerging.  Principal  plica  short,  its  lower  end  visible  from  the 
aperture,  deep  within  the  throat,  the  other  end  extending  past  the 
palatal  plicre  to  a  lateral  position.  Upper  and  lower  palatal  plicae 
small,  oblique  and  parallel,  lateral  in  position,  the  lower  one 
smaller.  There  is  no  trace  of  a  lunella.  The  inferior  and  spiral 
lamellae  are  of  equal  length  within,  and  reach  to  the  middle  of  the 
ventral  side. 

The  clausilium  is  broad,  strongly  curved,  a  little  pointed  or 
tapering  toward  the  apex,  and  very  slightly  thickened  there. 

Length  11^,  diam.  3  mm. 

Bachijo  (Hachijo)  Island,  prov.  Izu  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No. 
638). 

This  pretty  little  Eaphcedusa  was  sent  with  Clausilia  (Zaptyx) 


468  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  (.July, 

hachijoensis,  which  it  resembles  in  size  and  color.  It  will  be 
known  by  the  unusually  strong  superior  lamella,  emerging  sub- 
columellar  lamella  and  total  absence  of  a  lunella,  the  two  palatal 
folds  being  small,  remote  and  parallel.  The  clausilium  though 
wide  is  a  little  tapering  below,  and  less  thickened  at  the  apex  than 
in  most  of  the  related  species. 

There  is  some  variation  in  sculpture,  one  specimen  being  densely 
and  rather  sharply  striate,  while  the  others  are  smoother. 

Group  of  C.  Hungerfordiana. 

Shell  with  the  ordinary  slender  contour  and  piriform  aperture  of 
Euphcedusa.  Superior  lamella  wanting,  or  represented  merely  by 
a  slight  thickening  of  the  lip-edge.  Inferior  lamella  rather 
strongly  developed.  Lunella  subobsolete  or  wanting;  palatal  plicae 
2;  the  principal  plica  short.  Shell  usually  variegated  with  white 
streaks. 

This  new  ' '  Formenkreis  ' '  contains  two  species,  both  Japanese. 

Clausilia  Hungerfordiana  Mlldff.    PI.  XXV,  fig.  4. 

Von   Mollendorff,  Journ.  Asiatic  Soc.  of  Bengal,  LI,  Pfc.  2,  No.  1,  p. 
2,  PI.  1,  fig.  1  (July,  1882). 

The  specimen  figured  is  from  Hungerford's  collection,  and  is 
now  in  that  of  Mr.  E.  R.  Sykes.  It  is  slender,  thin,  conspicu- 
ously streaked  and  maculate  with  buff-white  on  a  brown  ground.  It 
is  finely,  rather  irregularly  striatulate,  the  striae  becoming  coarser 
and  distinct  on  the  back  of  the  last  whorl.  The  superior  lamella 
is  represented  by  a  slight  thickening  of  the  lip-margin.  Inferior 
lamella  strong.  Subcolumellar  lamella  very  deeply  immersed. 
The  lather  short  principal  plica  is  lateral,  the  lunella  subobsolete, 
upper  and  lower  palatal  plicae  being  developed. 

Length  12,  diam.  2.5  mm. 

Nara,  Yamato. 

Thus  far  known  from  the  type  locality  only,  a  town  lying  east 
from  Osaka,  in  northern  Yamato. 

Clausilia  monelasmus  Pils.    Pi.  XXVII,  fig.  5. 

Pilsbry,  Proc.  A.  N.  S.  Phila.,  1900,  p.  674,  PL  24,  figs.  4-6  ;  PI.  25, 
figs.  26-29. 

J*  The  specimen  here  figured  has  the  inferior  lamella  more  receding 
than  in  the  type,  and  the  shell  is  variegated  with  white. 

It  is  evident  that  this  is  a  northern  species  very  closely  related 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  469 

to  C.  Hwigeffordiana,  from  which  it  differs  in  being  smaller  and 
more  graceful,  decidedly  more  attenuated  above,  with  much 
stronger  striation.  There  is  no  trace  of  a  lunella.  It  is  from 
Hokkaido  Island,  while  C.  Hungerfordiana  is  from  southeastern 
Hondo.  Perhaps  northern  Hondo  will  supply  specimens  of  inter- 
mediate character. 

The  shell  figured  is  10  mm.  long. 

Group  of  C.  euholostoma. 

Shell  shorter  than  in  normal  Euphcedusce,  the  whorls  reduced  to 
7-7^;  aperture  broad,  squarish-oval,  scarcely  narrower  above  than 
below;  peristome  continuous,  the  broadly  arched  parietal  margin 
in  part  adnate,  though  distinct.  No  superior  lamella.  Inferior 
lamella  strong;  spiral  lamella  and  principal  plica  very  short;  no 
lunella;  upper  and  lower  palatal  plicae  developed.  Clausilium 
Euphiedusoid. 

The  single  species  of  this  group  approaches  Reinia  in  contour, 
but,  like  the  preceding  group,  the  superior  lamella  is  obsolete  and 
the  inferior  lamella  strong. 

Clausilia  euholostoma  Pils.    PI.  XXV,  figs.  6,  7,  8. 

Pilsbry,  Nautilus,  XIV,  p.  108  (January  1,  1901). 

Shell  rimate,  slenderly  pupiform,  brown,  finely  striate.  Apex 
rather  acute;  spire  rapidly  tapering  above;  whorls  7-7 £,  quite 
convex,  the  last  two  forming  much  more  than  half  the  shell's 
length,  and  of  about  equal  diameter.  Aperture  of  a  broad, 
squarish-oval  form,  scarcely  narrower  above  than  below;  peristome 
white,  reflexed,  continuous,  the  strong  parietal  margin  arcuate  and 
in  part  adnate.  Superior  lamella  wanting.  Spiral  lamella  reduced 
to  a  short  plate  deeply  immersed,  developed  in  a  lateral  position. 
Inferior  lamella  appearing  in  a  front  view  as  a  strong  triangular 
plate,  strongly  spiral  within.  Subcolumellar  lamella  very  deeply 
immersed.  Principal  plica  reduced  to  a  short  fold,  lateral  in  posi- 
tion and  about  twice  as  long  as  the  small  upper  and  lower  palatal 
plicfe.  No  lunella.  Clausilium  very  similar  to  that  of  C.  comes,* 
but  the  palatal  margin  is  more  straightened  near  the  apex,  and  the 
columellar  margin  is  more  strongly  notched  near  the  filament. 

Length  8.6,  diam.  2.4  mm.;  length  of  aperture  2.3  mm. 

Length  7.3,  diam.  2.2  mm. ;  length  of  aperture  2  mm. 

2  See  these  Proceedings  for  1900,  PI.  XXV,  figs.  35,  36. 


470  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ACADEMY    OF  [July, 

Mikuriya,  prov.  Suruga  (Y.  Hirase).  Types  No.  79,724  Coll. 
A.  K  S.  P.,  No.  563  of  Mr.  Hirase' s  collection. 

This  species  i&  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  modifications  of  the 
Euphsedusan  stock  yet  known.  The  large  aperture  resembles  in 
form  that  of  no  other  Clausilia  known  to  me,  and  shows  but  one 
lamella,  the  inferior;  the  superior  lamella  being  wholly  atrophied, 
and  the  spiral  lamella  and  principal  plica  reduced  to  short  laminae 
in  the  region  where  the  clausilium  lodges.  There  is  no  trace  of  a 
lunella.  The  clausilium  remains  well  developed,  is  slightly  thick- 
ened distally,  and  has  all  the  characters  of  that  of  Euphcedusa. 

In  the  strong  development  of  the  inferior  lamella,  C.  euholostoma 
resembles  C.  Hungerfordiana  Mlldff.  and  C.  monelasmus  Pils., 
which  are  likewise  deficient  in  the  superior  lamella.  C.  euholo- 
stoma agrees  with  the  typical  forms  of  Reinia  in  having  the  aper- 
ture wide  above,  not  piriform  as  in  the  group  of  C.  Hunger- 
fordiana.  It  is  intermediate  between  the  two  groups  in  number 
of  whorls  and  in  general  contour. 

Section  EEINIA  Kobelt. 

Reinia  Kob.,  Jahrb.  d.  D.  Malak.  Ges.,  Ill,  1876,  p.  34,  proposed  as  a 
section  of  Balea  ;  type  Balea  variegata  A.  Ad. 

The  type  of  Reinia  is  a  small  tapering -pupoid  species,  with 
discontinuous  peristome,  the  aperture  being  Buliminoid,  deficient  in 
lamellae  and  without  plicae,  lunella  or  clausilium.  It  was  included 
by  Bottger  next  to  Balea ;  but  that  group  as  usually  constituted 
consists  of  no  less  than  three  series  of  species,  each  totally  dis- 
tinct and  unrelated. 

It  was  Dr.  O.  von  Mollendorff  who  with  keen  insight  first 
pointed  out  the  fundamental  distinction  between  Balea  and 
Reinia.3  He  recognized  in  the  Chinese  C.  eastlalceana  a  less 
modified  form  of  Reinia,  and  after  discussing  the  characters  of  the 
group,  declared  it  to  be  related  to  the  eastern  Asiatic  group 
Phcedusa.  The  relation  of  Reinia  to  Phcedusa,  von  Mollendorff 
further  held,  is  comparable  to  that  of  Alopia  to  the  true  Clausilia 
of  Europe:  "  Phylogenetisch  diirfte  Reinia  als  der  lebende  Eest 
der  Vorfahren  der  heutigen  Phcedusa- Arcen  aufzufassen  sein,  wie 

3  Jahrb.  d.  D.  Malak.  Ges.,  X,  p.  262-265,  1833,  under  description  of  C. 
eastlakeana,  a  species  from  Fu-dshow,  on  the  island  Nan-tai,  province  of 
Fu-dshien,  southern  China. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  471 

die  Baleo-Clausilien  die  direkten  nachkommen  des  Prototyps  der 
Europiiischen  Clausilien  sind."4 

The  conclusion  that  Eeinia  stands  in  close  relationship  with 
Phcedusa,  and  has  nothing  to  do  with  Balea,  was  forced  upon 
me  by  the  study  of  a  series  of  Japanese  species,  before  I  knew 
that  von  Mollendorff,  nearly  twenty  years  ago,  had  been  led  to 
the  same  result  by  the  structure  of  a  Chinese  form.  Only  in  one 
point  of  view  the  data  before  me  seem  to  modify  the  ideas  of  the 
Oerman  savant:  the  Japanese  series  establishes  such  a  connection 
between  Eeinia  and  Euphcedusa  that  the  descent  of  the  former 
from  the  latter  is  strongly  indicated.  Eeinia  is  not  a  primitive 
P/icedusa,  but  a  degenerate  one.  I  regard  Eeinia  variegata  as  the 
secondarily  simplified  end  of  a  series  leading  from  typically 
Euphsedusoid  ancestors,  just  as  Balea  perversa  is  a  secondarily  sim- 
plified, and  not  a  primitive,  Clausilia.  The  east  Asiatic  series 
leads  from  forms  with  many  whorls,  well-developed  clausilium, 
lamelke  and  folds,  and  continuous  peristome,  to  those  with  few 
whorls,  no  clausilium,  the  lamellae  and  plicae  reduced  and  in  part 
lost,  and  the  peristome  adnate  above  and  finally  interrupted. 
Bottger  has  demonstrated  that  the  older  tertiary  Clausiliidaz  of 
Europe  had  a  narrow  clausilium  and  the  superior  lamella  was 
continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella;  the  widening  of  the  clausilium 
and  separation  of  the  superior  and  spiral  lamellae  being  modern 
characters.  Now  Eeinia  and  its  nearest  allies  have  the  spiral 
and  superior  lamellae  interrupted,  and  the  clausilium  when  devel- 
oped is  of  the  very  broad  type.  These  considerations  seem  to 
render  the  hypothesis  that  Eeinia  is  a  primitive  Phcedusa  quite 
inadmissible. 

The   chief    characters  of   Eeinia  and  the  Euphsedusoid  forms 
leading  toward  it,  are  stated  in  the  following  table : 

4  L,  c.,  p.  265. 


472 


PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF 


[July, 


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1901.] 


NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA. 


473 


The  interrelations  of  the  above  species  are  further  illustrated  in 
the  following  diagram,  the  median  portion  of  which  shows  the 
probable  phylogeny  of  the  forms  under  consideration : 


variegata 


[  No  clansilinm  or 
palatal  plicae. 


r    Peristome    ! 

incomplete  1 

Aperture 

•  -i 

WICIG 

above. 

t  Eastlakeana  — 

Peristome    C 

complete,    •< 

—  euholostoma 

no  sup.  lam.   ( 

Clausilium  and 

f  No  superior  f 
lamella.      \ 

monelasmus 
—  Hungerfordiana 

palatal  plicae  de 
veloped. 

Aperture     1 

piriform.     1  Superior  la-  f 
mellade-    \                   j^0^1 

_  i         /i          j                         JjjUptlCBQjUSOi 

L     veiopea.       ^ 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  table  and  diagram  that  no  sharp  line 
can  be  drawn  between  Reinia  and  Euphcedusa.  The  number  of 
whorls  varies,  by  easy  stages;  the  form  of  the  aperture  is  not  cor- 
related with  other  characters;  and  upon  the  whole,  it  is  obvious 
that  we  have  to  deal  with  forms  in  various  stages  of  change  and  of 
degeneration  of  the  closing- apparatus,  from  an  Euphsedusoid  ances- 
tor. In  fact,  it  is  not  quite  certain  that  they  had  a  single  common 
progenitor;  they  may  be  descendants  from  three  species  of  Euphce- 
dusa ;  but  however  this  may  be,  it  is  obvious  that  the  original 
stock,  whether  one  or  three,  belonged  to  the  aeulus  group  of 
Euphcedusa;  and  some  apparently  trivial  features  of  the  whole 
series,  such  as  the  peculiar  coloration,  give  me  reason  to  believe 
that  the  phylogeny  indicated  above  is  not  far  wrong. 

Clausilia  (Reinia)  variegata  (A.  Ad.).    PI.  XXV,  figs.  11, 12. 

Balea  variegata  A.  Adams,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (ser.  4),  I,  p. 
469  (1868);  Kobelt,  Fauna  Jap.,  p.  63,  PI.  9,  fig.  20  (1879)  ;  Mar- 
tens, Sitzungsber.  Ges.  Naturforsch.  Freunde  zu  Berlin,  1877,  p.  105. 

The  shell  is  sinistral,  rimate,  thin,  tapering-pupiform,  the  last 
whorl  widest;  streaked  with  opaque  buff  on  an  olivaceous  or 
brownish  corneous  ground,  and  more  or  less  marked  with  spiral 
lines  of  the  darker  color.  The  surface  is  irregular  striatulate,  the 
last  half  of  the  last  whorl  being  striate.  Whorls  6,  convex  and 
regularly  increasing.  The  aperture  is  broadly  ovate,  with  white. 


474  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [July, 

reflexed  peristome;  the  right  and  left  margins  scarcely  converging 
above,  widely  separated,  connected  by  a  thin,  adnate  parietal 
callus.  The  superior  lamella  is  minute,  short  and  removed  from 
the  edge  of  the  parietal  callus.  It  is  widely  separated  from  the 
rather  short,  spiral  lamella.  Inferior  lamella  receding,  small, 
becoming  higher  inside,  extending  to  a  dorsal  position.  Sub- 
columellar  lamella  very  deeply  immersed,  a  long  pit  between  it 
&nd  the  inferior  lamella.  There  are  no  plicae.  Clausilium  want- 
ing. Length  8.3,  diam.  above  aperture  2.6,  length  of  aperture 
2.8  mm. 

Tago  (A.  Adams)  (Tako,  in  western  Shikoku,  province  of 
lyo) ;  Uweno,  near  Tokyo,  and  Ujeno  (Hilgendorf ) ;  Tokyo 
(Donitz);  Takasaki,  prov.  Kozuke  (Y.  Hirase,  No.  525). 

This  species  was  found  by  Hilgendorf  under  the  bark  of  trees, 
by  Donitz  in  hollow  trees.  It  is  viviparous,  one  specimen  I 
opened  containing  a  young  shell. 

Clausilia  Eastlakeana  Mlldff.,  of  which  I  have  specimens  from 
the  original  locality,  is  undoubtedly  nearer  variegata  than  any 
Japanese,  species,  having  the  same  discontinuous  peristome;  but  it 
has  longer,  stronger  lamellae,  palatal  plicae  and  an  Euphaedusoid 
clausilium. 
Clausilia  (Beinia)  variegata  var.  nesiotioa  nov.  PI.  XXV,  figs.  9, 10. 

Whorls  6^;  striation  stronger  than  in  variegata,  the  last  whorl 
with  fine  incised  spiral  striae.  Inferior  and  spiral  lamellae  de- 
cidedly more  strongly  developed. 

Length  8.3-9.5,  diam.  2.7  mm. 

Hachijo  Island,  off  Izu  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  5256). 

This  insular  race  has  slightly  less  degenerate  lamellae  than  the 
typical  form  from  Hondo.  Some  specimens  from  the  outlying 
Ogasawara  (Bonin)  Islands,  Mr.  Hirase' s  No.  469,  apparently 
belong"  here,  though  as  only  young  ones  have  been  received,  I  am 
not  certain  of  them. 

Section  TYRANNOPH^DUSA  Pilsbry. 

This  section  is  not  allied  to  Euphcedusa,  as  I  formerly  supposed, 
but  to  Hemiphcedusa,  with  which  it  agrees  in  the  receding  inferior 
lamella,  straightly  ascending  within,  and  remote  from  the  superior 
lamella.  Whether  it  will  stand  as  a  separate  section,  or  become  a 
subordinate  group  of  Hemiphcedusa,  depends  upon  the  emphasis 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  475 

placed  upon  the  different  form  of  the  clausilium.  Hemiphcedusa 
now  comprises  various  shell- forms,  especially  among  Chinese 
species,  and  will  probably  require  to  be  more  or  less  subdivided. 

As  the  figure  of  C.  mikado  Pi  Is.  was  on  too  small  a  scale  to 
show  the  form  of  the  spire  well,  I  give  here  an  enlarged  outline, 
PI.  XXVII,  fig.  35. 

•Clausilia  iotaptyx  Pilsbry.    PI.  XXVII,  fig.  38. 
These  Proceedings  for  1900,  p.  674. 

The  reference  to  plate  in  my  former  paper  should  read  PL 
XXIV,  not  "  PI.  XXV."  In  the  description,  p.  675,  eighth 
line  from  top,  the  lunella  was  stated  to  be  "  lateral,"  whereas  it 
is,  in  fact,  nearly  ventral.  The  same  correction  should  be  made  in 
the  third  line  from  bottom  of  same  page. 

The  systematic  position  of  this  species  was  left  in  doubt  in  my 
former  paper;  but  further  study  inclines  me  to  place  a  good  deal 
of  weight  upon  the  characters  of  the  clausilium  in  deciding  on  the 
classification  of  any  Phsedusoid  species;  and  this  would  throw 
C.  iotaptyx  into  my  section  Tyrannophcedusa.  The  definition  of 
that  group  must  then  be  extended  to  include  species  with  fewer 
whorls,  but  having  the  same  type  of  closing  apparatus.  As  in  C. 
mikado,  the  upper  half  of  the  shell  is  attenuated. 

Clausilia  iotaptyx,  var.  clava  Pilsbry.    PI.  XXVII,  figs.  36,  37. 
Pilsbry,  Nautilus,  XIV,  p.  108  (January,  1901). 

Much  smaller  than  C.  iotaptyx,  but  similar  in  form;  whorls 
llJj-12,  the  first  globose,  following  7  or  8  attenuated,  last  3  swol- 
len and  forming  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell,  the  last 
whorl  tapering  below,  impressed  at  the  position  of  the  principal 
plica,  more  or  less  distinctly  ridged 'behind  a  wide  shallow  constric- 
tion behind  the  lip.  Finely  striate  where  not  eroded;  whitish  or 
dirty  buff,  and  lustreless.  Aperture  as  in  C.  iotaptyx,  but  the 
subcolumellar  lamella  is  sometimes  wholly  immersed.  Closing 
apparatus  more  lateral  than  in  iotaptyx,  the  upper  palatal  plica 
strong  but  short,  lower  plica  shorter,  connected  with  a  rudimen- 
tary, straight  lunella,  which  does  not  reach  the  upper  palatal  fold. 

Alt.  12,  diam.  2.8  mm. 

Alt.  11.5,  diam.  2.5  mm. 

Senzan,  Awaji  Island  (Y.  Hirase).  Types  No.  79,723  Coll. 
A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  292  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 


476  PROCEEDINGS   OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [July, 

This  insular  subspecies  has  one-half  to  one  whorl  more  than  the 
typical  form  from  Omi  province,  although  it  is  much  smaller;  the 
spire  is  somewhat  more  slender,  and  the  lunella  is  comparatively 
degenerate. 

Section  HEMIPH^DUSA  Bttg. 

Group  of  C.  validiuseula. 
Clausilia  gracilispira  Mlldff.    PI.  XXVII,  figs.  27-34. 

Von   Mollendorff,  Journ.  Asiatic  Soc.'  of  Bengal,  LI,  Pt.  2,  No.  1,  p. 
5,  PI.  1,  fig.  3  (July,  1882);  LIV,  Pt.  2,  No.  1,  p.  63  (1885). 

Two  specimens  labeled  as  this  species  were  transmitted  to  me 
by  Mr.  E.  K..  Sykes.  They  formed  part  of  Brigade -Surgeon 
Hungerford's  collection,  and  were  taken  by  him  near  Kobi, 
Japan,  about  twenty  years  ago. 

One  of  the  specimens  is  slightly  stouter  and  reddish,  'the  other 
more  slender  and  pale  yellowish  green.  I  shall  refer  to  them  as 
the  reddish  and  the  green  examples. 

The  green  specimen  (PI.  XXVII,  figs.  27-29)  is  slender,  much 
attenuated  above,  and  has  9J  convex  whorls.  It  is  rather  strongly, 
regularly  striate.  The  last  whorl  is  somewhat  cylindric,  and  on 
its  last  half  the  space  above  the  position  of  the  principal  plica  is 
distinctly  swollen.  The  aperture  is  decidedly  oblique  and  ovate;  and 
from  its  obliquity  appears  abnormally  short  in  the  figures,  from 
being  foreshortened.  The  peristome  is  rather  widely  reflexed, 
shortly  free,  a  little  emarginate  above,  and  viewed  from  the  base, 
it  is  seen  to  be  distinctly  notched  to  the  right  of  the  superior  lamella. 
The  superior  lamella  is  marginal  and  slightly  projecting,  rather 
short,  and  distinctly  fiat-topped ;  continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella. 
The  inferior  lamella  is  very  receding,  hardly  visible  in  a  front 
view.  Within  it  ascends  straightly,  is  rather  stout,  and  terminates 
below  in  a  perceptible  "knot"  or  callous  thickening.  The 
subcolumellar  lamella  is  very  deeply  immersed,  not  visible  within 
the  mouth.  Both  spiral  and  inferior  lamellae  ascend  to  a  ventral 
position,  the  former  being  higher  in  the  region  where  the  clausilium 
lodges.  The  principal  plica  is  visible  within  the  aperture,  and 
penetrates  to  a  lateral  position,  being  thus  fully  a  half-whorl  long. 
Below  it  there  are  four  plicae,  the  upper  and  lower  well  devel- 
oped; two  very  short,  indistinct,  minute  callous  nodules  or  plicae 
lying  between  them. 


1901.]  NATURAL,   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  477 

The  clausilium  (PI.  XXVII,  figs.  30,  31)  is  parallel-sided, 
acuminate  below,  abruptly  and  deeply  emarginate  above  on  the 
columellar  side  of  the  filament. 

Length  10,  diam.  2  mm. 

This  specimen  agrees  with  von  MollendorfFs  description  of  C. 
gracilispira  in  color  and  form,  but  differs  in  having  fewer  whorls, 
9^  instead  of  10-11,  and  in  having  two  minute  intermediate 
palatal  plica?  instead  of  only  one.  Moreover,  the  lip  is  rather 
broadly  reflexed,  not  merely  "  breviter  expansum." 

The  reddish  specimen  (PL  XXVII,  figs.  32-34)  is  wider  than 
the  green,  with  the  space  above  the  principal  plica  very  convex 
(fig.  34).  Whorls  9^-.  The  aperture  is  less  oblique  than  in  the 
green  specimen,  but  otherwise  similar;  the  oblique  flattening  of 
the  top  of  the  superior  lamella,  and  the  notch  in  the  peristome  to 
the  right  of  it  being  well  marked.  Internally  it  is  similar  to  the 
green  specimen  except  in  the  following  respects:  the  spiral  and 
inferior  lamella  are  longer,  ascending  almost  past  the  ventral 
position;  and  between  the  upper  and  lower  palatal  plicse  there  is 
one  very  low,  nodule-like  callus  or  intermediate  plica. 

Length  10,  diam.  2.2  mm. 

This  specimen  agrees  with  von  MollendorfFs  description  in 
having  an  identical  palatal  armature.  In  color  and  general 
appearance  it  is  a  good  deal  like  C.  aurantiaca  var.  Erberi  Bttg. 
I  did  not  examine  the  clausilium.  The  rather  peculiar  form  of 
the  superior  lamella,  in,a  front  view,  is  the  same  in  the  two  speci- 
mens; and  when  the  intermediate  palatal  plicae  are  so  reduced  as 
in  these  shells,  I  am  disposed  to  believe  that  the  differences  above 
recorded  are  not  of  specific  value. 

It  is  obvious,  however,  that  more  material  is  needed  to  satisfac- 
torily elucidate  the  characters  of  the  species. 

Group  of  C.  sublunellata. 

This  group  was  defined  by  von  Mollendorff  in  1885.  It  is 
characterized  by  the  palatal  armature,  the  species  examined  by 
him  having  "  below  the  principal  plait,  first  an  upper  palatal,  after 
this  a  very  short  second  one,  and  then  a  short,  straight  lunella, 
which  in  some  forms  is  somewhat  obsolete,  but  always  discernible." 

In  my  opinion  the  group  should  be  enlarged  to  include  species 
which  have  below  the  principal  plica  or  plait,  one  upper  palatal 


478  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF 

plica,  followed  by  a  straight  lunella,  or  a  short,  low  callous  nodule 
representing  the  lunella.  There  is  no  lower  palatal  plica,  nor 
inward  curve  of  the  lower  end  of  the  lunella,  representing  such 
plica. 

Since  the  lunella  is  a  secondary  evolution-product,  formed  by 
the  coalescence  of  primitive  palatal  plicse,  it  is  natural  that  species 
representing  certain  intermediate  stages  should  occur. 

Clausilia  micropeas  Mlldff.    PI.  XXVIII,  figs.  41, 42,  43. 

Von  Mollendorff,  Journ.  Asiatic  Soc.  Beng.,  LI,  Pt.  2,  No.  1,  p.  12  ; 
LIV,  Pt.  2,  No.  1,  p.  64. 

A  specimen  from  Hungerford's  collection,  doubtless  one  of  the 
original  lot,  was  kindly  lent  me  by  Mr.  E.  R.  Sykes.  On  account 
of  its  relationship  with  the  following  species,  figures  and  descrip- 
tive notes  are  here  given.  It  has  not  before  been  figured. 

The  pale  buff,  slender  shell  is  attenuated  above,  and  consists  of 
nearly  9,  moderately  convex  whorls.  It  is  delicately  costulate- 
striate.  The  aperture  is  piriform- ovate,  with  moderately  reflexed 
lip,  which  is  quite  deeply  eraarginate  above.  The  superior  lamella 
is  vertical,  rather  slender  and  high,  marginal,  and  continuous  with 
the  spiral  lamella.  The  inferior  lamella  is  deeply  receding,  not 
visible  from  in  front.  Within  it  ascends  straightly.  The  sub- 
columellar  lamella  is  wholly  immersed.  Within,  the  spiral  and 
inferior  lamellae  are  of  equal  length,  ascending  to  a  point  on  the 
ventral  side  just  above  the  superior  lamella.  The  principal  plica 
is  rather  short,  not  quite  a  half -whorl  long,  its  lower  end  visible 
deep  within  the  throat,  whence  it  extends  almost  past  a  strictly 
lateral  position.  Below  it  there  is  a  rather  long  upper  palatal 
plica,  and  then  a  very  low,  rather  wide  and  straight  lunella.  No 
lower  palatal  plica. 

The  long,  narrow  clausilium  (PI.  XXVIII,  figs.  44-46)  is 
parallel-sided,  slightly  acuminate  below,  and  not  emarginate  pos- 
teriorly. 

Length  10.5,  diam.  2  mm. 

In  this  specimen  the  lunella  is  apparently  better  developed  than 
in  that  opened  by  Dr.  von  Mollendorff,  who  in  his  first  description 
states  that  there  is  a  short  upper  palatal  plica  and  sometimes  a 
second  punctiform  one,  the  latter  evidently  being  the  vestige  of  a 
lunella.  In  his  second  article  he  finds  "  that  there  is  an  indica- 
tion of  a  lunella  below  the  second  (generally  punctiform)  palatal 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA. 

plait."  In  the  specimen  before  me,  the  structure  is  clearly  as 
described  above  and  figured  on  my  plate.  When  low,  ill -developed 
or  "  punctiform,"  these  palatal  structures  are  doubtless  subject  to  a 
somewhat  wide  range  of  variation,  although  the  difference  between 
a  "  punctiform  plica  with  the  indication  of  a  lunella,"  and  a 
"  low,  ill-defined  lunella"  occupying  the  same  position,  appears 
greater  in  the  statement  than  the  structure  itself. 

Compared  with  C.  perpallida,  this  species  differs  in  having  the 
principal  plica  longer,  and  the  superior  lamella  a  little  more 
prominent.  The  striation  is  also  a  trifle  coarser,  and  the  form 
more  cylindric,  less  tapering.  These  differences  do  not  seem  ta 
me  to  be  of  specific  importance. 

Clausilia  micropeas  var.  perpallida  Pilsbry.    PI.  XXVIII,  figs.  50,  51,  52. 
0.  perpallida  PHa.,  Nautilus,  XIV,  p.  108  (January,  1901). 

Shell  rimate,  slenderly  fusiform,  finely  and  distinctly  striate^ 
pale  corneous.  Apex  obtuse,  the  first  whorl  globose;  spire  some- 
what attenuated  above.  Whorls  9^,  convex,  the  sutures  impressed, 
last  whorl  but  slightly  narrower  than  the  penultimate,  somewhat 
compressed.  Aperture  piriform,  slightly  oblique,  with  rather 
distinct,  slightly  retracted  sinulus.  Peristome  somewhat  thick- 
ened, reflexed,  continuous.  Superior  lamella  vertical,  continuous 
with  the  spiral  lamella,  arising  at  the  edge  of  the  parietal  lip. 
Inferior  lamella  deeply  receding,  visible  only  in  an  oblique  view, 
within  straightened  and  thickened  below.  Both  the  spiral  and  the 
inferior  lamellse  penetrate  inwardly  to  a  fully  ventral  position, 
and  are  of  about  equal  length;  the  former  becoming  very  high 
for  a  short  distance,  just  within  the  position  of  the  palatal  arma- 
ture. Subcolumellar  lamella  is  deeply  immersed  and  either  not 
visible  within  the  aperture,  or  showing  the  end  only  in  an  oblique 
view.  Principal  plica  less  than  a  half -whorl  long,  the  end  visible 
within  the  aperture,  inner  end  extending  a  little  beyond  a  short, 
slightly  curved,  or  forwardly  diverging  lateral  upper  palatal  plica; 
below  this,  and  not  connected  with  it  there  is  a  low  callous  pad 
representing  the  lunella;  no  lower  palatal  fold.  Clausilium  long, 
.slender  and  parallel-sided,  somewhat  acuminate  toward  the  apex, 
tapering  to  the  filament,  the  sides  and  apex  thin ;  in  profile  seen 
to  be  curved,  bow-like. 

Length  11.4,  diam.  2.6  mm. 


480  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY   OF  [July, 

Nishigo,  province  Uze.n  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No.  79,725 
Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  4606  of  Mr.  Hirase' s  collection. 

Distinguished  by  the  pale  color,  subobsolete  lunella,  and  absence 
of  any  lower  palatal  plica.  It  is  closely  related  to  C.  micropeas, 
from  which  the  shorter  principal  plica  separates  it. 

Clausilia  micropeas  var.  hokkaidoensis  Pilsbry.    PI.  XXVIII,  figs.  47,  48,  49. 
C.  hokkaidoensis  Pils.,  Nautilus,  XIV,  p.  108  (January,  1901). 
Shell  similar  to  var.  perpallida  except  in  the  following  charac- 
ters: it  is  of  a  light  brown  color;  the  spire  is  a  little  less  attenuated 
above;  the  peristome  and  superior  lamella  are  thinner;  the  spiral 
and  inferior  lamellae  penetrate  somewhat  deeper;  and  the  lunella 
is  more  distinctly  developed,  narrow  and  straight,  extending  down- 
ward to  the  position  of  the  (wanting)  lower  palatal  fold.      Whorls 

94. 

Length  11.2,  diam.  2.3  mm. 

Length  10,  diam.  2.2  mm. 

Kayabe,  Ojima,  Hokkaido  Island.  Types  No.  79,321  Coll. 
A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  5466  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

This  is  the  Hemiphcedusa  referred  to  in  these  Proceedings  for 
1900,  p.  674,  as  occurring  with  C.  monelasmus.  I  at  first  consid- 
ered it  specifically  distinct,  but  am  now  disposed  to  look  upon  it  as 
merely  a  northern  race  of  C.  micropeas  of  Hondo  Island.  It 
tapers  more  than  C.  micropeas  which  has  a  somewhat  cylindric 
contour. 

Group  of  C.  awajiensis. 

Clausilia  harimensis  Pilsbry.    PI.  XXVI,  figs.  16, 17, 18. 
Pilsbry,  Nautilus,  XIV,  p.  108. 

Shell  rimate,  slender,  gradually  tapering  to  a  rather  acute  apex, 
light  brown,  finely  and  weakly  striate,  more  strongly  and  regu- 
larly so  on  the  last  two  whorls,  especially  the  last  one.  Spire 
gradually  tapering,  the  last  two  whorls  of  about  equal  size. 
Whorls  slightly  over  9,  moderately  convex.  Aperture  trapezoidal- 
piriform,  sinulus  well  developed;  peristome  thin,  whitish,  narrowly 
reflexed,  continuous,  emarginate  at  the  position  of  the  superior 
lamella.  Superior  lamella  marginal,  rather  high  but  slender, 
oblique,  disconnected  from  or  subcontinuous  with  the  spiral  lamella. 
Spiral  lamella  ascending  to  a  merely  ventral  position,  very  high 
inside.  Inferior  lamella  deeply  immersed,  visible  in  an  oblique 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  481 

view  only,  straightened  inside,  thickened  below.  Subcolumellar 
lamella  immersed,  the  end  visible  in  an  oblique  view,  but  usually  a 
weak  continuation  reaches  to  the  edge  of  the  peristome.  Princi- 
pal plica  a  half-whorl  long,  the  lower  end  visible  within  the  aper- 
ture ;  extending  inward  beyond  the  lunella.  Upper  palatal  plica 
short,  joined  in  the  middle  to  the  narrow,  well -developed  lunella, 
which  descends  obliquely,  and  curves  backward  below;  the  re- 
curved lower  end  representing  a  lower  palatal  fold.  Clausilium 
(PI.  XXVII,  figs.  19,  20,  21)  narrow,  parallel -sided,  abruptly 
curved  where  it  passes  into  the  wide  filament,  straightened  toward 
the  rounded,  hardly  angular  apex;  columellar  side  emarginate  at 
the  origin  of  the  filament. 

Length  11,5,  diam.  2.8  mm. 

Kashima,  Harima  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase).  Types  No.  79,133  Coll. 
A.  N.  S.  P. 

Allied  to  0.  awajiensis  Pils.,  but  that  species  is  far  more  obese, 
with  tapering,  compressed  last  whorl. 
Clausilia  perignobilis  n.  sp.    PI.  XXVI,  figs.  13,  14, 15. 

Shell  rimate,  fusiform,  attenuated  above,  moderately  swollen 
below,  pale  brown,  densely  and  finely  striate.  Whorls  about  10, 
moderately  convex,  the  early  ones  corneous,  forming  a  slender 
apical  portion,  the  last  whorl  somewhat  compressed  laterally.  Aper- 
ture trapezoidal-piriform,  slightly  oblique,  the  sinulus  somewhat 
retracted;  peristome  whitish,  more  or  less  emarginate  above,  very 
narrowly  reflexed.  Superior  lamella  small,  vertical,  reaching  the 
margin,  continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella.  Inferior  lamella  very 
deeply  receding,  hardly  visible  from  the  mouth  except  in  an 
oblique  view.  Subcolumellar  lamella  emerging,  usually  distinct  to 
the  lip-edge.  Principal  plica  fully  a  half-whorl  long,  visible  in 
the  aperture,  and  extending  inward  beyond  the  upper  palatal 
plica.  Lunella  lateral,  oblique,  shaped  like  the  letter  J,  the  lower 
end  curving  inward,  the  upper  end  joining  the  middle  of  a  rather 
short  upper  palatal  plica,  which  converges  inwardly  toward  the 
principal  plica. 

Length  14.5,  diam.  3  mm. ;  longest  axis  of  aperture  3.2  mm. 

Length  12.3,  diam.  2.7  mm. 

Length  12.3,  diam.  3  mm. 

Okinoshima.    Tosa,   Shikoku  Island    (types  No.    80.843   Coll. 
A.  N.  S.  P.;  from  No.  584  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection). 
31 


482  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE    ACADEMY   OP  [July, 

I  at  first  identified  this  species  with  (7.  ignobilis  Sykes,5  described 
from  Kinnayama,  Shikoku  Island,  but  upon  requesting  a  com- 
parison with  the  type  of  that  species,  Mr.  Sykes  noted  several 
important  differences.  The  first  two  or  three  whorls  in  C.  ignobilis 
are  much  larger,  not  so  slender  and  pointed  as  in  C.  perignobilis ; 
and  the  lunella  is  bow-shaped,  as  in  C.  shikokuensis,  not  J-shaped. 

In* other  words,  the  lunella  in  ignobilis  and  shikokuensis  unites 
with  the  lower,  outer  end  of  the  upper  palatal  plica,  curving 
gradually  and  imperceptibly  into  it,  the  united  plica  and  lunella 
having  the  shape  of  a  drawn  bow,  while  in  C.  perignobilis  the 
lunella  unites  with  the  middle  of  the  upper  palatal  plica,  like  the 
letter  J. 

In  C.  perignobilis  the  spiral  and  inferior  lamellae  are  both  high 
and  lamellar  within,  of  equal  length,  attaining  barely  a  ventral 
position.  The  inferior  lamella  ascends  rather  straightly,  and  is 
not  spiral,  seen  from  the  back  in  a  broken  specimen,  but  is  rather 
thick.  It  gives  off  a  branch  toward  the  superior  lamella,  on  the 
parietal  wall. 
Clausilia  perignobilis  var.  kochiensis  nov. 

Similar  to  C.  perignobilis  Pils.,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  more 
robust,  broader  contour,  more  widely  reflexed  peristome  and 
coarser  striation  of  the  latter  part  of  the  last  whorl. 

Length  15.5,  diam.  4  mm. 

Length  13.6,  diam.  3.8  mm. 

Kochi,  province  of  Tosa,  Shikoku  Island  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No. 
657ft). 

The  t7-shaped  lunella  has  the  form  of  that  of  C.  perignobilis. 

Section  STEREOPH^DUSA  Bttg. 
Clausilia  japonica  var.  perobscura  nov. 

Similar  to  japonica,  but  of  a  very  dark,  almost  blackish,  brown 
color,  and  sculptured  with  much  coarser,  more  widely  spaced  rib- 
strise.  Suture  with  a  whitish  margin  below.  Lower  palatal  fold 
very  small. 

Length  25,  diam.  hardly  6  mm.     Whorls  11. 

Shirono,  Buzen  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase;. 

It  occurred  with,  or  at  least  was  sent  with,  a  rather  obese  form 

6Proc.  Malac.  Soc.  Lond.,  I,  p.  261,  and  these  Proceedings  for  1900,  p. 
682,  footnote. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OP   PHILADELPHIA.  483 

of     C.   japonica,    having  the  usual  fine,   sharp  striation  of    that 
species. 

Section  MEGA.LOPHJEDUSA  Boettger. 
Clausilia  Hiraseana  Pilsbry.    PL  XXVI,  figs.  24,  25,  26. 

Shell  rimate,  strong,  the  last  two  whorls  of  about  equal  diameter, 
and  forming  half  the  shell's  length,  those  above  rapidly  diminish- 
ing, the  lateral  outlines  becoming  somewhat  concave  toward  the 
apex,  the  earlier  three  whorls  being  of  about  equal  diameter;  dark 
reddish  brown,  with  a  pale  band  below  the  suture,  the  earliest 
whorls  white.     Surface  usually  with  a  brilliant   gloss,   sculptured 
ivith   coarse,    strong,   slightly  waved   or  uneven  ribs,    which    occa- 
sionally anastomose  or  branch,   and  become  finer  on  the  upper, 
imperceptible    on   the  earliest  whorls.      Whorls   11^  to   12,    but 
several  are  self -amputated  in  old  individuals;  they  are  convex  and 
parted  by  well-impressed  sutures.     The  last  whorl,  viewed  dorsally, 
is  narrower  than  the  swollen  preceding  whorl,  and  is  rather  com- 
pressed, hardly  convex.     Aperture  rhombic-ovate,  vertical;  peris - 
tome  continuous,  reflexed,  flesh-tinted,  whitish  at  the  edge.     Supe- 
rior lamella  small,  marginal,  oblique,   continuous  with  the  spiral 
lamella.       Inferior    lamella    low    and    receding,     within    rather 
straightly  ascending  and  strongly  thickened  below.     Subcolumellar 
lamella  deeply  immersed,  not  visible  in  a  front  view,  but  its  end 
may  be  seen   by  looking   obliquely  into  the  aperture.     Principal 
plica  short,  its  lower  end  visible  deep  within  the  aperture,  upper 
end   scarcely   extending    inward   beyond   the    palatal    armature. 
Palatal  plicae  or  folds  lying  a  little  dorsal  of  a  lateral  position, 
four  in  number,  equidistant,  all  strongly  developed  though  short; 
the  upper  fold  a  little  longer,  diverging  from  the  principal  plica, 
the  lower  (fourth)  fold  slightly  longer  than  the  two  median,  and  a 
little  arched  upward  in  the  middle.     No  lunella. 

Clausilium  evenly  and  rather  strongly  arcuate,  long  and  rather 
narrow,  parallel-sided.  The  apex  is  slightly  acuminate  on  the 
columellar  side,  being  rounded  and  strongly  thickened;  on  the 
palatal  side  straightened,  a  little  concave  (PI.  XXVI,  figs. 
22,  23). 

Length  27  to  29J,  diam.  6  mm. 

Okinoshima,  province  Tosa  (Y.  Hirase). 

A  fine,  handsome  species,  easily  known  by  its  strong  sculpture, 


484  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [July, 

which  finds  no  parallel  among  known  Japanese  Clausiliidce.  It 
is  allied  to  C.  Fultoni  Sykes,  described  from  Kinnayaraa,  Shikoku 
Island,  a  species  with  fine  striation. 

Family  PUPIDJE. 
Bifidaria  armigerella  var.  luchuana  nov.    PI.  XXVIII,  fig.  54. 

Shell  similar  to  B.  armigerella  (Reinh.),  but  with  an  infra- 
parietal  lamella  developed.  Length  2.25,  diam.  1.2  mm. 

Kunchan,  Okinawa  (types  No.  80,992  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from 
•No.  6196  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection),  and  Yayeyama  (No.  619  of 
Mr.  Hirase's  collection). 

The  type  lot  contains  one  sinistral  specimen.  B.  armigerella 
(Reinhardt)  is  described  and  figured  as  with  but  two  teeth  on  the 
parietal  margin,  evidently  the  angular  and  parietal  lamellse.  It  is 
from  Misaki,  in  the  province  of  Sagami. 

Vertigo  Hirasei  Pilsbry.    PI.  XXVIII,  fig.  53. 

Pilsbry,  Nautilus,  XIV,  p.  128  (March  1,  1901). 

Shell  very  minute,  openly  rimate,  ovate,  brown,  glossy,  some- 
what transparent,  faintly  striatulate.  Whorls  4^,  the  last  a  little 
contracted  and  straightened  near  the  aperture.  Aperture  trun- 
cate-ovate; peristome  thin,  hardly  expanded,  the  outer  margin 
straightened  but  not  inflexed  to  form  a  sinulus,  although  it  pro- 
jects forward  in  a  slight  point  or  angle,  visible  when  viewed  in 
profile.  Parietal  wall  bearing  a  rather  strong  lamella  in  the  mid- 
dle; columella  with  a  somewhat  smaller  lamella;  palatal  plicae 
two,  near  together,  the  lower  larger,  elongated,  the  upper  tuber- 
cular, sometimes  obsolete. 

Alt  If,  diam.  1  mm. 

Yanagawa,  province  Chikugo,  Kiushiu  Island  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase). 

Types  No.  79,738  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  570  coll.  Hirase. 

Belonging  to  the  V.  modesta  group,  this  species  is  smaller 
than  its  allies.  As  in  some  forms  of  V.  modesta,  the  upper  palatal 
fold  is  sometimes  obsolete.  The  only  other  Japanese  Vertigo 
described,  to  my  knowledge,  is  V.  hydrophila  (Reinh.),  from  the 
opposite  end  of  the  empire,  Hakodate,  Hokkaido  Island.  Rein- 
hardt' s  species  belongs  to  the  group  of  V.  ovata,  and  has  five  or 
six  teeth.  It  is  about  the  size  of  V.  Hirasei,  measuring  If  by 
1  mm. 


PROC.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILA.  19O1. 


PLATE  XXV. 


^B 


11 


10 


PILSBRY.    JAPANESE  LAND  SNAILS. 


PROC.  ACAD.  NAT.    SCI.    PHILA.   1901. 


PLATE  XXVI. 


PILSBRY.    JAPANESE  LAND  SNAILS. 


PROC.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILA.  1901. 


PLATE  XXVII. 


PILSBRY.    JAPANESE  LAND  SNAILS. 


PROG.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILA.   1901. 


PLATE  XXVIII. 


/    42 


51 


46 


52 


I 

54 


PILSBRY.    JAPANESE  LAND  SNAILS. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  485 

REFERENCE  TO  PLATES  XXV,  XXVI,  XXVII,  XXVIII. 

PLATE  XXV,  Figs.  1,  2,  3. — Clausilia  (Euphcedusa)  Tryoni.  Hachijo 
Island. 

Fig.  4. — Clausilia  (Euphcedusa)  Hungerfordiana.     Nara,  Yamato. 

Fig.  5. — C1mt8ilia\J£uphcedu(ia)  monelasmus.     Kayabe,  Ojima. 

Figs.  6,  7,  8. — Clausilia  (Euphcedusa)  euholostoma.     Mikuriya,  Suruga. 

Figs.  9,  10. — Clausilia  (Reinia)  variegata  var.  nesiotica.  Hachijo 
Island. 

Figs.  11,  12. — Clausilia  (Reinia}  variegata  A.  Ad.     Takasaki,  Kozuke. 

PLATE  XXVI,  Figs.  13,  14,  15. — Clausilia  (Hemiphcedusa)  perignolilis. 
Okinoshima,  Tosa. 

Figs.  16,  17,  18. —  Clausilia  (Hemiphcedusa)  harimensis.  Kashima, 
Harima. 

Figs.  19,  20,  21. — Clausilia  (Hemiphcedusa}  harimensis.  Clausilium. 
Fig.  19,  profile  view  from  columellar  side  ;  fig.  20,  view  of  interior  face, 
tilted  to  show  shape  of  the  apex  ;  fig.  21,  the  same,  showing  posterior 
emargi  nation,  the  apical  end  foreshortened. 

Figs.  22,  23. — Clausilia  (Megalophcedusa)  Hiraseana.  Clausilium. 
Fig.  22,  showing  shape  of  apex  ;  fig.  23,  shape  of  posterior  end,  the  apical 
end  foreshortened. 

Figs.  24,  25,  26. — Clausilia  (Megalophcedusa)  Hiraseana.  Fig.  26,  nat- 
ural size. 

PLATE  XXVII,  Figs.  27,  28,  29,  30,  31.— Clausilia  (Hemiphcedusa) 
gracilispira,  green  specimen.  Fig.  30,  showing  form  of  the  apex  of  the 
clausilium  ;  fig.  31,  the  posterior  emargination. 

Figs.  32,  33,  34. — Clausilia  (Hemiphcedusa)  gracilispira,  reddish  speci- 
men. 

Fig.  35. —  Clausilia  (Tyrannophcedusa)  mikado. 

Figs.  36,  37. — Clausilia  (Tyrannophcedusa)  iotaptyx  var.  clava. 

Fig.  38. — Clausilia  (Tyrannophcedusa)  iotaptyx. 

Figs.  39,  40. —  Clausilia  (Zaptyx)  hachijoensis. 

PLATE  XXVIII.  Figs.  41,  42,  43. — Clausilia  (Hemiphcedusa)  micropeas. 

Figs.  44,  45,  46. —  Clausilia  (Hemiphcedusa)  micropeas,  Clausiliam. 
Fig.  44  showing  shape  of  apex  ;  fig.  45,  profile  from  columellar  side  ;  fig. 
46,  shape  of  posterior  end,  the  distal  end  foreshortened. 

Fig?.  47,  48,  49. — Clausilia  (Hemiphcedusa)  micropeas  var.  hokkaidoensis. 

Figs.  50,  51,  53. —  Clausilia  (Hemiphcedusa)  micropeas  var.  perpallida. 

Fig.  53. —  Vertigo  Hirasei. 

Fig.  54. — Bifidaria  armigerella  var.  lucJmana. 


486  PROCEEDING^OF    THE   ACADEMY   OF  4  [July, 


BIOGRAPHICAL    NOTICE   OF  EGBERT   HENRY   LAMBORN. 


BY   CARRIE    B.    4.ARON. 


At  Hornblue  Hill,  Chester  county,  Pa.,  not  far  from  the  his- 
toric Kennett,  whose  beauties  have  bfceu  the  theme  of  Bayard 
Taylor's  pen,  Robert  Henry  Lamborn  was  born,  October  29,  1835. 

His  boyhood  was  spent  in  the  home  of  his  fathers,  and  he  was 
thus  surrounded  by  the  ad  vantages  .-of  inherited  prosperity.  His 
father  was  a  member  of  the  Society:  of  Friends,  and  was  an  intel- 
ligent man  of  refined  tastes,  a  close  observer,  a  bright  conversa- 
tionalist and  a  wide  reader.  The  son  inherited  his  prepossessing 
appearance,  courteous  manner,  dignified  bearing  and  agreeable 
disposition. 

Young  Lamborn's  education  was  given  a  scientific  turn  by  the 
influence  and  patronage  of  his  uncle,  Jacob  Pierce,  who  served  as 
Librarian  of  the  Acadeiny  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  from 
December,  1817,  to  December,  1826,  and  who,  in  the  early  days 
of  the  institution,  hacl,  at  one  time,  all  its  collections  stored  in 
one  of  his  spare  back  rooms.  No  doubt  the  youth  received  his 
first  inspiration  for  l '  collecting ' '  while  in  such  environment. 

After  receiving  a  common-school  education  and  a  special  train- 
ing at  the  Polytechnic  College  in  Philadelphia,  he  determined  to 
continue  his  studies  in  civil  engineering  abroad.  He  secured  means 
to  do  so  by  the  publication  of  original  essays  on  the  metallurgy  of 
copper,  silver  and  lead,1  works  which,  although  long  superseded, 
were  considered  ably  written  and  used  as  text-books  both  here  and 
abroad.  He  became  a  student  of  the  Royal  Saxon  Mining  Acad- 
emy of  Freiberg,  and  the  School  of  Mines  in  Paris,  graduating 
from  the  University  of  Giessen,  from  which  he  later  received  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy. 

Soon  after  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War^  Dr.  Lamborn  returned 
from  Europe  and  joined  the  army,  serving  with  the  Anderson 

1  A  Treatise  on  the  Metallurgy  of  Copper,  J.  Weale,  London,  1860,  and 
A  Treatise  on  the  Metallurgy  of  Silver  and  Lead,  J.  Weale,  London,  1861. 


622 


PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ACADEMY    OF 


ADDITIONS  TO   THE  JAPANESE   LAND   SNAIL   FATJNA.-V. 
BY    HENRY    A.     PILSBRY. 

The  description  of  Japanese  Glausiliidce  is  resumed  in  the  present 
paper.  Enough  material  is  now  at  hand  to  permit  some  work 
looking  beyond  merely  descriptive  treatment,  while  every  sending 
from  Mr.  Hirase  adds  to  the  data  on  one  or  another  of  the  prob- 
lems presented  by  these  intricately  constructed  creatures.  I  have 
below  considered  the  evolution  of  the  "  lunella,"  as  shown  in  some 
newly  discovered  species  of  Stereophcedusa,  in  which  young  shells 
show  a  series  of  distinct  palatal  folds,  like  the  European  tertiary 
CliusiliidcK  and  the  more  primitive  forms  of  Eastern  Asia,  while 
old  shells  have  a  true  lunella.  A  similar  transformation  has  like- 
wise been  observed  in  a  Megalophcedusa  just  received.  The  evi- 
dence indicates  that  the  lunella  has  been  independently  acquired, 
in  different  phyla,  by  a  process  of  parallel  evolution. 


Diagrams  showing  chief  modifications  of  the  palatal  armature  in  Hemi- 
phcedma  :  Fig.  1,  G.  aulacophora  ;  fig.  2,  G.  crenilabium;  fig.  3,  G.  attrita  ; 
fig.  4,  G.  hakonensis  ;  fig.  5,  G.  hyperolia  ;  fig.  6,  G.  shikokuensis  ;  fig. 
1,  C.  perignobilis ;  fig.  8,  C.  munus ;  fig.  9,  C.  micropeas ;  fig.  11,  C. 
gracilispira. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  621 

A.  ray.     The  least  depth  of  the  caudal  peduncle  is  equal  to  .the 
anterior  interorbital  region. 

The  photophores  are  as  follows:  3  mandibulars  on  each  side  of 
the  mandibles ;  2  operculars  near  the  lower  part  of  the  margin  of 
the  preoperculum  ;  5  thoracic  on  each  side;  4  ventrals  on  each 
side;  8  anals,  a  gap,  then  9  more,  in  all  17  on  each  side;  3  pec- 
torals on  each  side;  1  antero-lateral  on  each  side  a  little  posterior, 
though  above,  the  bases  of  the  V. ,  but  nearer  to  the  latter  than  to 
the  lateral  line;  3  medio-laterals  on  each  side,  forming  an  oblique 
series  on  each  side,  the  lower  a  little  anterior  to  the  last  ventral 
photophores,  and  the  uppermost  immediately  below  the  lateral  line 
^nd  in  advance  of  the  first  anal  photophore;  a  single  photophore, 
the  postero-lateral,  almost  on  the  lateral  line  and  above  and  ante- 
rior to  the  eighth  anal  photophore;  2  caudals  upon  each  side  inferi- 
or!)', and  a  single  supercaudal  at  the  origin  of  the  rudimentary 
caudal  rays.  The  caudal,  though  somewhat  damaged,  was  forked, 
the  lobes  most  likely  rounded,  and  the  lower  a  trifle  the  larger.  The 
lateral  line  consists  of  a  single  well -developed  pore  on  each  scale  of 
its  course,  which  is  superior,  and  parallel  with  the  dorsal  profile  of 
the  back.  Scales  42  (?).  Kadii  of  D.  12.  Radii  of  A.  22. 

My  first  impression  was  to  regard  this  specimen  as  Myctophum 
remiger  Goode  and  Bean,  but  a  careful  examination  has  revealed 
the  facts  mentioned  above  ;  and  if,  as  Goode  and  Bean  contended, 
"  the  arrangement  of  the  luminous  spot  is  of  the  greatest  value 
in  the  classification  of  these  fishes,"  there  can  be  no  reasonable 
•doubt  that  it  is  Liitken's  Scopelus  phengodes. 

Although  the  localities  where  Liitken  obtained  his  examples  were 
all  in  southern  latitudes,  and  very  remote  from  that  where  the 
present  example  was  taken,  I  identify  it  with  the  above  species 
without  any  hesitation,  as  it  agrees  perfectly  with  the  essential 
characters  given.  Specimens  from  widely  remote  localities  in  the 
•case  of  deep-sea  and  oceanic  fishes  do  not  always  necessarily  form 
a  barrier  to  their  identity  as  one  and  the  same  species. 

.That  M.  phengodes  and  M.  remiger  are  allied  is  also  evident  by 
their  long  P.,  the  large  eye  and  shape  of  the  head,  as  seen  on  com- 
parison with  an  example  of  the  latter  species. 

The  example  described  above  is  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia.  It  po  ssesses  a  median 
infero-caudal  photophore. 


NATURAL    SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA. 

I  must  again  express  my  deep  obligation  for  material  to  Mr.  Y. 
Hirase,  of  Kyoto,  Japan.  His  tireless  researches,  critical  eye  for 
detecting  species,  and  exactness  in  recording  localities  are  worthy 
of  high  commendation.  Without  these  qualities  the  new  and 
relatively  exact  literature  of  Japanese  land  mollusks  would  not 
exist. 

Section  HEMIPH^EDUSA  Boettger.. 

The  system  of  groups  set  forth  by  Dr.  Boettger  in  the  Clau- 
silienstudien,  while  sufficient  at  that  time,  is  quite  inadequate  for 
the  classification  of  the  great  number  of  Chinese  and  Japanese 
species  now  known.  For  Japanese  species  my  studies  lead  me  to 
adopt  the  arrangement  offered  below.  The  clausilium  in  all  the 
groups  is  rounded  or  tapering  at  the  end,  and  not  thickened  or 
only  slightly  so. 

a. — Inferior  lamella  spirally  ascending  within,   visible  in  a  front 
view,  receding  less  deeply  than  in  other  Hemiphcedusce ;  shell 
rather  large  ;  superior  lamella  continuous  with  the  spiral. 
b. — Interlamellar  space  corrugated;  lunella  united  to  the  mid- 
dle of  a  lower  palatal  plica,  contiguous  to  or  united  with 
an   upper  palatal    plica  near     the    middle    (fig.    2). 
Clausilium  tapering  below,  recurved  and  spoutlike  at 

the  apex, Group  of  C.  ptychnchila. 

b\ — Interlamellar  space  smooth;  lunella  curving  inward  above, 
united  below  to  the  middle  of  the  lower  palatal  plica 
(figs.  3,  4).  Clausilium  narrowly  tongue-shaped, 

Group  of  C.  platyauchen. 
a\ — Inferior  lamella  receding,  inconspicuous   or  not  visible  in  a 

front  view. 
b. — Several  palatal  plicae;  no  lunella  (fig.  11), 

Group  of  C.  validiuscula. 

b1, — A  short  or  rudimentary  lunella  below  one  or  two  palatal 
plicae;  no  lower  palatal  plica  (figs.  9,  10), 

Group  of  C.  sublunellata. 
b2. — A  lunella  developed. 

Cf  —No   palatal   plica? ;    plica   principals   subobsolete   or 
wanting;     superior    lamella    separated    from    the 
spiral  lamella  (fig.  5),     .      Group  of  C.  hyperolia. 
c\  —Superior  continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella;  principal 
plica  well  developed  ;  an  upper  palatal  plica  present. 
Clausilium  curved,  concave  on  the  inner  face . 
d. — Lunella  bow-shaped  (fig.  B)  or  J-shaped  (fig.  7), 
united  to  the  upper  palatal  plica,  curved  in- 
ward below;  superior  and  spiral  lamellae  united, 
Group  of  C.  awajiemi*. 


624  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF         [Dec. , 

d?. — Lunella  slightly  curving  inward  below,  not  united 
above  with  the  upper  palatal  plica  (fig.  8). 
Clausilium  rapidly  tapering  to  the  mucronate 

apex, Group  of  C.  munus. 

dl. — Lunella  straight,   joined   to   the  middle  of   the 

upper  and  lower  palatal  plicae,  like  the  letter 

I  (fig.  1),  .     .     .      Group  of  C.  aulacophora. 

c2. — Superior  and  spiral  lamellae  contiguous  or  separated; 

lunella   curving   inward   below,  joining  the  short 

palatal  plica  above.     Clausilium  unusually  straight 

and  flat,  rounded  at  the  apex,     Group  of  C.  Pinto. 

A  somewhat  different  sequence  of  groups  would  result  from  using 
the  characters  of  the  clausilium  for  the  primary  divisions,  but 
while  probably  more  natural,  such  an  arrangement  would  be  more 
difficult  in  practical  use.  The  clausilium  is  variously  specialized 
in  the  groups  of  C.  ptychochila,  G.  munus  and  C.  Pinto,  much 
alike  in  the  other  groups.  The  only  species,  so  far  as  I  know,  not 
provided  for  in  the  above  key  is  C.  platydera,  which  belongs  with- 
out doubt  to  the  platyauehen  group,  but  has  the  receding  and 
straightened  inferior  lamella  of  the  other  division;  but  there  are 
also  some  forms  partially  intermediate  between  the  groups  of  (7. 
validiuscula,  C.  sublunellata  and  C.  aulaeophora,  and  further 
knowledge  will  doubtless  reveal  various  other  intermediate  species. 
The  group  of  C.  validiuscula  is  probably  a  composite  one. 

Group  of  C.  sublunellata. 
'Clausilia  sericina  var.  rhopalia  nov. 

Shell  rimate,  fusiform,  rather  obese  below,  the  upper  half  atten- 
uated; pale  yellow;  very  finely  striate  throughout,  the  sculpture  not 
coarser  on  the  last  whorl.  Outlines  concave  above,  the  apex 
obtuse.  Whorls  10,  moderately  convex,  the  last  compressed  later- 
ally. Aperture  ovate,  somewhat  oblique;  peristome  continuous, 
white,  reflexed  and  thickened,  the  upper  margin  in  contact  with 
preceding  whorl.  Superior  lamella  oblique,  marginal,  continuous 
with  the  spiral  lamella  which  ascends  to  the  middle  of  the  ventral 
side.  Inferior  lamella  thick  and  forming  a  rather  conspicuous 
fold  deep  in  the  aperture,  straightly  ascending  within,  and  pene- 
trating as  far  as  the  spiral  lamella.  SubcolumelJar  lamella  deeply 
immersed,  terminating  about  a  half  whorl  within.  Principal  plica 
•visible  deep  in  the  throat,  ascending  to  a  lateral  position.  Upper 


NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA. 

palatal  plica  narrow,  oblique,  lateral,  well  separated  from  the 
straight,  oblique,  low  and  narrow  lunella.  Lower  palatal  plica 
subobsolete  or  wanting. 

Length  18.3,  diatn.  4.3  mm. 

Length  17,  diam.  4.3  mm. 

Clausilium  very  narrow,  parallel- sided,  a  little  excised  on  the 
palatal  side  of  the  apex. 

Mikuriya,  Suruga.  Types  No.  82,298  Coll.  A.  N.  8.  P.,  from 
No.  7366  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

This  somewhat  club-shaped  form  is  noticeable  for  its  fine  stria- 
tion  and  pale  color.  The  narrow  lunella  is  longer  than  in  other 
species  of  the  group  which  I  have  seen.  C.  serieina,  which  has 
not  been  figured  nor  very  fully  described,  seems  to  be  its  nearest 
relative. 

Group  of  C.  awayiensis. 

This  group  comprises  Hemiphcedusce  in  which  the  lateral  or 
latero -dorsal  luuella  is  J-shaped  or  bow -shaped,  its  upper  end 
being  united  to  the  middle,  or  sometimes  to  the  lower  end,  of  a 
short  upper  palatal  plica,  the  lower  end  curving  inward.  The 
clausilium  is  typical  of  Hemiphcedusa,  being  parallel-sided,  not 
oblique  or  thickened  at  the  distal  end,  and  usually  it  is  emarginate 
on  the  columellar  side  of  the  filament. 

The  species  are  numerous  on  Shikoku  Island,  and  will  probably 
prove  difficult  to  limit  when  more  localities  are  explored  and  fur- 
ther slightly  differentiated  races  come  to  light.  Others  are  known 
from  Awaji,  western  Nippon  and  Kiushiu.  None  have  come  to 
my  hands  from  middle  or  northern  Nippon,  or  from  Yesso. 

Species  with  J-shaped  lunella:  C.  awajiensis  Pils.,  C.  perigno- 
bilis  and  var.  koc/iiensis  Pils.,  C.  iwhna  and  var.  neptis  Pils.,  C. 
subaurantiaca  Pils.,  C.  harimensis  Pils.  and  C.  higoensis  Pils. 

Species  with  bow-shaped  lunella:  C.  ignobilis  Sykes,  C.  shiko- 
kuensis  Pils. 

Clausilia  higoensis  Pilsbry.    PI.  XXXV,  figs.  1,  2,  3,  4. 

Pilsbry,  these  Proceedings  for  1901,  p.  499  (October  2,  1901). 
Distinct  by  its  inflated  shell,  attenuated  above,  and  with  a  more 
or  less  developed  wave  or  crest  behind^the  outer  lip.     In  some  speci- 
mens this  is  strongly  developed  (PI.  XXXV,  fig.  3),  much  as  in 


626  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [Dec., 

C.  oxycyma;  in  others  (fig.  4)  it  is  hardly  noticeable;  but  there 
are  intermediate  specimens. 

The  type  locality  is  not  Midumate,  as  at  first  announced,  but 
Minamata,  Higo.       The  specimens  figured   are  from  that  place. 
Perfectly  similar  forms  have  been  sent  from  Togo,  Satsuma,  No. 
760  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 
Clausilia  ischna  Pilsbry.    PI.  XXXV,  figs.  15, 16. 

Pilsbry,    these  Proceedings  for  1901,    Vol.    LIII,   p.  500   (October  2r 
1901). 

Shell  rimate,  fusiform,  very  slender,  the  length  about  five  times 
the  diameter,  attenuated  above,  brown  or  pale  brown,  somewhat 
glossy,  finely  striate,  more  coarsely  so  behind  the  lip.  Whorls 
11^,  moderately  convex,  the  last  somewhat  flattened  above,  having 
a  low  swelling  some  distance  behind  the  lip,  a  little  produced  for- 
ward. Aperture  piriform,  small,  slightly  oblique.  Superior 
lamella  rather  strong,  marginal,  slightly  oblique,  continuous  with 
the  spiral  lamella.  Inferior  lamella  receding,  not  visible  in  a 
front  view,  but  in  oblique  view  seen  to  be  quite  strong;  slraightly 
ascending  within  the  last  whorl,  and  giving  off  a  distinct  branch 
toward  the  spiral  lamella;  its  spiral  portion  weak,  shorter  and 
much  lower  than  the  spiral  lamella,  reaching  inward  to  a  ventra 
position.  Subcolumellar  lamella  deeply  immersed,  its  lower  end 
barely  visible  or  not  visible  within  the  aperture.  Principal  plica 
visible  in  the  throat,  extending  inward  a  little  past  a  lateral  posi- 
tion. Lunella  lateral,  straight  and  joining  the  middle  of  a  very 
short  upper  palatal  plica  above,  curving  strongly  inward  below. 
Peristome  reflexed,  continuous,  emarginate  at  the  termination  of 
the  superior  lamella. 

Clausilium  long  and  parallel-sided,  deeply  emarginate  on  the 
columellar  side  of  the  filament. 

Length  16.5,  diam.  3.3,  length  of  aperture  3  mm. 

Length  15.7,  diam.  3  mm. 

Kochi,  Tosa,  Shikoku  Island  (Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  No.  657a). 
Types  No.  81,580  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P. 

The  somewhat  stouter,  paler,  var.  neptisis  similar  to  C.  ischna 
internally. 

This  species  is  more  slender  than  any  other  known  member  of 
the  group  of  C.  awajiensis,  and  has  more  whorls.  The  closing 
apparatus  is  similar  to  that  of  several  other  species  of  the  group. 
It  differs  from  C.  subanrantiaca  from  Deyai,  Nagato,  in  the  follow- 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA. 

ing  respects:  The  surface  is  more  coarsely  striate;  the  last  whorl 
does  not  have  a  convex  belt  above  the  position  of  the  principal 
plica,  and  has  more  of  a  swelling  on  its  latter  portion;  the  spire 
has  one  more  whorl.  It  remains  to  be  seen  whether  intergrades 
exist  between  this  species  from  Shikoku  and  subaurantiaca  from 
the  Province  of  Nagato  in  western  Nippon.  They  are  certainly 
closely  related. 

Group  of  C.  Pinto. 

Small,  solid  Hemiphcedusce  with  the  clausilium  unusually  straight 
and  flat,  rounded  or  a  little  tapering  at  the  apex,  abruptly  bent 
near  the  filament  and  emarginale  or  excised  on  the  columellar  side 
thereof.  Superior  lamella  contiguous  to  or  separated  from  the 
spiral  lamella,  which  is  short,  barely  reaching  the  ventral  side. 
Inferior  lamella  deeply  receding,  straightened  and  strong  inside. 

This  group  has  some  affinity  to  Zaptyx  in  both  shell  and  claus- 
ilium, but  it  has  not  the  accessory  lamellae  and  plicae  of  that  sec- 
tion. It  is  not  closely  related  to  other  Hemiphsedusan  groups. 

Two  species,  from  the  islands  Tane-ga-shima  and  Yaku-shima, 
are  known :   C.  Pinto,  in  which  the  last  whorl  is  normal,  and  C. 
ptychocyma,  which  has  a  wave  or  crest  and  several  strong  wrinkles 
behind  the  outer  lip. 
Clausilia  Pinto  Pilsbry.    PI.  XXXV,  figs.  12, 13, 14. 

Pilsbry,  these  Proceeding?,  Vol.  LIII,  p.  501  (October  2,  1901). 

Shell  very  small,  fusiform,  solid  and  strong,  flesh-colored, 
weakly  marked  with  slight  growth-wrinkles,  eroded  in  irregular 
spots.  Spire  regularly  tapering  to  a  rather  small  apex.  Whorls 
about  8,  the  last  without  crest  or  other  conspicuous  sculpture 
behind  the  lip.  Aperture  small,  squarish-ovate,  the  lip  somewhat 
reflexed,  very  thick,  white,  hardly  free  above.  Superior  lamella 
marginal,  contiguous  to  the  spiral  lamella,  which  penetrates  barely 
to  the  ventral  side.  Inferior  lamella  very  deeply  receding,  high 
and  stout  within  the  last  whorl,  subvertically  ascending,  a  trifle 
sinuous,  extending  inward  as  far  as  the  spiral  lamella.  Subcolu- 
mellar  lamella  emerging.  Principal  plica  less  than  a  half  whorl 
long,  extending  shortly  beyond  the  lunella.  Lunella  lateral, 
straight  and  joining  a  short  upper  palatal  plica  above,  curving  well 
inward  and  ending  in  a  slight  nodule  below. 

Length  9.5,  diam.  2.6  mm. 

Length  8.5,  diam.  2.3  mm. 


628  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE    ACADEMY   OF  [Dec., 

Clausilium  (PI.  XXXV,  fig.  13)  remarkably  straight,  rounded 
at  the  apex,  abruptly  bent  near  the  filament,  and  very  deeply  ex- 
cised on  the  columellar  side  of  the  latter. 

Tane-ga-shima,  Osumi,  in  the  northeastern  group  of  the  Kiukiu 
Islands.  Types  No.  82,553  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  663  of 
Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

A  smaller^species  than  C.  ptychocyma,  with  the  last  whorl  plain 
and  normal,  not  strongly  sculptured,  as  C.  ptychocyma  is.  The 
solid,  smoothish  shell,  short  spiral  and  columellar  lamellae,  and 
peculiarly  flat  clausilium  are  the  same  in  both  species. 

At  the  time  I  wrote  a  preliminary  account  of  the  Tane-ga-shima 
and  Yaku-shima  snails  these  points  of  relationship  were  not 
appreciated,  and  I  took  a  wrong  view  of  the  affinities  of  C.  pinta. 
Clausilia  ptychocyma  Pilsbry.  PI.  XXXV,  figs.  7,  8,  9. 

Pilsbry,  these  Proceedings  for  1901,  Vol.  LIII,  p.  501  (October  2). 

Shell  obesely  fusiform,  rather  acutely  tapering  above,  buff  or  in 
part  pale  reddish,  extremely  solid  and  thick,  weakly  striate, 
almost  smooth.  Whorls  9,  the  latter  part  of  the  last  whorl  having 
a  strong  wave  or  crest,  accompanied  by  several  smaller  but  strong 
wrinkles,  behind  and  parallel  to  tne  outer  lip.  Aperture  small, 
squarish-ovate,  the  peristome  slightly  expanded,  thick,  hardly 
free  above.  Superior  lamella  low  and  small  but  stout,  separated 
from  the  spiral  lamella,  which  runs  inward  barely  to  the  ventral 
side.  Inferior  lamella  very  deeply  receding,  strong  and  obliquely 
ascending  inside,  penetrating  as  far  as  the  spiral  lamella.  Sub- 
columellar  lamella  immersed,  its  lower  end  visible  in  an  oblique 
view  in  the  aperture,  sometimes  very  weakly  emerging.  Principal 
plica  rather  short,  visible  deep  in  the  throat  and  extending  shortly 
past  the  lunella.  Lunella  lateral,  weak,  straight  above,  curving 
inward  below  and  joining  or  contiguous  to  a  very  short,  nodule- 
like  lower  palatal  plica. 

Length  11,  diam.  3  mm. 

Clausilium  (PI.  XXXV,  fig.  10)  parallel-sided,  remarkably 
straight  in  profile,  tapering  on  both  sides  and  slightly  acuminate 
below,  excised  on  the  columellar  side  of  the  filament. 

Tane-ga-shima,  Osumi.  Types  No.  81,932,  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P., 
from  No.  664a  of  Mr  Hirase's  collection. 

An  exceedingly  solid  little  Clausilia,  quite  unlike  C.  tanega- 
shimce  in  its  immersed  or  nearly  immersed  subcolumellar  lamella, 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  629 

and  especially  in  the   clausiliurn,  which  is  unusually  straight  and 
not  in  the  least  oblique  at  the  apex. 

Clausilia  ptychocyma  var.  yakushimse  Pilsbry.    PI.  XXXV,  fig.  11. 

Pilsbry,  I.  c. 

Yaku-shima,  Osumi.  Types  No.  81,934  Coll.  A.  K  S.  P., 
from  No.  6646  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

Section  TYRANNOPH^DUSA  Pilsbry. 

Clausilium  obliquely  truncate  distally,  the  columellar  side  of  the 
apex  slanting,  strongly  thickened  along  the  inner  face.  Shell 
having  the  superior  and  spiral  lamellae  contiguous  or  separated, 
the  inferior  lamella  deeply  receding,  straight  or  obliquely  ascend- 
ing inside ;  spiral  and  columellar  lamella  usually  continued  within 
past  the  ventral  side;  lunella  united  to  both  upper  and  lower 
palatal  plicae  or  separated  from  the  upper  plica,  usually  latero- ventral 
or  ventral  in  position.  Type  C.  mikado  Pils. 

The  characters  of  this  section  were  only  imperfectly  perceived 
when  it  was  originally  proposed  last  year.  Further  investigation 
shows  it  to  be  quite  distinct  from  Semiphcedusa  (which  resembles 
it  in  the  receding  inferior  lamella),  by  the  oblique  and  thickened 
end  of  the  clausilium.  Moreover,  the  lamellae  extend  further 
inward,  the  closing  apparatus  retreats  more  deeply:  there  is  often 
a  crest  on  the  neck  parallel  to  the  outer  lip,  and  in  some  species 
the  lip  is  plicate  in  the  subcolumellar  region,  and  there  may  be 
interlamellar  folds. 

The  section  includes  three  groups  of  species,  distinguished  as 
follows : 

a. — A  strong  crest  behind  the  outer  lip,  Group  of  C.  tanegashimce. 
a1. — No  distinct  crest. 

b. — Lunella  curving  inward  above  (con crescent  with  the  outer 
end  of  the  upper  palatal  plica),  Group  of  C.  bilabrata. 
bl.  — Lunella  straight ;  together  with  the  palatal  plicae  forming 
an  I -shaped  barrier,  or  separated  from  the  upper  pala- 
tal plica, Group  of  C.  mikado. 

Group  of  C.  bilabrata. 

Tyrannophaedusae  of  ordinary  form,  with  the  clausilium  oblique 
and  thickened  at  the  apex,  excised  on  the  columellar  side  of  the  fila- 
ment. Superior  and  spiral  lamellae  separated  or  nearly  so,  the 
spiral  and  inferior  extending  inward  to  or  past  the  ventral  side. 


630  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ACADEMY    OF  [Dec., 

Inferior  lamella  obliquely  or  somewhat  spirally  ascending  within. 
Subcolumellar  lamella  emerging,  usually  in  a  group  of  lip-folds. 

Lunella  ventral  or  lateral,  rather  straight  above,  united  below  to 
a  lower  palatal  plica.  No  upper  palatal  plica. 

The  oblique  end  of  the  clausilium,  disconnected  superior  and 
spiral  lamellae,  and  frequent  development  of  a  group  of  lip-fold8 
are  the  chief  characters  of  this  group.  It  differs  from  the  mikado 
group  by  the  absence  of  an  Upper  palatal  plica  and  the  discontinu- 
ous superior  and  spiral  lamellae.  The  plication  of  the  lip  in  the 
region  of  the  inferior  and  subcolumellar  lamellae  varies  from 
strongly  developed  to  obsolete  in  each  of  the  species  known 
among  individuals  from  most  localities. 

a. — Peristome  notched  on  the  left  side  of  the  superior  lamella- 
Shell  obese  below,  the  upper,  attenuated  portion  thick,  api- 
cal whorl  large;  length  about  15  mm.,        .      C.  surugensis> 
a1. — Peristome  not  notched  or  emarginate  near  the  superior  lamella- 
b.  —  Early   whorls   almost   always   self -amputated  in  adults. 
Length   17-25  mm.,    dependent   upon  the  number  of 
whorls  retained,  as  well  as  upon  the  size  of  the  indi- 
vidual; diam.  4J-6  mm.,       ....      0.  bilabrata. 
bl.  — Apex  entire;  shell   slender,  acutely  tapering  above,  the 
first  whorl  minute;  length  12-15,  diam.  3-3^  mm., 

C.   Oscariana. 

Clausilia  bilabrata  Smith.    PL  XXXVI,  figs.  17-24. 

Clamilia  bilabrata  E.  A.  Smith,  Quarterly  Joura.  of  Conchology,  I, 
p.  120.  Boettger,  Jahrb.  d.  D.  Malak.  Ges.,  1878,  p.  103,  with  var. 
ptycholcema,  PL  4,  fig.  6.  Kobelt,  t.  c.,  p.  96,  PI.  9,  fig.  12.  Mollen- 
dorff,Nachr'bl.  d.  D.  Malak.  Ges.,  1900,  p.  109. 

As  no  good  illustration  of  this  species  has  appeared,  it  is  figured 
here  for  comparison  with  the  two  new  forms  of  the  same  group, 
and  to  show  the  local  variations. 

The  shell  is  strong,  almost  always  truncate  and  plugged  in 
adults,  7  to  10  whorls  usually  remaining.  It  varies  in  color  from 
straw-yellow  to  rather  dark  brown.  It  is  very  finely  striate, 
attenuated  above,  the  last  whorl  laterally  compressed.  Aperture 
ovate,  the  peristome  reflexed  and  well  thickened,  very  shortly  free 
above,  usually  but  not  always  corrugated  by  several  or  many  folds 
grouped  around  the  subcolumellar  lamella.  The  superior  lamella 
is  marginal,  rather  small,  and  separated  from  or  sometimes  almost 
continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella,  which  penetrates  past  the  ven- 
tral side.  The  inferior  lamella  recedes  very  deeply,  is  not  visible 


1901.J  NATURAL    SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  631 

from  the  mouth,  except  for  a  slender  continuation  across  the  lip 
parallel  with  the  subcolumellar  lamella  in  most  specimens,  but 
often  wanting.  It  ascends  rather  straightly  but  obliquely  inside, 
and  continues  inward  as  far  as  the  spiral  lamella.  The  principal 
plica  is  almost  a  whorl  long,  approaching  the  aperture,  and  con- 
tinued within  past  the  ventral  side.  The  lunella  is  latero-ventral 
or  almost  ventral,  oblique,  almost  straight,  but  curved  a  trifle 
inward  above,  and  connected  with  a  strong  lower  palatal  plica  very 
near  its  inner  end. 

The  clausilium  (PI.  XXXVI,  figs.  20,  21)  is  parallel -sided, 
very  obliquely  cut  off  and  thickened  on  the  columellar  side  of  the 
apex.  It  is  deeply  emarginate  or  excised  on  the  columellar  side 
of  the  filament. 

I  have  received  specimens  from  the  following  localities:  Nippon 
—Kobe,  Setsu;  Takaya,  Bitchu;  Toyonishikami,  Nagato.  Sen- 
zan,  Awaji.  Shikoku:  Ushirogawa  and  Okinoshima,  Tosa. 
Kiushiu:  Fukuregi  and  Yatsushiro,  Higo. 

The  distribution  of  0.  bilabrata  includes  southwestern  Nippon, 
Awaji  and  Shikoku  Islands,  Kiushiu  and  the  Iki  Islands;  the 
latter  locality  on  the  authority  of  Dr.  O.  von  Mollendorff,  who 
records  specimens  collected  by  Fruhstorfer. 

While  there  is  some  variation  from  place  to  place,  1  do  not  see 
grounds  for  the  definition  of  any  races  or  subspecies,  except  the 
variety  defined  by  Boettger,  which  I  have  not  seen.  The  degree 
of  plication  of  the  right  margin  of  the  peristome  is  subject  to  wide 
individual  variation  in  C.  bilabrata,  C.  Oscariana  and  C.  suru- 
gensis. 

Specimens  from  Kobe  are  pale  colored,  retain  7^-9  whorls,  and 
either  have  the  right  margin  plain,  except  for  the  emerging  inferior 
and  subcolumellar  lamellae  (fig.  17),  or  many-folded  (fig.  19). 
They  measure  between,  alt.  22.5,  diam.  5.5  mm.,  whorls  9,  and 
alt.  20,  diam.  4.8  mm.,  whorls  8.  At  Takaya,  Bitchu,  the  shells 
are  larger,  and  vary  from  a  single  emerging  lamella,  the  subcol- 
umellar. to  three  or  four  folds.  Alt.  25,  diam.  5.8  mm.,  whorls 
8-J;  alt.  21,  diam.  6  mm.,  whorls  7-J-.  They  are  corroded,  and 
more  or  less  clothed  with  green  algae  on  the  back  (figs.  23,  24). 

Toyonishikami,  Nagato.  Dark  reddish-brown,  with  the  lunella 
decidedly  fofero-ventral,  and  the  principal  plica  shorter;  lip  with 
numerous  folds.  Alt.  23.5,  diam.  5.6  mm.,  whorls  9J. 


632  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE    ACADEMY    OF  [Dec. , 

Senzan,  Awaji.  Like  Kobe  shells,  but  sometimes  smaller.  Alt. 
20,  diam.  5  mm.,  whorls  8;  alt.  17,  diam.  4.5  mm.,  whorls  7J. 

Okinoshima,  Tosa.  Specimens  like  those  from  Kobe,  but  the 
lip  is  sometimes  appressed,  not  free  above,  and  the  superior  lamella 
scarcely  marginal.  Plication  of  the  subcolumellar  region  variable. 

Ushirogawa,  Tosa.  Slightly  smaller  than  Kobe  shells  and,  like 
the  preceding  lot,  more  opaque,  the  lunella  not  visible  from  the 
outside. 

One  specimen,  sent  at  a  different  time  from  this  locality  (PL 
XXXVI,  fig.  22),  retains  the  apex  perfect,  is  reddish-brown, 
slightly  translucent,  and  has  a  much  shorter  principal  plica,  ex- 
tending but  a  short  distance  beyond  the  lunella.  There  are  13 
whorls,  the  earlier  ones  translucent-white.  Length  25.5,  diam. 
5.9  mm. 

Fukuregi,  Higo,  Kiushiu.  Rather  small,  with  few  or  many 
subcolumellar  plications.  Alt.  19,  diam.  5  mm.,  whorls  9. 

Yatsushiro,  Higo.     Larger  than  the  preceding;  peristoine  often 
somewhat  more  solute  than  in  Kobe  shells,  and  the  mouth  a  little 
narrower.     Alt.   2.4,   diam.   5  mm.,   whorJs  10 J;    alt.   21,  diam. 
5  mm.,  whorls  8J. 
Clausilia  plicilabris  var.  ptyoholaema  Boettger. 

"  Shell  larger,  more  distinctly  striate,  the  last  whorl  more 
strongly  rib -striate.  Aperture  longer,  the  peristome  less  calloused 
and  reflexed.  Length  (decollate)  20J-27J,  diam.  5|-6f  mm." 

"  Seluchi,  between  Hiuga  and  Bugo  "  (Rein). 

Clausilia  Oscariana  Pilsbry.    PI.  XXXVI,  figs.  30,  31. 

Pilsbry ,  in  these  Proceedings  for  1901,  Vol.  LIII,  p.  499  (October  2, 
1901). 

Shell  rimate,  fusiform,  rather  acutely  attenuated  above,  the 
early  whorls  retained  in  adults;  dingy  brown;  finely  striate. 
Whorls  10J  to  11^,  slightly  convex,  the  last  perceptibly  constricted 
behind  the  lip.  Aperture  ovate-piriform,  the  sinulus  a  little 
retracted;  peristome  very  shortly  free  above,  not  emarginate  at 
the  position  of  the  superior  lamella,  reflexed  and  thickened,  crossed 
by  several  folds  {sometimes  subobsolete')  in  the  vicinity  of  the  sub- 
columellar lamella.  Superior  lamella  marginal,  rather  low, 
slightly  oblique,  widely  separated  from  the  spiral  lamella,  the  latter 
reaching  a  ventral  position  within.  Inferior  lamella  very  deeply 
receding,  scarcely  visible  from  the  mouth,  extending  inward  nearly 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA. 

as  far  as  the  spiral  lamella.  Subcoluraellar  lamella  emerging  to 
the  lip-edge,  several  folds  usually  grouped  around  it.  Principal 
plica  strong,  reaching  from  the  dorsal  to  the  ventral  side. 
Lunella  lateral,  strong,  slightly  curving  inward  above,  united 
below  to  the  lower  palatal  fold  near  its  inner  end. 

Length  14.7,  diam.  3.5  mm. 

Length  12,  diam.  3  mm. 

Fukuregi,  Province  Higo,  Kiushiu.  Types  No.  81,930  Coll. 
A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  674  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

Related  to    C.  bilabrata  Smith,  but  only  about  half    as  large, 
with  fewer  whorls,  not  subject  to  truncation,  and  more  attenuated 
above.     The  lunella  is  more  lateral.     In  C.  surugensis  the  spire 
is  much  less  slender.     Named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Oscar  Boettger. 
Clausilia  surugensis  n.  sp.    PI.  XXXVI,  figs.  25,  26,  27. 

Shell  rimate,  obese  below,  attenuated  above,  whitish  under  a  pale 
brownish-yellow  cuticle,  which  is  mainly  eroded  from  the  specimens 
examined;  finely  striate.  Whorls  10,  the  first  rather  large,  next 
three  or  four  scarcely  increasing  in  diameter,  the  last  two  or  three 
whorls  quite  swollen.  Aperture  piriform  with  rather  distinct 
sinulus,  peristome  narrowly  reflexed  and  thickened,  varying  from 
nearly  smooth  to  densely  plicate  along  the  eolumellar  margin; 
notched  to  the  left  of  the  superior  lamella.  Superior  lamella  rather 
small,  a  more  or  less  distinct  groove  on  each  side  of  it,  and  a  very 
small  fold  or  lamella  close  to  it  on  the  left;  not  continuous  with  the 
spiral  lamella,  the  latter  continued  inward  past  the  ventral  side. 
Inferior  lamella  very  deeply  receding,  strongly  spiral  \vithin,  con- 
tinuing inward  as  far  as  the  spiral  lamella.  Subcolumellar  lamella 
emerging.  Principal  plica  a  half  whorl  long,  extending  from  a 
dorsal  to  a  ventral  position.  The  lunella  is  sub  ventral,  curves  in- 
ward above,  and  is  weakly  united  with,  or  slightly  separated  from, 
the  middle  of  a  rather  long,  oblique,  lower  palatal  plica. 

Length  15,  diam.  3.7  mm. 

Length  14.3,  diam.  3.8  mm. 

Clausilium  (PI.  XXXVI,   figs.  28,   29)  oblique  and  somewha 
thickened  at  the  apex,  a  little  excised  or  emarginate  on  the  eolu- 
mellar side  of  the  filament. 

Mikuriya,  Suruga.  Types  No.  81,902  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from 
Mr.  Hirase's  No.  688. 

This  species  is  much    smaller  than  C.  bilabrata,   which   is  not 


4334  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF  [Dec. , 

known  from  so  far  north  or  northeast.  It  is  more  attenuated 
above,  and  the  peristome  is  notched  on  the  left  side  of  the  termi- 
nation or  the  superior  lamella. 

Group  of  C.  tanegashimce. 

Solid  and  strong  TyrannophceduscB  with  the  clausilium  oblique 
and  thickened  distally,  the  superior  lamella  separated  from  the 
spiral  lamella,  which  penetrates  past  the  ventral  side,  accompanied 
by  the  inferior  lamella;  lunella  sub  ventral;  subcolumellar  lamella 
strongly  emerging.  There  is  a  strong  ridge  or  crest  behind  the 
outer  lip,  parallel  with  it. 

Similar  to  the  group  of  C.  bilabrata  in  internal  structure,  but 
differing  in  the  crest  behind  the  lip.  Species  are  known  from  the 
northeastern  group  of  Kiukiu  Islands,  and  from  southern  Kiushiu. 
Species  two:  C.  oxycyma,  with  a  distinct  upper  palatal  plica  devel- 
oped, length  14  mm.,  and  C.  tanegashimce,  which  has  Ihe  upper 
palatal  plica  represented  only  by  an  inward  bend  of  the  upper  end 
of  the  lunella,  length  16-1 8J-  mrr. 

Clausilia  oxycyma  n.  sp.    PI.  XXXVII,  figs.  35,  36,  37,  38. 

Shell  rimate,  fusiform,  rather  slender,  attenuated  above,  glossy, 
rather  dark  red-brown  when  unworn ;  finely  striate,  a  little  more 
coarsely  so  on  the  last  whorl.  Whorls  9f  to  nearly  11,  moderately 
convex,  the  last  three  whorls  of  almost  equal  diameter,  last  whorl 
compressed  laterally,  tapering,  rising  into  a  strong,  rather  acute 
ridge  or  crest  a  short  distance  behind  the  lip  and  parallel  with  it. 
Aperture  piriform,  slightly  oblique,  brown  within;  peristome  nar- 
rowly reflexed,  continuous,  white,  scarcely  emarginate  at  the  posi- 
tion of  the  superior  lamella.  Superior  lamella  small,  marginal, 
slightly  oblique,  not  continuous  ivith  the  spiral  lamella.  Spiral 
lamella  very  high  within,  of  equal  length  with  the  inferior  lamella, 
both  continuing  .past  a  ventral  position.  Inferior  lamella  very 
deeply  receding,  twisted  within.  Subcolumellar  lamella  emerging 
to  the  lip-edge,  bounded  by  grooves.  Principal  plica  strong, 
Breaching  from  the  dorsal  to  the  ventral  side.  Luuella  latero-ven- 
tral,  oblique,  joining  the  middle  of  strong,  rather'  long,  oblique, 
upper  and  lower  palatal  plicse. 

Length  14,  diam.  3  to  3J  mm. 

Clausilium  (PI.  XXXVII,  figs.  41,  42)  moderately  curved,  the 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  635 

distal  end  very  oblique  and  thickened  on  the  coluraellar  side,  the 
proximal  end  emarginate  on  the  columellar  side  of  the  filament. 
The  middle  of  the  palatal  margin  projecls. 

Kagoshima,  Satsuma,  in  southern  Kiushiu.     Types  No.  81,925 
Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  Mr.  Y.  Hirase's  No.  695. 

Similar  to  C.  tanegashimce  and  C.  ptyckocyma  in  the  strong  crest 
behind  the  outer  lip,  but  different  from  both  in  palatal  armature. 
No  other  Japanese   species  has  any  similar  structure  of    the  last 
whorl. 
Clansilia  tanegashimse  Pilsbry.    PI.  XXXVII,  figs.  32,  33,  34. 

Pilsbry,  these  Proceedings  for  1901,  Vol.  LIII,  p.  500  (October  2). 
Shell  fusiform,  rather  acutely  tapering  above,  very  solid,  some- 
what glossy,  brown,  very  weakly  striate  except  the  last  whorl. 
Whorls  about  10J,  moderately  convex,  the  last  having  a  strong, 
acute  ridge  or  crest  a  short  distance  behind  the  outer  and  basal 
lips.  Apertureovate-piriform,  the  sinulus  a  trifle  retracted ;  peris- 
tome  reflexed,  somewhat  thickened,  very  shortly  free  or  almost 
adnate  above.  Superior  lamella  small,  vertical,  marginal,  widely 
separated  from  the  spiral  lamella,  the  latter  extending  inward  past 
the  ventral  side.  Inferior  lamella  emerging  in  a  slender  cord 
parallel  to  the  subcolumellar  lamella,  otherwise  very  deeply  reced- 
ing, within  very  strong  and  obliquely  ascending,  penetrating  as  far 
as  the  spiral  lamella.  Subcolumellar  lamella  emerging  to  the  lip- 
edge,  bounded  by  grooves.  Principal  plica  about  a  half-whorl 
long,  extending  from  a  dorsal  position  (visible  within  the  throat) 
to  just  past  the  lunella.  Lunella  well  developed,  subventral,  some- 
what curved  inward  above,  connected  below  with  the  inner  end  of 
a  long  oblique  lower  palatal  plica. 

Length  18.5,  diam.  4.2  mm. 

Length  16,  diam.  4  mm. 

Length  16.2,  diam.  3.7  mm. 

The  clausilium  (PI.  XXXVII,  figs.  39,  40)  is  similar  to  that  of 
C.  bilabrata,  being  oblique  and  thickened  at  the  apex,  and  excised 
on  the  columellar  side  of  the  filament. 

Tane-ga-shima,  Osumi,  Northeastern  Group  of  the  Riukiu  Islands. 

Types  No.  81,933  CoTl.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  662  of  Mr. 
Hirase's  collection.  Also  occurs  on  Yakushima,  No.  6626  of  Mr. 
Hirase's  collection. 

This  is  a  much  larger  species  than  C.  ptychocyma,  with  emerging 


636  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY    OF  [Dec. , 

subcolumellar  lamella  and  sharper,  higher  crest  behind  the  outer 
lip.  C.  oxycyma  scarcely  differs  from  tanegashimce  externally 
except  in  its  smaller  size,  but  it  has  a  well  developed  upper  palatal 
plica,  which  is  represented  in  tanegashimce  by  only  a  short  inward 
bend  of  the  lunella.  The  palatal  margin  of  the  clausilium  is 
straight  in  C.  tanegashimce. 

Specimens  from  Yaku-shima  agree  with  those  of  Tane-ga-shima 
in  solidity  and  size.  The  lunella  is  low  above  and  its  inward  bend 
above,  though  low,  is  rather  pliciform.  I  did  not  receive  these 
specimens  until  recently,  or  I  would  have  named  the  species 
differently,  since  it  proves  to  extend  beyond  Tane-ga-shima. 

Group  of  C.  mikado. 

This  group  is  well  developed  in  the  provinces  about  the  upper 
(eastern)  end  of  the  Inland  Sea.  Probably  C.  plicilabris  A. 
Ad. ,  described  from  Tanabe,  Kii,  will  prove  to  belong  here,  near 
C.  aurantiaca  and  the  following  species.  I  formerly  thought  it 
might  be  identical  with  C.  lilabrata  Smith. 

Clausilia  orthatracta  n.  sp.    PL  XXXVII,  figs.  44,  45,  46. 

Shell  rimate,  slenderly  and  straightly  fusiform,  rather  solid,  of 
a  pale  brown  tint.  Surface  lusterless,  finely  striate,  the  striae  per- 
ceptibly coarser,  though  still  fine  and  close,  on  the  latter  part  of 
the  last  whorl.  The  upper  whorls  are  almost  smooth  from  wear  in 
the  specimens  seen.  Spire  nearly  straight-sided,  attenuated  and 
nearly  cylindric  above,  the  apex  rather  large.  Whorls  12,  the 
earlier  convex,  the  later  ones  flattened,  last  whorl  compressed  later- 
ally, noticeably  constricted  behind  the  lip,  especially  near  and  at 
the  base;  and  there  is  generally  a  stronger  riblet  where  the  expan- 
sion of  the  lip  begins  (fig.  45).  Aperture  oblique,  retracted  at 
the  base  and  sinulus,  piriform  and  small.  The  peristome  is  con- 
tinuous and  stands  forward  free  from  the  preceding  whorl;  is  white, 
thickened,  expanded  and  reflexed,  weakly  emarginate  at  the  posi- 
tion of  the  superior  lamella  or  not  noticeably  so.  Superior  lamella 
marginal,  oblique,  continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella,  which  is  low 
at  first,  but  rises  high  in  the  region  of  the  closing  apparatus,  and 
penetrates  inward  past  the  aperture  to  a  lateral  position  on  the 
left  side.  The  inferior  lamella  recedes  deeply,  though  the  lower 
end  continues  to  the  lip-edge.  It  is  straightened  within,  and  pene- 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF   PHILADELPHIA.  637 

(rates  nearly  or  quite  as  deeply  as  the  spiral  lamella.  The  sub- 
columellar  lamella  emerges  to  the  lip-edge,  is  bounded  by  grooves, 
and  there  is  sometimes  some  weak  crenation  of  the  lip  below  it. 
The  principal  plica  approaches  the  lip,  and  is  about  one  whorl 
long.  The  narrow,  straight  lunella  stands  in  a  ventro-lateral 
position,  and  is  connected  above  and  below  with  short  but  higher 
upper  and  lower  palatal  plicae  (fig.  46). . 

Length  16,  diam.  nearly  3,  length  of  aperture  3  mm. 

Length  15,  diam.  3,  length  of  aperture  3.2  mm. 

The  clausilium  (fig.  43)  resembles  that  of  C.  oxycyma ;  the 
palatal  edge  being  a  little  swollen  in  the  middle.  The  distal  end 
is  oblique  and  strongly  thickened,  as  usual. 

Akasaka,  Province  Mino,  Japan.  Types  No.  82,273  Coll. 
A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  748  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

This  Tyrannopkcedusa  stands  between  C.  aurantiaca  Bttg.  and  C. 
iotaptyx  Pils.  It  is  more  slender  than  either,  and  differs  from 
them  in  the  shape  of  the  spire  and  the  relatively  smaller  aperture. 

Compared  wilh  C.  aurantiaca  var.  hypoptyehia  Pils.,  the  present 
species  is  seen  to  differ  in  the  straighter  lateral  outlines  and  larger 
apex. 

Section  STEREOPH^EDUSA  Bttg. 

This  section  comprises  four  groups  of  species:  The  group  of  C. 
valida,  restricted  to  the  middle  Riukiu  Islands;1  the  group  of  0. 
japonica,  known  from  Nippon  and  Shikoku;  the  group  of  C. 
brevior,  now  known  from  Nippon,  Kiushiu  and  the  Riukiu  Islands, 
and  the  group  of  C.  entospira,  containing  a  single  species  from 
Tane-ga-shima. 

The  group  of   C.  japonica  includes  the  following  large  species : 
1.    C.  japonica  Crosse.     Synonyms  of  the  typical   form  are    0. 
kobensis  Smith  and  C.  nipponensis  Kobelt.     There  cannot 
be  much  doubt  that   C.  eurystoma  v.  Mart,  is  a  pathologic 
individual  of  the  same. 

A  var.  pallens  has  been  distinguished  by  von  Mollendorff, 
and  I  have  defined  var.  interplicata.  There  remain  several 
other  more  or  less  well-marked  races,  which  it  seems  to  me 
inadvisable  to  name  until  their  distribution  can  be  more  fully 
studied.  In  Idzumo  Province  a  large,  dark  race  occurs,  which 

1  Theee  Proceedings  for  1901,  Vol.  LIII,  p.  410. 


638  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ACADEMY    OF  [Dec. , 

agrees  with   C.  Hilgendorfi  v.  Mart,   in  everything  except 
the  sutural  plica  which  is  said  to  characterize  that  species. 

2.  C.  Hilgendorfi  v.  Mart.     Probably  a  subspecies  of  C.  japonica. 

3.  C.  oostoma  v.  Moll.     I  have  considered  my  C.  japonica  var. 

surugce  to  be  this  species.     The  latter  has  a  synonym,  C. 
eurystoma  subsp.  brachyptychia  Mlldff. 

4.  C.  subjaponica  Pils. 

The  group  of  C.  brevior  consists  of  smaller  species,  of  which  the 
first  two,  from  the  middle  part  of  Nippon,  have  no  lunella,  while 
in  C.  Stearnsii,  Addisoni,  Jacobiana  and  hondana  a  lunella  is 
developed,  at  least  in  some  individuals. 

5.  C.  brevior  v.  Mart.     Includes  C.  tetmptyx  Mlldff. 

6.  C.  nikkoensis  Mlldff. 

7.  C.  hondana  Pils. 

8.  C.  Stearnsii  Pils. 

9.  C.  Jacobiana  Pils. 

10.  C.  Addisoni  Pils. 

11.  C.  stereoma  Pils.  with  varieties  nugax  and  cognata. 

I  have  elsewhere  described  and  figured  C  hondana  and  (7. 
Stearnsii.  C.  nikkoensis  I  have  not  yet  seen.  The  other  species  of 
the  brevior  group  are  described  below. 

In  the  typical  Stereophcedusce  there  are  either  several  palatal 
plicae,  or  only  the  upper  and  lower.  In  C.  hondana,  Addisoni, 
Stearnsii,  Jacobiana  and  stereoma  a  low,  straight  lunella  stands 
between  the  upper  and  lower  plicse.  This  lunella,  in  fully  adult 
individuals,  is  a  smooth  ridge,  without  higher  points  or  irregulari- 
ties; but  in  some  individuals,  viewed  from  the  outside,  a  row  of 
short  light  markings  is  seen,  as  though  a  series  of  palatal  plicae 
stood  in  place  of  the  lunella.  When  this  is  not  obvious  from  the 
outside,  it  appears  when  the  shell-wall  and  lunella  are  viewed  by 
transmitted  light.  This  indicates  local  differences  in  the  substance 
of  the  shell,  affecting  its  refracting  qualities;  and  it  occurred  to 
me  that  a  row  of  plicae  is  first  formed,  and  subsequently  the  spaces 
between  them  are  filled  in.  Upon  examining  specimens  of  C. 
Jacobiana  not  quite  mature,  in  which  the  peristome  was  not  fully 
formed,  I  found  that  this  was  what  actually  takes  place.  Such 
shells  have  no  lunella  whatever,  but  in  its  place  a  series  of  four  or 
five  short  plica)  (PJ.  XXXIX,  fig.  68). 

These   facts  indicate  that   the    ancestral   Stereophcedusce   had   a 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OP    PHILADELPHIA.  630 

palatal  armature  of  short  palatal  plica?,  precisely  similar  to  the 
structure  still  extant  in  certain  other  groups,  Meg atop hcedusa  for 
instance.  This  became  modified  in  two  modes:  (1)  The  interme- 
diate plicai  degenerated,  resulting  in  such  forms  as  typical  C. 
japonica,  in  which  only  the  upper  and  lower  plica?  remain,  or  (2) 
the  intermediate  plica?  coalesced  to  form  a  lunella. 

That  the  loss  of  an  even  series  of  plica?  has  been  a  very  recent 
one  in  Stereop hcedusa  is  indicated  by  several  facts.  In  species 
which  normally  have  but  two  palatal  plica?  sometimes  individuals 
or  races  occur  in  which  small  intermediate  plica?  are  developed  ;2 
and  in  species  with  a  lunella,  the  earlier  structure  of  a  row  of 
plica?  is  perfectly  developed  in  the  stage  of  growth  immediately 
preceding  the  adult  stage. 

Incidentally  I  may  observe  that  the  perplexing  structural  varia- 
tion I  formerly  recorded  in  describing  C.  hondana  is  at  least  par- 
tially explained  by  what  I  find  to  occur  in  the  Stereophcediisce  of 
Kiushiu  and  Tane-ga-shima.  I  was  dealing  with  a  small  series  of 
shells,  part  of  which  were  not  absolutely  mature. 
Clausilia  brevior  v.  Martens.  PI.  XXXVIII,  figs.  47,  48,  49,  50,  51. 

Von  Martens.  Sitzungsberichte  der  Ges.  Naturforsch.  Freunde  in  Ber- 
lin, 1877,  p.  109.  Kobelt,  Fauna  Moll.  Extramar.  Jap.,  p.  78,  PL  9, 
fig.  4  (bad). 

0.  tetraptyx  v.  Mollendorff,  Journ.  Asiatic  Soc.  Beng.,  LI,  p.  7,  PI,  1,  fig. 
7  (1882);  1885,  p.  61. 

This  species  is  not  recognizably  figured  in  Kobell's  work.  For 
the  purpose  of  more  exact  comparison  with  C.  Addisoni,  a  fuller 
account  of  the  species  than  has  been  published  is  given  below. 

The  shell  is  thin,  obesely  fusiform,  much  attenuated  and  con- 
cave-sided near  the  apex,  the  last  three  whorls  inflated,  the  last 
half  of  the  last  whorl  more  or  less  compressed,  often  conspicuously 
narrower  than  the  preceding  whorl,  as  in  the  "  nipponensis"  form 
of  C.  japonica.  Pale  yellowish  brown;  sharply, .  very  obliquely 
striate  or  rib-striate.  Whorls  about  9^,  the  apex  minute,  but  the 
following  whorl  disproportionately  large;  next  few  whorls  very 
slowly  increasing.  Aperture  squarish-ovate,  the  peristome  ex- 
panded, somewhat  reflexed,  thickened  and  white,  hardly  free 
above,  the  upper  margin  parallel  to  the  sutures.  Superior  lamella 
thin  and  high,  marginal,  continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella  which 

2  The  evidence  of  this  will  be  presented  in  a  future  paper  dealing  with  the- 
G.  japonica  group  of  Stereopficedusa. 


640  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE    ACADEMY    OF  [Dec., 

penetrates  to  or  past  the  middle  of  the  ventral  side.  Inferior 
lamella  approaching  the  superior,  forming  a  strong,  subhorizontal 
fold;  inside  it  ascends  with  a  broad  spiral  trend,  and  penetrates 
nearly  or  quite  as  far  as  the  superior  lamella.  The  subcolumellar 
lamella  emerges  to  the  lip-edge.  The  principal  plica  is  visible 
deep  in  the  throat  and  ascends  to  a  latero-ventral  position.  Pala- 
tal plicse  three  or  four,  the  first  and  fourth  long,  oblique  ;  the 
second  shorter;  third  very  small  or  wanting,  leaving  a  space. 

Length  14  to  17,  diam.  4  mm.  (Von  Martens*  type). 

Length  17.2,  diam.  4.3  mm.;  length  14,  diam.  4  mm.;  length 
13.4,  diam.  3.5  mm. ;  specimens  from  Tokyo. 

Length  14.5,  diam.  4.1  mm.;  length  12,  diam.  3.5  mm.; 
specimens  from  Nikko. 

Length  17,  diam.  3.7  to  4  mm.;  specimen  from  Numazu, 
Suruga. 

Clausilium  (PI.  XXXVIII,  figs.  52,  53)  short  and  wide,  broadest 
below,  strongly  arcuate,  a  little  tapering  and  thickened  at  the 
apex,  somewhat  excised  on  the  columellar  side  of  the  filament. 

Misaki,  Sagami,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bay  of  Tokyo  (Hilgen- 
dorf,  type  locality);  Ashima,  Izu  (Hirase);  Yokohama  (B. 
Schmacker);  Tokyo  (F.  Stearns);  Nikko,  Shimotsuke  (Loomis); 
Fujisawa  (Hungerford,  type  locality  of  C.  tetraptyx~) ;  Numazu, 
Suruga  (Hirase). 

The  small  size  for  a  Stereophcedusa,  strongly  attenuated  early 
whorls,  and  thin  shell  are  the  more  prominent  differences  between 
C.  brevior  and  other  species  of  the  group.  * 

The  area  of  distribution  so  far  indicated  is  a  rather  restricted 
district  in  middle  Nippon.  Mr.  Hirase' s  fruitful  researches  in  the 
southwestern  half  of  Nippon  and  in  Shikoku  have  not  revealed  the 
species  there;  nor  has  it  yet  appeared  from  as  far  north  as  the 
Province  Uzen,  whence  a  considerable  number  of  small  species 
have  been  sent.  It  seems  to  be  a  very  abundant  shell  in  the  region 
about  Tokyo  Bay. 

The  variety  tetraptyx  Mlldff.  is  a  little  darker  brown,  the  peri- 
stome  brown-tinted,  at  least  in  part,  the  palatal  plicse  slightly 
longer  than  in  typical  brevior ;  but  in  the  lot  of  some  hundreds  of 
specimens  I  have  seen,  these  characters,  except  as  to  the  tint  of  the 
lip,  vary  by  insensible  degrees,  so  that  I  do  not  see  that  tetraptyx 
has  a  valid  claim  to  varietal  distinction.  One  of  the  original 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA.  641 

specimens  of    tetraptyx,   collected   by  Himgerford,    is   before  me, 
kindly  lent  from  the  collection  of  Mr.  E.  R.  Sykes. 
Clausilia  Addisoni  Pilsbry.    PI.  XXXVIII,  figs.  56,  57. 

C.  brevior  var.  Addisoni  Pils.,  these  Proceedings  for  1900,  p.  677 
(January  28,  1901).  C.  Addisoni  Pils.,  t.  c.,  p.  502,  under  C.  ster- 
eoma. 

Shell  obesely  fusiform,  much  attenuated  and  with  concave  out- 
lines above,  inflated  below,  the  last  whorl  narrower  and  tapering. 
Light  brown  or  corneous.  Rather  strongly  and  coarsely  striate, 
more  coarsely  so  on  the  last  half  whorl.  Aperture  squarish -ovate, 
the  lip  reflexed,  somewhat  thickened,  white.  Lamellae  about  as 
in  C.  brevior.  The  subcolumellar  lamella  barely  emerges  or  is 
continued  to  the  lip-edge.  The  three  palatal  plicae  are  slightly 
shorter  than  in  C.  brevior,  and  there  is  a  very  low,  subobsolete, 
straight  lunella,  or  at  least  a  low  callous  deposit  between  the  second 
and  the  lowest  plicae,  and  connected  with  the  latter. 

Length  18,  diam.  4.2  to  4.7  mm.,  whorls  9J. 

Length  16,  diam.  4.5  mm.,  whorls  9. 

Ari-mura,  a  village  on  the  southern  side  of  Sakura  Island,  in 
Kagoshima  Bay  (Addison  Gulick) ;  Kagoshima  and  Kajima, 
Satsuma  (Mr.  Hirase);  Isshochi,  Higo  (Hirase);  all  in  southern 
Kiushiu. 

This  form  is  very  much  like  C.  brevior,  of  which  I  at  first  con- 
sidered it  a  variety.  It  is  slightly  stronger,  larger  than  any  but 
the  largest  specimens  of  brevior,  and  differs  in  having  a  callous 
pad  or  rudimentary  lunella  above  the  lower  palatal  fold,  and  in 
the  decidedly  coarser  striation.  The  clausilium  is  thicker  at  the 
apex,  and  the  palatal  side  is  more  convex  (figs.  54,  55). 

Geographically  it  is  very  widely  separated  from  all  parts  of  the 
range  of  C.  brevior;  and  as  Mr.  Hirase  has  not  found  either 
species  at  any  of  the  multitude  of  intermediate  localities  explored 
by  him  or  his  collectors,  it  seems  unlikely  that  there  are  any  con- 
necting forms  in  the  intermediate  territory — the  southwestern  half 
of  Nippon  and  northern  Kiushiu. 

It  is  named  in  compliment  to  Mr.  Addison  Gulick,  formerly  of 
Osaka. 

Clausilia  Jacobiana  n.  sp.    PL  XXXIII,  figs.  58-62 ;  PL  XXXIX,  figs.  66-69. 

Shell  thin,  brown,  rimate,  fusiform,  the  upper  half  rapidly 
tapering,  several  earlier  whorls  attenuated,  the  penultimate  whorl 

41 


642  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [Dec. , 

swollen,  latter  half  of  the  last  whorl  compressed.  Surface  glossy, 
sculptured  with  strong,  threadlike  oblique  striae,  3  or  4  earlier 
whorls  smooth,  usually  Worn  or  eroded.  Whorls  9  to  9^-,  quite 
convex,  and  separated  by  deeply  impressed  sutures.  Aperture 
slightly  oblique,  ovate-pirifonn,  the  peristome  very  shortly  free 
above,  expanded  and  reflexed,  whitish,  slightly  emarginate  at  the 
position  of  the  superior  lamella,  the  sinulus  a  little  retracted. 
Superior  lamella  slender,  vertical,  continuous  with  the  spiral 
lamella,  which  extends  inward  to  the  middle  of  the  ventral  side. 
Inferior  lamella  forming  a  rather  small  but  subhorizontal  fold,  not 
reaching  out  upon  the  lip,  extending  inward  as  far  as  the  superior 
lamella.  Subcolumellar  lamella  varying  from  barely  immersed  to 
rather  weakly  emerging.  Principal  plica  a  half-whorl  long,  ex- 
tending from  a  dorsal  position  (visible  deep  in  the  throat)  to  a 
latero-ventral  position.  Upper  and  lower  palatal  plicae  rather 
short,  lateral.  Below  the  upper  palatal  plica  there  is  a  delicate 
second  plica,  from  the  outer  end  of  which  a  low  straight  lunella 
runs  to  the  lower  palatal  plica. 

Length  15.5,  diam.  3.6  mm.  ;  length  13.6,  diam.  3.5  mm. 

The  clausilium  (PI.  XXXIII,  figs.  61,  62)  has  the  general 
shape  and  curvature  of  that  of  C.  brevior  and  Addisoni,  but  differs 
from  both  in  having  the  apex  more  pointed,  and  it  is  more  concave 
on  the  palatal  side  of  the  apex.  The  end  is  also  more  thickened 
than  in  C.  brevior. 

Tane-ga-shima,  Osumi.  Types  No.  82,277  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P., 
from  No.  754  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection.  Also  Yaku-shima,  No. 
778  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

This  species  is  related  to  C.  Stearnsii  Pils.  of  Okinawa  and  C: 
Addisoni  Pils.  of  southern  Kiushiu.  It  is  much  more  slender  than 
the  latter,  with  more  convex  whorls  and  a  more  pointed  clausilium. 
C.  Stearnsii  is  a  longer  species,  in  which  the  early  whorls  are  not  so 
attenuated.  These  three  species  have  a  low  and  more  or  less  well- 
developed  lunella  when  adult,  a  structure  occurring  also  in  some 
specimens  of  C.  hondana,  but  otherwise  unknown  in  the  Stereoplice- 
dusce  of  Nippon.  In  immature  shells  a  row  of  short  palatal  plicae 
stands  in  place  of  the  lunella  (fig.  68). 

This  Clausilia  has  the  thin  shell  of  the  other  species  of  the 
brevior  group,  while  all  other  Clausilice  known  from  Tane-ga- 
shima  are  extremely  thick  and  strong. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  643 

It  is  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Arnold  Jacohi,  author  of  excellent 
papers  upon  the  soft  anatomy  of  Japanese  snails,  the  faunal  rela- 
tionships of  Japan,  etc. 

The  specimens  from  Yaku-shima  are  more  solid  than  those  from 
Tane-ga-shima,  and  the  palatal  armature  seems  to  be  less  devel- 
oped, the  lunella  being  less  distinct  or  absent.  There  are  three 
palatal  plicae  below  the  principal  plica,  the  first,  second  and  lowest. 
The  sculpture  and  shape  are  not  noticeably  different,  the  largest 
and  smallest  sent  measuring : 

Length  13,8,  diain.  3.3  mm. 

Length  11.3,  diam.  3  mm. 

Clausilia  stereoma  Pilsbry.    PI.  XXXIX,  figs.  70,  71. 

Pilsbry,  these  Proceedings  for  1901,  Vol.  LIII,  p.  502,  with  varieties 
nugax  and  cognata  (October  2,  1901). 

Shell  rimate,  obesely  fusiform,  the  spire  tapering  rapidly,  its 
upper  fourth  very  slender ;  thick  and  extremely  strong ;  olive  yellow, 
glossy;  the  spire  distinctly  striate,  last  two  whorls  smoother  except 
near  the  suture.  Whorls  about  8^,  convex,  the  penultimate  whorl 
swollen,  latter  half  of  the  last  whorl  compressed,  tapering. 
Aperture  ovate,  vertical,  flesh-tinted  within;  peristome  white, 
reflexed  and  thickened  within,  continuous,  though  almost  in  con- 
tact with  the  preceding  whorl  above.  Superior  lamella  rather 
slender,  oblique,  continuous  with  the  spiral  lamella.  Inferior 
]amella  strong,  subhorizontal,  approaching  the  superior  lamella, 
strongly  spiral  within,  both  spiral  and  inferior  lamellae  penetrating 
to  the  middle  of  the  ventral  side.  Subcolumellar  lamella  emerg- 
ing but  not  extending  to  the  lip-edge.  Principal  plica  very  short, 
lateral;  palatal  plicae  four,  the  upper  one  long,  converging  in- 
wardly toward  the  principal  plica,  the  lower  plica  shorter,  strong, 
a  little  curved;  two  intermediate  plicae  minute,  punctiform,  hardly 
perceptible. 

Length  21J,  diam.  6  mm. 

Length  19-|,  diam.  5J-  mm. 

Clausilium  very  short  and  broad,  acuminate  and  thickened  dis- 
tally,  very  strongly  arcuate  (PI.  XXXIX,  figs.  63-65). 

Yaku-shima,  Osumi,  in  the  Northeastern  Group  of  the  Riukiu 
Islands.  Types  No.  81,737  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  670  of 
Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

This  fine  species  is   the  most  solid    and   strong  Stereophcedusa 


644  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE   ACADEMY   OF  [Dec., 

known.  The  obese  lower  whorls  and  strongly  attenuated  spire 
show  relationship  to  C.  Addisoni  Pils.  of  Kiushiu,  and  C.  brevior 
v.  Mart,  of  middle  Nippon — both  comparatively  thin  shells.  The 
two  intermediate  palatal  plicae  are  likely  to  prove  inconstant. 

Clausilia  stereoma  var.  nugax  Pilsbry.    PI.  XXXIX,  figs.  78,  79. 

Much  smaller  and  more  slender  than  the  type,  which  it  resem- 
bles in  color  and  sculpture.  Very  solid. 

Length  13J  to  14 J,  diam.  4  mm. 

Length  16J-,  diam.  4J  mm. 

Also  from  Yaku-shima,  probably  from  a  different  locality. 
Types  No.  81,576  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No.  671  of  Mr. 
Hi  rase' s  collection. 

Clausilia  stereoma  var.  cognata  Pilsbry. 

Rich  reddish-brown,  thinner  than  the  types,  though  still  very 
strong,  with  about  9  whorls.  Palatal  plicae  four  or  five,  the  inter- 
mediate ones  very  small. 

Length  23J,  diam.  6^  mm. 

Length  22,  diam.  6|  mm. 

Length  2 If,  diam.  6J-  mm. 

Tane-ga-shima.  Types  No.  81,578  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from 
No.  661  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

As  in  the  type,  the  palatal  plicae  are  often  visible  through  the 
shell,  and  from  the  outside  appear  longer  and  more  prominent 
than  they  are  found  to  be  on  opening  the  shell. 

Group  of  C.  entospira. 

Shell  thick,  small,  the  inferior  lamella  thick  and  squarish  below 
(not  forming  a  spiral  fold  on  the  columella,  as  in  other  Stereo- 
phcedusce'),  very  strongly  spiral  within;  a  stout,  lunate  lunella 
developed,  but  no  palatal  plicae  except  the  principal  one.  Clau- 
silium  very  strongly  arcuate,  slowly  and  much  tapering  below  to 
the  subacute,  thickened  apex,  wide  above,  deeply  emarginate  on 
the  columellar  side  of  the  filament. 

The  single  species  known  of  this  very  distinct  group  has  obvi- 
ously arisen  from  the  Stereophaadusan  stock;  but  it  is  more  special- 
ized than  any  other  known  member  of  Stereophcedusa,  both  in 
palatal  armature  and  clausilium. 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA.  645 

Clausilia  entospira  Pilsbry.    PI.  XXXIX,  figs.  72-75. 

Pilsbry,  these  Proceedings,  Vol.  LIII,  p.  501  (October  2,  1901). 

Shell  rather  obesely  fusiform,  attenuated,  with  somewhat  concave 
outlines  above,  extremely  thick  and  strong,  nearly  smooth,  glossy, 
the  latter  half  of  the  last  whorl  becoming  coarsely  striate;  flesh- 
colored  with  buff  patches  and  streaks,  eroded  in  spots.  Whorls 
about  8J-,  convex,  the  last  tapering  below.  Aperture  long-ovate, 
the  peristoine  slightly  reflexed,  very  much  thickened  within,  shortly 
free  above.  Superior  lamella  small  but  rather  stout,  marginal, 
very  widely  separated  from  the  spiral  lamella,  which  is  quite  small, 
short  and  1  ate ro- ventral.  Inferior  lamella  receding,  in  oblique 
view  (fig.  72)  appearing  very  prominent  and  squarish;  very 
strongly  spiral  within,  heavily  thickened  at  the  lower  end,  ascend- 
ing merely  to  a  lateral  position.  Subcolumellar  lamella  immersed, 
interrupted  within.  Principal  plica  slender,  short  and  low,  lateral. 
Lunella  latero- ventral,  oblique,  curved,  running  inward  below, 
tapering  at  the  ends,  excessively  thick  and  strong  in  the  middle.  No 
palatal  plicae 

Length  scarcely  10,  diam.  2.4  ram. 

Clausilium  (PI.  XXXIX,  figs.  76,  77)  moderately  long,  but 
being  strongly  curved  near  the  middle,  nearly  at  a  right  angle,  it 
appears  short;  distal  half  rapidly  tapering,  straight  along  the 
palatal,  convex  at  the  columellar  side,  thickened  at  the  apex. 
Proximal  half  rather  wide  and  parallel-sided;  deeply  excised  on 
the  columellar  side  of  the  filament. 

Tane-ga-shima,  Osumi,  one  of  the  Northeastern  Group  of  the 
Riukiu  Islands.  Types  No.  82,558  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  from  No. 
663a  of  Mr.  Hirase's  collection. 

A  few  examples  were  with  the  specimens  of  C.  Pinto.  Mr. 
Hirase  remarks  that  it  is  very  rare.  It  is  an  excessively  peculiar 
species,  and  I  was  formerly  at  a  loss  as  to  its  affinities.  The  broadly 
spiral  trend  of  the  inferior  lamella,  which  is  moreover  very  short 
within,  the  weak,  short  spiral  lamella  and  principal  plica  and  the 
peculiar  lunella  are  a  combination  of  features  unlike  any  Oriental 
species  known  to  me.  The  squarish  lower  end  of  the  inferior  lamella 
is  sometimes  visible  in  a  front  view  (tig.  74),  but  in  other  speci- 
mens it  recedes,  and  is  seen  only  in  oblique  view  (figs.  72,  73). 
The  clausilium  is  quite  unlike  that  of  any  other  known  Japanese 
species.  The  lunella  might  almost  as  well  be  considered  a  greatly 


646  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF  [Dec., 

developed  lower  palatal  plica,  as  it  is  no  doubt  in  part  homologous 
with  that. 

The  shell  is  excessively  solid  and  thick,  stronger  in  fact  than  any 
other  species  of  such  diminutive  stature  known  to  me;  but  unusual 
solidity  is  a  characteristic  of  the  Clausilise  of  Tane-ga-shima  and 
Yaku-shima,  common  to  the  Stereophcedusce,  Hemiphcedusce  and 
Tyrannophcedusce  alike,  and  clearly  to  be  correllated  with  some 
factor  in  the  environment  acting  upon  the  entire  series. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES  XXXV-XXXIX. 

PLATE  XXXV  (HEMIPH^DTJSA).  Figs.  1-6. — Clausilia  Jiigoensis.  Types. 

Figs.  7-10. — Clausilia  ptychocyma.     Type. 

Fig.  11. — Clausilia  ptychocyma  var.  Takushimce.     Type. 

Figs.  12-14.—  Clausilia  Pinto.     Type. 

Figs.  15,  16. — Clausilia  ischna.    Type. 

PLATE  XXXVI  (TYRANNOPH^DUSA).  Figs.  17-21. — Clausilia  bilabrata. 
Specimens  from  Kobe,  the  type  locality. 

Fig.  22. — Clausilia  bilabrata.  Specimen  retaining  the  apical  whorls, 
from  Ushirosawa,  Tosa,  No.  81,926  Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P. 

Figs.  23,  24.— Clausilia  bilabrata.  Specimens  from  Takaya,  in  which 
the  surface  is  corroded,  covered  with  algse  dorsally.  No.  79,719  Coll. 
A.  N.  S.  P. 

Figs.  25-29. — Clausilia  surugensis.     Types. 

Figs.  80-31. —  Clausilia  Oscariana.     Types. 

PLATE  XXXVII  (TYRANNOPH^DUSA).  Figs.  32-34.—  Clausilia  tanega- 
shimcB.  Type. 

Figs.  3o-38. —  Clausilia  oxycyma.     Types. 
Figs.  39,  40. — Clausilia  tanegashima.     Clausilium. 
Figs.  41,  42. —  Clausilia  oxycyma.     Clausilium. 
Fig.  43. —  Clausilia  orthatracta.     Clausilium. 
Figs.  44-46. — Clausilia  orthatracta.     Type. 

PLATE  XXXVIII  (STEREOPH^EDUSA).  Figs.  47,  48. — Clausilia  brevior. 
Specimen  from  Coll.  E.  R.  Svkes 

Figs.  49-53. — Clausilia  bremor.  Specimens  from  Tokyo.  No.  18,801 
Coll.  A.  N.  S.  P. 

Figs.  54-57. — Clausilia  Addisoni.     Types. 

Figs.  53-t>2. — Clausilia  Jacobiana .     Tanegashima,  Osumi. 

PLATE  XXXIX  (STEREOPH^DUSA).  Figs.  63-65. — Clausilia  stereoma. 
Clausilium,  Fig.  64,  from  the  columellar  edge. 

Figs.  66-69. — Clausilia  jacobiana.  Fig.  68  represents  the  palatal  arma- 
ture of  an  immature  shell. 

Figs.  70,  71.  —  Clausilia  stereoma.     Type. 

Figs.  72,  73. — Clausilia  entospira.  Fig.  72  is  an  oblique  view  in  the 
aperture,  from  below  and  the  left  side. 

Figs.  74-77. —  Clausilia  entospira.  Type.  Figs.  76,  77  reconstructed 
from  a  broken  clausiliutn. 

Figs.  78,  79. — Clausilia  stereoma  var.  nugax.     Type. 


PROC.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILA.  19O1. 


PLATE  XXXV 


JAPANESE  LAND  SNAIL  FAUNA. 


PROC.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILA.  1901. 


PLATE  XXXVI. 


PILSBRY.    JAPANESE  LAND  SNAIL  FAUNA. 


PROC.  ACAD.   NAT.  SCI.  FHILA.  19O1. 


PLATE  XXXVII. 


. 


PILSBRY.    JAPANESE  LAND  SNAIL  FAUNA. 


PROC.  ACAD.   NAT.  SCI.  PHILA.  1901. 


PLATE    XXX VI II, 


PILSBRY.    JAPANESE  LAND  SNAIL  FAUNA. 


PROC.  ACAD.  NAT.    SCI.    PHILA.   1901. 


PLATE  XXXIX. 


ijt 

v 

72 


, 


04 


70 


PILSBRY.    JAPANESE  LAND  SNAIL  FAUNA. 


x 


From  the  ANNALS  AND  MAUA/.IXK  OK  NATURAL  HISTORY, 
Ser.  7,  Vol.  viii.,  July  1901. 


Notes  on  the  Recent  Literature  of  Japanese  Land-Snails. 
By  Dr.  HENRY  A.  PILSBRY,  Special  Curator  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Mollusca,  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

AFTER  a  period  of  twenty  years,  during  which  but  little  was 
published  upon  the  land-mollusks  of  Japan,  their  investigation 
has  been  resumed  by  several  students  with  the  greatest  vigour. 
This  revival  has  been  due  primarily  to  the  work  of  collecting 
undertaken  by  Mr.  Y.  Hirase,  of  Kyoto,  Japan.  With 
assistants  trained  in  the  best  methods  of  collecting  all  parts 
of  the  Island  Empire  are  being  searched  for  mollusks.  The 
direction  of  this  work  involves  not  only  an  intelligent  appre- 
ciation of  the  zoological  problems  awaiting  solution  and  of  the 
value  ot  such  work  in  advancing  the  intellectual  development 
of  Japan,  but  large  pecuniary  outlay  as  well.  And  disin- 
terested devotion  to  zoological  exploration,  though  happily 
no  longer  rare  in  England  and  America,  is  not  yet  common 
enough  to  be  passed  without  a  word  of  appreciation. 

It  is  my  purpose  in   this  article  to  discuss  briefly  certain 


Dr.  H.  A.  Pilsbry 


on 


questions  of  distribution  and  classification,  to  give  a  list  of 
the  species  described  since  the  beginning  of  the  year  1900, 
and  to  record  the  somewhat  extensive  synonymy  created 
during  that  period. 

The  work  has  already  reached  a  point  where  conclusions  of 
general  interest  are  appearing.  The  Palaearctic  element  in 
the  Japanese  mollusk-fauna  is  inconsiderable,  but  the  Oriental 
element  has  obviously  reached  the  islands  by  two  routes — 
a  northern,  vid  Sachalin  Island,  bringing  in  mainland  forms 
of  the  Amur  valley  and  northward,  ?nd  a  southern,  vid  the 
Loochoo  chain  and  Formosa,  and  probably  from  Corea  also, 
though  until  that  peninsula  is  better  known  we  cannot  state 
this  with  confidence.  Thus,  to  give  one  instance,  the 
Japanese  group  of  species  commonly  referred  to  the  Helicid 
subgenus  Acusta  is  in  reality  of  dual  origin  :  the  species  of 
Hondo  and  Kiushiu (E.  Kieboldiana, Pfr.,  E. plicosa.  Martens*) 
are  related  through  Eulota  despecta  of  the  Loochoo  group  to 
E.  assimiliSj  H.  Ad.,  of  Formosa,  and  to  species  of  Central 
China.  Eulota  Iceta,  Old.,  of  Hokkaido  (Yesso)  Island,  on 
the  other  hand,  is  allied  to  species  of  Northern  China  and  the 
Amur  valley,  and  really  belongs  to  the  subgenus  Mastig- 
eulota.  A  similarly  dual  origin  can  be  traced  in  various 
other  genera. 

The  great  number  of  localities  explored  by  Mr.  Hirase's 
collectors  permits  us  now  to  plot  the  ranges  of  many  species 
before  known  from  one  locality  or  from  but  few  places.  As 
the  work  goes  on  this  will  enable  us  to  formulate  the  lines  of 
migration  and  the  faunal  zones  or  areas  of  specific  and  sub- 
specific  differentiation.  It  is  already  clear  that  the  islands 
composing  Japan  are  strikingly  unlike  most  island  groups  in 
this — that  the  several  islands,  as  such,  are  younger  than  the 
species  of  snails  living  upon  them,  whereas  in  most  island 
groups  areas  of  specific  and  varietal  differentiation  coincide 
\vith  the  geographic  limits  of  the  several  islands.  In  other 
words,  the  existing  species  of  Japanese  snails  were  in  great 
part  differentiated  and  acquired  their  present  distribution 
before  the  islands  were  separated  f.  Present  knowledge 
indicates  that  continuous  land  extended  from  the  middle 
Loochoo  group  to  Hokkaido.  The  Loochoos  were  first 
isolated  by  subsidence ;  then  Hokkaido  was  cut  off.  Hondo, 

*  H.  plicosa  seems  to  be  merely  a  synonym  of  despecta,  Gray,  which 
occurs  in  the  southern  provinces  of  Kiushiu,  as  well  as  in  the  Loochoo 
slands. 

f  The  evidence,  so  far  as  supplied  by  Helices  of  the  Euhadra  and 
Ganesella  groups  is  concerned,  has  been  elaborated  in  a  still  unpublished 
paper  by  Mr.  Addison  Gulick  and  myself. 


Japanese  Land- Snails.  \\ 

Shikoku,  and  Kiushiu  remained  connected  until  very  recent 
time,  and  have  been  separated  within  the  life  of  those  slightly 
differentiated  races  which  we  term  "  subspecies."  From 
southern  Kii,  through  Awaji  and  Shikoku  Islands,  across 
Bungo  Channel  to  Kiushiu,  and  westward  across  the  lower 
end  of  the  Inland  Sea  to  the  west  end  of  Hondo,  must  have 
been  a  continuous  land-area  since  Pliocene  and  down  to 
geologically  recent  time.  Not  only  numerous  species,  but 
mere  races  of  more  widely  spread  species,  occupy  this  area, 
and  such  a  distribution  is  quite  inexplicable  except  upon  the 
theory  that  the  areas  in  question,  though  now  separated,  were 
until  recently  a  unit  geographically,  as  they  still  are  faunally. 
There  are  doubtless  species  existing  on  Shikoku  Island  which 
do  not  extend  beyond  its  limits ;  but  the  local  differentiation 
is  not  greater  than  upon  an  equal  area  of  Hondo  and  does 
not  make  against  the  view  just  set  forth. 

In  respect  to  classification  and  generic  nomenclature,  the 
Japanese  Zonitidae  are  in  great  confusion.  Rein  hard  t,  many 
years  ago,  referred  the  species  known  to  him  to  European 
groups  of  the  family.  Early  last  year  I  recognized  the  f  ict 
that  the  Japanese  Zonitidse  belong  mainly  to  Oriental,  not 
European  genera.  This  opinion  found  expression  in  articles 
published  in  August  (vi.  p.  382)  and  November  (xv.  p.  81), 
in  which  I  referred  various  species  to  the  Oriental  genera 
MacrochJamys  and  Kaliella,  showed  that  the  name  Euconulus, 
Keinh.,  must  replace  the  names  Conulus  and  Arnouldia,  and 
expressed  my  belief  that  the  Japanese  species  referred  to 
these  groups  really  belong  to  Kaliella.  Dr.  v.  Mollendorff, 
in  an  article  just  published  (xxi.  pp.  35,  37),  has  reached 
conclusions  in  part  anticipated  by  my  papers,  in  part  at 
variance  with  them.  He  has  referred  numerous  species  to 
the  genus  Microcystina  of  Morch,  most  of  them,  I  think, 
incorrectly.  The  establishment  of  Microcystina  upon  an 
adequate  basis  we  owe  to  Godwin- Austen,  who  showed  that 
it  is  characterized  by  a  callous  thickening  or  flexure  of  the 
columella.  Of  the  Japanese  species  known  to  me  by  speci- 
mens, only  Arnouldia  ceratodes,  Gude,  has  this  feature.  I 
consider  v.  Mb'llendorff  s  reference  of  this  species  to  Micro- 
cystina  justified.  The  species  Doenitzi,  sinapidium,  and 
Hirasei  of  his  Microcystina  list  have  the  shell-characters  of 
Macrochlamys,  and  not  of  Microcystina.  Most  of  the  other 
species  he  mentions  are  known  to' me,  as  they  are  to  him,  by 
the  descriptions  only,  and  their  generic  reference  is  little 
better  than  guesswork. 

Gastrodontella,    Mollendorff,   a   new    genus   proposed   for 
G.  japonica,    Mlldff.    (1901),  a   synonym  of  Kaliella  multi- 


4  Dr.  H.  A.  Pilsbiy  on 

votvis,  Pils.  (1900),  is  thought  by  Dr.  v.  Mollendorff  to  have 
affinities  with  Gastrodonta  or  tiesara.  The  internal  teeth  in 
K.  japonica  are  short  transverse  barriers  at  intervals  of  one 
third  of  a  whorl,  precisely  similar  to  those  found  in  Euconulus 
fuhus  (Drap.),  var.  dentatus  (Sterki),  with  which  K.  multi- 
volvis  has  many  features  in  common.  A  similar  barrier  exists 
in  KalieVa  ruga,  God  win- Austen,  and  some  other  Indian 
species.  In  K.  multivolvis  the  barriers  are  very  inconstant, 
completely  lacking  in  some  examples,  varying  in  others  from 
one  to  three  in  number.  The  same  inconstancy  attends  the 
development  of  internal  teeth,  barriers,  or  laminae  in  G  astro- 
dontay  Sagda,  &c.,  in  which  the  same  species  may  have  them 
strongly  developed  or  totally  absent,  as  is  well  recognized  by 
all  American  students  who  have  investigated  the  matter.  In 
my  opinion,  therefore,  Gastrodontella  has  no  valid  claim  to 
generic  rank.  It  belongs  to  Kaliella. 

It  is  not  my  purpose  to  discuss  the  classification  of  Japanese 
Helicidse  at  any  length  in  this  place;  but  a  single  group  calls 
for  jemark.  In  my  '  Guide  to  the  Study  of  Helices'  I  pro- 
posed, under  the  name  Mandarina,  a  new  section  of  the  genus 
Eulota  for  the  reception  of  Helix  mandarina,  Gray,  of  the 
Bonin  Islands  (Ogasawara-sima).  It  is  now  my  opinion  that 
this  group  has  nothing  to  do  with  Eulota,  but  probably 
belongs  to  the  Camseninse.  The  nepionic  shell  is  relatively 
large  and  acutely  carinate  (as  in  Camcena),  is  sculptured  with 
fine  radial  wrinkles  at  first,  with  spiral  stria?  on  the  outer 
whorl,  and  usually  continuing  upon  the  postnepionic  whorls. 
The  adult  shell  is  extremely  heavy  for  a  land-snail,  and  has 
a  blunt  expanded  lip.  The  group  is  probably  of  generic 
rank,  and  will  for  the  present  include  three  species — Helix 
mandarino,  Gray,  tL  Pallasiana,  Pfr.  (hitherto  referred  to 
Oxytes),  and  Nanina  Ituschenbergeri,  Pilsbry.  The  latter 
two  are  depressed  and  openly  umbilicate,  and  will  form  a 
separate  section  of  the  genus  Boninia.  All  of  them  are 
probably  confined  to  the  Bonin  Islands,  although  they  have 
been  attributed  to  various  localities.  The  Bonin  Islands 
have  incontestably  a  fauna  of  "  continental  "  type. 

The  new  species  described  from  Japan,  the  Loochoo  and 
Bonin  Islands,  in  the  twenty-two  papers  published  since 
Jan.  1,  1900,  are  as  follows.  I  have  appended  to  each,  where 
necessary,  notes  on  the  synonymy  &c.  The  list  is  arranged 
chronologically,  and  the  papers  are  referred  to  by  their 
numbers  in  the  bibliography  following. 

Diplomrnatina  tenuiplica,  Pilsbr}-  (i.  p.  525). 
Ennea  iwakawa,  Pilsbry  (i.  p.  525,  pi.  xii.  fig.  10). 


Japanese  Land-Snails.  5 

Eulota  (Acnsta)  Gainesi,  Pilsbry  (i.  p.  52G). — Belongs  to  the  section 
Mastigeulata. 

-  luna,  Pilsbry  (i.  p.  526,  pi.  xxi  tigs.  1-3). 

(JZgiata)  aperta,  Pilsbry  (i.  p.  527,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  7-9). 

—  (Ccelorus]  cavicollis,  Pilsbry  (i.  p.  527,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  11-13). 

-  rudis,  Pilsbry  (i.  p.  528,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  20-22).— A  synonym  of 
Trishoplita  Hilgendorfi,  Kob. 

Ganesella  satsuma,  Pilsbry  (i.  p.  528,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  20-22). — A  sub- 
species of  G.  japonica,  Pfr. 

-  ferruginea,  Pilsbry  (i.  p.  529,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  14-16). 

-  heteroglypta,  Pilsbry  (i.  p.  529,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  17-19). — Probably 
a  subspecies  of  O.  japonica,  Pfr. 

Eulota  (Plectotropis)  Hirasei,  Gude  (n.  p.  10,  pi.  ii.  figs.  4-7). — A 
synonym  of  E.  cavicollis,  Pils. 

—  (^Egista}  awajiensis,   Gude  (n.  p.  11,  pi.  ii.  figs.  8-10). — A 
synonym  of  E.  aperta,  Pils. 

-  horrida,  Pilsbry  (in.  p.  11). 

—  (Trishoplita  1}  mesogonia,  Pilsbry  (in.   p.  11). — Doubtless   a 

Trishoplita. 

Ganasella  Jacobii,  Pilsbry  (in.  p.  12). 
CydotusC!}  micron,  Pilsbry  (in.  p.  12). 
Pomatiopsis  Hirasei,  Pilsbry  (in.  p.  12). — This  is  Blanfordia  Ben- 

soni,  A.  Ad.     The  genus  belongs  to  the  Pomatiopsinse. 
Bulirtdnus  Hirasei,  Pilsbry  (iv.  p.  32). 

—  extorris,  var.  omiensis,  Pilsbry  (iv.  p.  32). — An  elongate  variety 
of  B.  reinianus,  Kob. 

callistoderma,  Pilsbry  (iv.  p.  33). 

Plectotropis  polyplecta,   Ehrmann   (v.    p.    379). — A    synonym    for 
Eulota  horrida,  Pils. 

-  delectalilis,  Ehrmann  (v.  p.  380). 

pachysoma,  Ehrmann  (v.  p.  380). — Seems  to  be  identical  with 

Eulota  scepasma,  Pfr. 
Trishoplita  pollens,  Ehrmann  (v.  p.  381). 
Ganesella  pagodida,  Ehrmann  (v.  p.  381). 
Clausilia  (jrhcedusa)  crassilamellata,  Ehrmann  (y.  p.  382). 

( )  ijimce,  Ehrmann  (v.  p.  382). 

( )  cincticollis,  Ehrmann  (v.  p.  383). 

Alyweus  harimensis,  Pilsbry  (vi.  p.  381). 

-  Eeinhardti,  Pilsbry  (vi.  p.  381). 

(Metalycceus)  melanopoma,  Pilsbry  (vi.  p.  382). 

_  ( )  Hirasei,  Pilsbry  (vi.  p.  382). 

Diplommatina  pusilla,  var.  omiensis,  Pilsbry  (vi.  p.  382). 
Macrochlamys   micrograpta,    Pilsbry    (vi.    p.    382). — The   locality, 

Kashima,  prov.  Harima,  was  inadvertently  omitted. 
Kaliella  multivolvis,  Pilsbry  (vi.  p.  383). 
Vitrea  harimensis,  Pilsbry  (vi.  p.  384). — Seems  to  be  the  young  of 

Macrochlamys  Dcenitzi,  Reinh. 
G eo rissa  japonica,  Pilsbry  (vi.  p.  384). 
Chloritis  (Trichochloritis}  fragilis,  Gude  (vii.  p.  70,  pi.  viii.  figs.  18- 


6  Dr.  H.  A.  Pilsbiy  on 

20). — This  species  is  related  to  0.  oscitans,  v.  Mart.,  which 
has  hitherto  been  referred  to  Acusta. 

Eulota  (Plectotropis)  cemula,  Gude  (vn.  p.  71,  pi.  viii.  figs.  9-11). — 
This  is  H.  conella,  A.  Ad.,  1868,  as  defined  by  von  Martens, 
Conch.  Mittheil.  pi.  xviii.  figs.  8-12.  Not  11.  conella,  Pfr., 
1861. 

(Euhadra)  sericea,  Gude  (vn.  p.  74,  pi.  viii.  figs.  12-14). — 

This  is  the  true  E.  BlaJceana,  Newc.,  of  which  I  have  ex- 
amined the  types. 

Macrochlamys  fulgens,  Gude  (vn.  p.  75,  pi.  viii.  figs.  24-26). 

Arnouldia  nahaensis,  Gude  (vn.  p.  75,  pi.  viii.  figs.  21-23). — Be- 
longs  to  the  genoa  KaUella. 

Crystallus  sulcatus,  Gude  (xn.  pT  399). 


velatus,  Gude  (xn.  p.  399). 


Microcystis  Hirasei,  Gude  (xn.  p.  400). — A  synonym  of   Macro- 
chlamys micrograpta,  Pils. 
Trishoplita  cretacea,  Gude  (xn.  p.  400). 
Plectotropis  conica,  Gude  (xn.  p.  400). 

Blanfordia  japonica,  "A.  Ad.,"  Mollendorff  (xm.  p.  153). — This  is 
B.  Bensoni,  var.  minor,  Pils.,  not  the  true  B.japonica,  A.  Ad., 
which  was  described  in  this  Journal. 

KaUella  elata,  Gude  (xiv.  p.  453). — This  seems  to  be  a  variety  of 
Sitala  circumcincta,  Keinh. 

crenulata,^  Gude  (xiv.  p.  453). 

pagoduloides,  Gude  (xiv.  p.  453). 

Pyramidula  pretiosa,  Gude  (xiv.  p.  454). 

Trishoplita  dacostce,  Gude  (xiv.  p.  454). 

tosana,  Gude  (xiv.  p.  455). 

Eulota  (Euhadra)  grata,  Gude  (xiv.  p.  455). — With  var.  zonata, 
Gude,  t.  c.  p.  456. 

(Plectotropis)  Iciusiuensis,  Pilsbry  (xv.  p.  79). 

Trishoplita  Goodwini,  var.  suprazonata,  Pilsbry  (xv.  p.  80). — A 
synonym  of  T.  tosana,  Gude,  published  three  days  earlier. 

Ganesella  turrita,  Gude  (vn.  p.  75,  pi.  viii.  figs.  1,  2). — Probably,  as 
Mr.  Gude  suggests,  a  species  of  Buliminopsis. 

Eulota  (Plectotropis)  lepidophora,  Gude  (vn.  p.  76,  pi.  viii.  figs.  3-5). 

( ) ,  var.  tenuis,  Gude  (I.  c.). 

Satsuma  brunnea,  Mollendorff  (vin.  p.  107). — Probably  identical 
with  Ganesella  ferruginea,  Pils. 

Euhadra  luhuana,  subsp.  tsushimana,  Mollendorff  (vin.  p.  108). 

Buliminus  rugulosus,  Mollendorff  (viii.  p.  108). 

Clausilia  (Euphcedusa)  oncauchen,  Mollendorff  (vni.  p.  109). 

Pupinella  Fruhstorferi,  Mollendorff  (vin.  p.  110),  with  var.  tsushi- 
mana.— Scarcely  distinct  from  P.  rufa. 

Clausilia  hakonensis,  Pilsbry  (ix.  p.  443,  pi.  xiv.  figs.  1-3). 

awajiensis,  Pilsbry  (ix.  p.  444,  pi.  xiv.  figs.  15-17). 

subaurantiaca,  Pilsbry  (ix.  p.  444,  pi.  xiv.  figs.  5-7). 

aulacophora,  Pilsbry  (ix.  p.  445,  pi.  xiv.  figs.  18-20). 

Hirasei,  Pilsbry  (ix.  p.  446,  pi.  xiv.  figs.  8-11). 


Japanese  Land-Snails.  1 

Clausilia  liyperoptyx,  Pilsbry  (ix.  p.  440,  pi.  xiv.  figa.  12-14). 
japonica,  var.  suruyw,  Pilsbry  (ix.  p.  447,   pi.  xiv.   fig.  4). — 

Seems  to  me  to  =  01.  oostoma,  Mlldtf.     Cf.   67.  euryttoma,  var. 

brachyptycha,  below. 
Eulota    Gudeana,   Pilsbry    (x.    p.  60). — Probably   a   subspecies   of 

E.  Gainesi,  Pils. 

—  halcodatensis,  Pilsbry  (x.  p.  60). — New  name  for  Helix 

Iceta,  Gld.,  non  Pfr. 

callizona  Dixoni,  Pilsbry  (x.  p.  60). 

Arnoiddia  ceratodes,  Gude   (xn.  p.  398). — Very  closely  related  to 

Microcystina  labilis,  Gld.,  but  smaller  and  more  polished.     It 

seems  to  be  a  Microcystina. 
nanodes,  Gude  (xn.  p.  399). — The  generic  position  of  this  and 

the  two  species  following  is  doubtful.     I  have  seen  none  of 

"^        fViom  Vj. 

Kaliella  symmetrica,rilabry  (xv.  p.  80). — A  synonym  of  K.  pagodu- 
loides,  Gude,  which  was  published  three  days  earlier. 

fraterna,  Pilsbry  (xv.  p.  81). 

Euconulus  Reinhardti,  Pilsbry  (xv.  p.  81). — A  Kaliella. 

Punctum  japonicum,  Pilsbry  (xv.  p.  82). 

Diplommatina  uzenensis,  Pilsbry  (xvi.  p.  88). 

Eulota  callizona,  var.  maritima,  Gulick  &  Pilsbry  (xvi.  p.  88). 

luliuana,  var.  idzumonis,  Pilsbry  &  Gulick  (xvi.  p.  89,. 

,  var.  aomoriensis,  Gulick  &  Pilsbry  (xvi.  p.  89). 

Trishoplita  Goodwini,  var.  kyotoensis,  Pilsbry  (xvi.  p.  90). 
Eulota  mercatoria,  var.  atrata,  Pilsbry  (xvi.  p.  91). 
Clausilia  comes,  Pilsbry  (xvn.  p.  673,  pi.  xxiv.  figs.  1-3). 
monelasmus,  Pilsbry  (xvn.  p.  674,  pi.  xxiv.  figs.  4-6). 

—  iotaptyx,  Pilsbry  (xvn.  p.  674,  pi.  xxiv.  figs.  7-9). 

-  mikado,  Pilsbry  (xvn.  p.  676,  pi.  xxiv.  figs.  10-12). 
brevior,  var.  Addisoni,  Pilsbry  (xvn.  p.  677). 

hondana,  Pilsbry  (xvn.  p.  677,  pi.  xxiv.  figs.  13-18). 

subjaponica,  Pilsbry  (xvii.  p.  678). 

Nolani,  Pilsbry  (xvn.  p.  679,  pi.  xxv.  figs.  19-21). 

tosana,  Pilsby  (xvii.  p.  680,  pi.  xxv.  figs.  22-25,  41). 

-  shiTcoTcuensis,  Pilsbry  (xvii.  p.  681,  pi.  xxv.  figs.  30-32). 
Eulota  (^Egista)  mimula,  Pilsbry  (xviii.  p.  107). 
Trishoplita  cretacea,  var.  bipartita,  Pilsbry  (xviii.  p.  107). 

Eulota  (Plectotropis)  elegantissima,  var.  cara,  Pilsbry  (xvin.  p.  107). 

Clausilia  euholostoma,  Pilsbry  (xvin.  p.  108). 

japonica,  var.  interplicata,  Pilsbry  (xviii.  p.  108). 

-  perpallida,  Pilsbry  (xviii.  p.  108). 
harimensis,  Pilsbry  (xviii.  p.  108). 

—  hoJckaidoensis,  Pilsbry   (xviii.  p.  108). — This  seems   to  be   a 
subspecies  of  C.  perpallida  of  Hondo  Island. 

-  iotaptyx,  var.  clava  (xviii.  p.  108). 

-  Hiraseana,  Pilsbry  (xix.  p.  115). 
Trishoplita  Smithiana,  Pilsbry  (xix.  p.  116). 

Ganesella  myomphala,  var.  omphalodes,  Pilsbry  (xix.  p.  116). 


8  Dr.  H.  A.  Pilsbry  on 

Oanesella  Wiegmanniana,  Pilsbry  (xix.  p.  116). 

Helicina  osumiensis,  Pilsbry  (xx.  p.  127). 

Reinii,  var.  uzenensis,  Pilsbry  (xx.  p.  128). 

Vertigo  Hirasei,  Pilsbry  (xx.  p.  128). 

Buliminus  callistoderma,  var.  ogasawarce,  Pilsbry  (xx.  p.  128). 

eucharistus,  Pilsbry  (xx.  p.  128). 

lucliuanus,  Pilsbry  Cxx.  p.  129). 

Eulota  (sEgista}  Martensiana,  Pilsbry  (xx.  p.  129). 

(Plectotropis}  inornata,  Pilsbry  (xx.  p.  129). 

Gastrodontella  japonica,  Mollendorff  (xxi.  p.  38). — A  synonym  of 
Kaliella  multivolvis,  Pils. 

Buliminus  (Subzebrinus)  nipponicus,  Mollendorff  (xxi,  p.  40). — A 
synonym  of  B.  Hirasei,  Pils. 

Clausilia  (Stereophcedusa)  eurystoma,  subsp.  brachyptycJia,  Mollen- 
dorff (xxf.p.  41). — This  is  C.  japonica,  var.  surugce,  Pils., 
which  I  subsequently  (xvii.  p.  677)  thought  to  be  C.  oostoma, 
Mlldff. 

(Megalophcedusa)  Fultoni,   subsp.   clavula,    Mollendorff  (xxi. 

p.  41).     =  (7.  subjaponica,  Pilsbry*. 

—  (Hemiphcedusa)  breviluna,  Mollendorff  (xxi. p.  42).     =  C.  aula- 
copliora,  Pilsbry. 
( )  omiensis,  Mollendorff  (xxi. p.  42).     =  0.  milcado,  Pils. 


Diplommatina  (Sinica)  minutissima,  Mollendorff  (xxj,  p.  44).      =  D. 

pusilla,  var.  omiensis,  Pilsbry. 
Georissa  japonica,    Mollendorff  (xxi.  p.    45). — This   seems   to   be 

G.  japonica,  Pilsbry. 

Succinea  ogasawarce,  Pilsbry  (xxii.p.  195). 
—  punctulispira,  Pilsbry  (xxil. p.  195). 

Total,  129  new  species  and  varieties,  of  which  22  are  known  to 
be  absolute  synonyms,  while  perhaps  a  half-dozen  more  are  doubt- 
fully distinct. 

Bibliography. 
\JXote. — For  publications  prior  to  1900  see  Gude's  papers  n.  and  vn.] 

i. — "  Additions  to  the  Japanese  Land- Snail  Fauna,"  by  H.  A.  Pilsbry. 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.   for  1899,  pp.  525-530,   pi.  xxi. 

(Issued  February  12,  1900.) 
n< — «  Notes  on  a  Collection  of  Helicoid  Land-Shells  from  Japan  and 

the  Loo  Choo  Islands,  with  Descriptions  of  Two  new  Species  of 

Helicidse,"  by  G.  K.  Gude.     Proc.  Malac.  Soc.  London,  iv.  pp.  8-23, 

pi.  ii.     (Issued  late  in  March  1900.     My  copy  was  received  in 

Philadelphia,  April  12.) 
in. — "Notices  of  some  new  Japanese  Mollusks,"  by  H.  A.  Pilsbry. 

Nautilus,  xiv.  pp.  11,  12.     (Issued  May  1,  1900.) 
iv.— Ditto.     Nautilus,  xiv.  pp.  32,  33.     (Issued  July  1,  1900.) 

*  The  clausilium  of  C.  subjaponica  is  strongly  curved  distally  and  much 
thickened  at  the  apex.  In  C.  Fultoni,  as  in  C.  vasta,  it  is  not  much 
curved  distally,  and  is  not  thickened  at  the  apex.  I  therefore  believe  the 
species  to  belong  to  the  section  Stereophcedusa,  and  not  to  Megalopli&dusa. 


Japanese  Land-Snails.  y 

v.— "  Diagnosen  einiger  neuer  japanisrh»>r  Lan.Uclui.vk.Mi."  von   Paul 

Ehrmann.     Zool.  Anzeiger,  xxiii.  no.  till).  i,n.  :\7\}  :}s:{.     (l>su«-d 

July  9,  1900.) 
vi. — "  Notices  of  new  Japanese  Laud-Snails,"  by  II.  A .  Pilsbrv.     Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  for  1900,  pp.  381-384.     (Issued  August  !), 

1900.; 
vn. — "  Further  Notes  on  Helicoid  Land-Shells  from  Japan,  the  Loo 

Choo  and  Boniu  Islands,  with  Descriptions  of  Seven  new  Species," 

by  (I.  K.  ( Uide.     Proc.  Malac.  Soc.  London,  iv.  pp.  70-80,  pi.  viii. 

(Issued  August  1900.) 
vin. — ft  Landschnecken  von  den  Inseln  Tsushima  und  Iki,  Westjapan," 

von  Dr.  O.  v.  Mollendorff.     Nachrbl.   d.   deutschen  malat.  Ges. 

xxxii.  nos.  7,  8,  pp.  107-111.     (Issued  August  1900.) 
ix. — "  Additions  to  the  Japanese  Land-Snail  Fauna,  II.,"  by  Henry  A. 

Pilsbry.     Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  for  1900,  pp.  443-448, 

pi.  xiv.     (Issued  August  29,  1900.) 
x. — "  On  some  Japanese  Land-Snails,"  by  II.  A.  Pilsbry.     Nautilus, 

xiv.  pp.  59,  60.     (Issued  Sept.  1,  1900.) 
xi. — "  Mollusques   de   TArchipel   de  Bonin,"  par  M.   C.   F.   Ancey. 

Journal  de  Conchyliologie,  xlviii.  no.  3.  pp.  423-428. 
xii. — '  Dtfsciiptions  of  new  Species  of  Japanese  Land-Shells,"  by  G.  K. 

Gude.     Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.   (7)  vi.  pp.  398-401.     (Issued 

Oct.  1,  1900.) 
xiii.—"  Blanfordia,  A.  Ad.,"  von  Dr.  0.  v.  Mollendorff.     Nachrbl.  der 

deutschen  malak.  Ges.  xxxii.  pp.  153,  154.     (October  1900.) 
xiv. — "  Descriptions  of  new  Species  of  Japanese  Land-Shells,"  by  G.  K. 

Gude.     Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.   (7)  vi.  pp.  453-456.    (Issued 

Nov.  1,  11  00.) 
xv. — "  New  Species  of  Japanese  Land-Mollusca,"  by  II.  A.  Pilsbry. 

Nautilus,  xiv.  pp.  79-82.     (Issued  Nov.  3,  1900.) 
XY1. — "Descriptions  of  new  Japanese  Land-Snails,"  by  II.  A.  Pilsbry 

and  Addison  Gulick.     Nautilus,  xiv.  pp.  88-91.    '(Issued  Dec.  1, 

1900.) 
xvn. — "Additions  to  the  Japanese  Land-Snail  Fauna,  III.,''  bv  Henry 

A.  Pilsbry.     Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  for  1900,  pp.  072-683, 

pis.  xxiv.,  xxv.     (Pages  672-676  issued  Dec.  29,  1900  ;  pp.  677- 

683  issued  Jan.  28,  1901.) 
xvin. — "  Notices  of    some    new  Japanese    Land-Snails,"   by   II.   A. 

Pilsbry.     Nautilus,  xiv.  pp.  107,  108.     (Issued  Jan.  1, 1901.) 
xix. — "  Notices  of  some  new  Japanese  Laud-Snails,"  by  H.  A.  Pilsbry. 

Nautilus,  xiv.  pp.  115-117.     (Issued  Feb.  1,  1901.) 
xx. — "  Notices  of  new  Japanese  Land-Snails,"  by  H.  A.  Pilsbry.     Nau- 
tilus, xiv.  pp.  127-129.     (Issued  March  1,  1901.) 
xxi. — "  Neue    und    kritische    Landschnecken    von    Japan    und    den 

Liukiu-Inseln,"    von    Dr.    0.   von    Mollendorff.      Nachrbl.    der 

deutschen  malak.  Gesellschaft,  nos.  3,  4,  1901.     (Issued  in  April 

1901.) 
xxii.— "  New  Mollusca  from  Japan,  the  Loo  Choo  Islands,  Formosa, 

and  the  Philippines,"  by  Henry  A.  Pilsbry.     Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Philad.   for  1901  ;    terrestrial"  species   on   pp.    193-195. 

May  2,  1901.) 


1901.]  NATURAL   SCIENCES    OF    PHILADELPHIA.  617 


DESCRIPTIONS   OF   NEW   HELICOID   LAND   SHELLS   FROM   JAPAN. 

BY    G.    K.    GUDE. 
Chloritis  (Trichochlorites)  pumila  n.  sp. 

Shell  imperf orate,  depressed,  dark  corneous.  Spire  flat,  apex 
obtuse,  suture  impressed.  Whorls  4J,  convex,  increasing  slowly 
at  first,  the  last  widening  rapidly;  very  densely  covered  with  very 
short  bristles,  arranged  in  oblique  rows.  Last  whorl  scarcely 
descending  in  front,  inflated  below.  Aperture  a  little  oblique, 
rounded  lunate,  peristome  thin,  straight;  margins  distant,  united 
by  a  thin  callus  on  the  parietal  wall.  Columellar  margin  dilated 
above,  completely  covering  the  umbilicus. 

Diam.  maj.  12,  minor  10.5;  alt.  9  mm. 

Hab. — Mikuriya,  Suruga  (Hirase,  No.  735).  Type  in  my 
collection. 

This  makes  the  third  species  of  Chloritis  recorded  from  Japan. 
It  differs  from  both  C.  oseitans  and  C.  fragilis  by  its  smaller 
size,  by  the  completely  covered  umbilicus  and  by  the  bristles  being 
shorter,  stiffer  and  much  more  crowded.  In  the  shape  of  aperture 
it  is  nearest  to  C.  oseitans. 

Eulota  (JEglsta)  mimuloides  n.  sp. 

Shell  rather  narrowly  umbilicated,  depressed  conoid,  ruddy 
corneous,  paler  below.  Spire  depressed,  apex  obfcuse,  suture  linear. 
Whorls  5,  closely  coiled,  increasing  very  slowly,  somewhat  flat- 
tened above,  rounded  below,  with  a  thin  deciduous  cuticle,  which 
is  densely  covered  with  short  silky  processes,  like  adnate  hairs. 
The  last  whorl  angukted  at  the  periphery,  scarcely  descending  in 
front.  Aperture  oblique,  subcircular,  peristome  not  thickened,  a 
little  expanded ;  margins  distant,  columellar  a  little  dilated  above. 
Umbilicus  rather  narrow. 

Diam.  7.5,  alt.  4.25  mm.    ' 

Hab. — Itanami,  Omi  (Hirase,  No.  753). 

Allied  to  ^Egisia  mimula,  but  it  is  smaller,  the  spire  is  more 
depressed,  the  whorls  are  more  closely  coiled,  the  last  is  less  ample, 
the  umbilicus  narrower,  and  the  cuticular  processes  are  more 
crowded  and  smaller. 


PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE    ACADEMY    OF  [Dec., 


ON  THE   COMMON   BEOWN  BATS   OF  PENINSULAR    FLORIDA   AND 
SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA. 

BY   S.    N.    RHOADS. 

Examination  of  a  series  of  skins  and  skulls  and  alcoholic  speci- 
mens of  the  Florida  Brown  Bat,  in  the  author's  collection  and  in 
the  museum  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia, 
shows  constant  racial  differences  from  typical  Eptesicus  fuseus  of 
Philadelphia  county.  These  differences  are  similar  and  in  the  same 
degree  and  direction  as  those  separating  the  two  forms  of  Red  Bat 
inhabiting  the  regions  named.  The  Florida  race  may  be  distin- 
guished as  follows: 
Eptesicus  fuseus  osoeola  subsp.  nova. 

Type  No.  875,  ad.  d\  in  Coll.  of  S.  N.  Rhoads.  Taken  April 
29,  1892,  at  Tarpon  Springs,  Fla.,  by  W.  S.  Dickinson. 

Description. — Similar  in  size  and  cranial  characters  to  fuseus; 
colors  deeper  and  darker,  being  of  slightly  varying  shades  of  dn- 
namon  brown  as  contrasted  with  the  bistre  and  sepia  of  fuseus. 
This  character  is  uniform  in  a  series  of  eight  dry  skins  which  have 
never  been  immersed  in  a  liquid  preservative,  and  is  peculiar  to 
them  in  a  comparison  with  a  similar  series  of  fifteen  topotypes  of 
fuseus. 

Measurements  of  type,  made  by  collector  from  fresh  specimen : 
Total  length  101  mm. ;  tail  38  mm.  ;  hind  foot  9^  mm.  Average 
measurements  of  four  topotypes,  113-44-10.6. 

The  skull  of  type  indicates  it  to  be  an  old  adult,  quite  as  large 
as  adult  skulls  of  fuseus,  but  the  measurements  given  by  the 
collector  are  less  than  a  normal  average.  This  average  corresponds 
closely  with  that  of  ten  specimens  of  fuseus  from  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y., 
as  given  in  Miller's  monograph  of  North  American  Vespertilionidce. 

Whether  this  subspecies  is  found  outside  the  limits  of  peninsular 
Florida  I  am  unable  to  state.  As  Miller  classes  the  Eptesicus  from 
Alabama,  Georgia  and  Mississippi  examined  by  him  under  fuseus, 
I  conclude  that  V.  earoliniensis  of  Geoffroy  cannot  apply  to  the 
Florida  race. 


CATALOGUE 


LAND  SHELLS  OF  JAPAN 


TO   BE    HAD   OF 


Y.   HIRASE 


SHIMOCHOJA-MACHT, 

KARASUMABU,  KYOTO,  JAPAN. 

1903. 


HAVING  collected  Japanese  land,  fresh- water  and  marine 
shells  for  man}7  years,  the  number  of  species  in  my  possession 
has  now  reached  several  thousand.  Among  these  are  many 
new  species,  found  hy  myself  and  my  assistants.  In  the  land 
shells  especially,  the  new  species  outnumber  those  known  before 
my  researches  began. 

With  the  aid  of  numerous  assistants  I  have  been  able  to  ex- 
plore many  parts  of  Japan,  including  the  Riukiu  (Loo-choo) 
Islands,  and  the  Ogasawara  (or  Bonin)  group,  where  a  rich 
fauna  of  new  and  strange  land  shells  was  found.  I  hope  in 
future  to  extend  the  work,  and  send  collectors  to  China,  Corea 
and  Formosa. 

All  the  species  are  sent  to  Dr.  Pilsbry,  of  Philadelphia, 
U.  S.  A.,  who  kindly  determines  them,  so  that  1  believe  that 
those  receiving  specimens  from  me  may  place  confidence  in  the 
names,  and  will  find  them  an  important  and  useful  addition  to 
their  collections. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  importance  of  securing  authentic 
specimens  from  the  original  localities  of  the  many  new  species  in 
my  collections. 

Catalogues  of  marine  and  fresh-water  shells  are  in  preparation. 

Specimens  will  be  sent  on  approval  to  purchasers  known  to 
me  or  giving  satisfactory  reference. 

Y.    HlRASE. 


CATALOGUE 

OF 

LAND    SHELLS, 

TO   BE   HAD   OF 

Y.  HIRASE, 

SHIMOCHOJA-MACHI,  KARASUMARU,  KYOTO,  JAPAN, 


NOTE. — Species  and  varieties  marked  thus  *  are  new  forms,  described  from 
specimens  from  my  collection.  Where  no  prices  are  given,  specimens  are  not 
always  in  stock. 

ACMELLA. 

*853    vagans,  Pils.  Hahajima,  Ogasawara,      $0.08-.  12 

*S56    minima,  Pils.  Hahajima,  Ogasawara,  .07-.  10 

ALYCAEUS. 

*831b  biexcisus,  Pils.  Suimura,  Awa.  (Shikoku).  .05-08 

*298    harimensis,  Pils.  Kashima,  Harima,  .05-.08 

*996    harimensis,  var. 

eadoensis,  P.  &  H.  Aikawa,  Sado, 

*476    hirasei,  Pils.  Kyoto,  Yamashiro,  .04-.07 

*499    melanopoma,  Pils.  Mikuriya,  Suruga,  .04-.07 

*298b  reinhardti,  Pils.  Kashima,  Harima,  .05-.08 

*704    satsumanus,  Pils.  Kagoshima,  Satsuma. 

*723    tanegashimaB,  Pils.  Tanegashima,  Osumi. 

*916    vinctus,  Pils.  Tanegashima,  Osumi. 

AURICULA. 

442    reiniana,  Kob.  Hirado,  Hizen,  .07-.  12 


b  HIRASE:  JAPANESE  LAND  SHELLS. 

BIFIDARIA. 

619  armigerella,  Reinh.  Yaeyama,  Loochoo,  .05-.  08 

*798  ogasawarana,  Pils.  Chichijima,  Ogasawara. 

*797  chichijimana,  Pils.  Chichijima,  Ogasawara. 

757  plicidens,  Benson.  Riozen,  Omi. 

BLANFORDIA. 

412    bensoni,  A.  Ad.          Shikunobe,  Ojima,  .03-.  05 

*406    simplex,  Pils.  Nishigo,  Uzen,  .03-.05 

990    japonica,  A.  Ad.         Sotokaifu,  Sado. 

BULIMINOPSIS. 
621    meiacoshimensis, 

A.  Ad.  &  Rve.        Yaeyama,  Loochoo,  .07-.  12 

*455    turrita,  Gude.  Loochoo,  .05-.  08 

BULIMINOS. 

311    andersonianus, 

Mlldff.  Shikunobe,  Ojima,  .06-.  10 

*750a  andersonianus,  var. 

echigoensis,  P.  &  H.  Myokozan,  Echigo. 

*468    callistoderma,  Pils.  Hahajima,  Ogasawara,          .05-. 08 
*758    callistoderma,  var. 

hachijoensis,  Pils.  Hachijo,  Izu. 
*602    callistoderma,  var. 

Ogasawara?,  Pils.  Hahajima,  Ogasawara,  .08-.  15 

*597    eucharistus,  Pils.  Yaeyama,  Loochoo. 

*478    hirasei,  Pils.  Kikai,  Osumi,  .08-.  12 

919    hiraseanus,  Pils.  Hahajima,  Ogasawara. 

*598    luchuanus,  Pils.  Yaeyama,  Loochoo. 
*930    luchuanus,  var. 

oshimanus,  Pils.  Oshima,  Osumi. 

509    reinianus,  Kob.  v.  Shirakata,  Sanuki. 

582    reinianus,  Kob.  Arakura,  Tosa,  .08-.  12 

587    reinianus,  Kob. 

(small  var. )  Okinoshima,  Tosa. 
549    reinianus,  var. 

extorris,  Branc.  Kyoto,  Yamashiro,  .06-.  10 


.   HIRASE:  JAPANESE  LAND  SHELLS.  7 

*411    reinianus,  var. 

hokkaidoensis,Pils.  Shikunobe,  Ojima,  .12-.20 

*484    reinianus,  var. 

omiensis,  Pils.         Ibuki,  Omi,  .08-.  12 

CARYCHIUM. 

*618  cymatoplax,  Pils.  Yaeyama,  Loochoo,  .05-.  08 

*946  hachijoensis,  Pils.  Hachijojhma,  Iza. 

555  noduliferum,  Reinh.  Nishigo,  Uzen,  .04-. 07 

*729  pessimum,  Pils.  Tanegashima,  Osumi,  .06-.  10 

CASSIDULA. 

445    labrella,  Desh.  Hirado,  Hizen,  .03-.05 

CHLORITIS. 

*958    albolabris, 

Pils.  &  Hir.  Yakushima,  Osumi. 

*354    eucharistus,  Pils.  Oshima,  Osumi,  .25-.  40 

*981    echizenensis, 

Pils.  &  Hir.  Omushi,  Echizen. 

*13    fragilis,  Gude.  Kyoto,  Yamashiro. 

*786    hirasei,  Pils.  Kurozu,  Kii. 

*843b  perpunctatus,  Pils.  Totsugawa,  Yamato. 

*735    pumila,  Gude.  Mikuriya,  Suruga. 

CLAUSILIA. 

424    addisoni,  Pils.  Kagoshima,  Satsuma,  .05-. 08 

*663c  agna,  Pils.  Yakushima,  Osumi. 

*1014    aenea,  Pils.  Tosa. 

501    attrita,  Bttg.  Ibuki,  Omi,  .05-.08 
*764b  attrita,  var.  in- 

fausta,  Pils.  Tomisato,  Kii,  .07-.  10 

*1013    aratorum.  Pils.  Tosa. 

*450b  aulacophora,  Pils.  Fukura,  Awaji,  .05-. 08 

*733b  aulacopoma,  Pils.  Hirado.  Hizen,  .06-.  10 

503    aurantiaca,  Bttg.  Nohara,  Yamato,  .05-.  08 
738    aurantiaca,  var. 

erberi,  Bttg.  Gojo,  Yamato,  .05-.  08 
782    aurantiaca,  var. 

plicidens,  A.  Ad.  Kashima,  Kii,  .05-.  08 


8 


HIRASE:  JAPANESE  LAND  SHELLS. 


*450a  awajiensis,  Pils. 
*818    bigeneris,  Pils. 

254    bilabrata,  Smith. 
*1002    bilabrata,  var. 

tosaensis,  Pils. 

593    brevior,  Mart. 
*634    callistochila,   Pils. 
*894    caloptyx,  Pils. 
*770c  caryostoma,  var. 
jayi,  Pils. 

434c  caryostoma,  Mlldff. 
*306b  comes,  Pils. 
*632a  crenilabium,  Pils. 
*632b  crenilabium,  Pils. 

(var.) 

*S74    dsemonorum,  Pils. 
*819    dalli,  Pils. 

410a  digonoptyx,   Bttg. 

739a  ducalis,  Kob. 
*913a  ducalis,  var. 

decapitata,  Pils. 

740    ducalis,  var. 

dorcas,  Pils. 
*765b  ducalis,  var. 

mediocris,  Pils. 
*986    ecbigoensis,  Pils. 
*663a  entospira,  Pils. 
*563    euholostoma,  Pils. 

687    fultoni,  Sykes. 
*794    gracise,  Pils. 

592    hakonensis,  Pils. 
*306a  harimensis,  Pils. 
*764a  heteroptyx,  Pils. 
*423    hirasei,  Pils. 
*586    hiraseana,  Pils. 
*546b  hokkaidoensis,  Pils. 
*789    holotrema,  Pils. 

686    hyperolia,  Mart. 


Fukura,  Awaji,  ..05-. 08 

Goto,  Hizen. 
Senzan,  Awaji. 

Shiujomura,  Tosa. 
Oshima,  Izu,  .05-.08 

Kunchan,  Loochoo. 
Yakushima,  Osumi. 

Jomura,  Kii. 

Banzai,  Awa. 

Kashima,  Harima,  .06-.  10 

Kunchan,  Loochoo,  .08-.  12 

Kunchan,  Loochoo. 

Kikai,  Osumi. 

Tairiuji,  Awa  (Shikoku),     .07-.  10 

Nishigo,  Uzen,  .05-.08 

Miyamura,  Hida,  .  10-.  15 

Kashima,   Harima. 

Miyamura,  Hida,  .10-.  15 

Tomisato,  Kii. 

Myokozan,  Echigo. 

Tanegashima,  Osumi. 

Mikuriya,  Suruga,  ,  .07-.  10 

Ushirogawa,  Tosa. 

Nachi,  Kii,  .07-.  10 

Oshima,  Izu. 

Kashima,  Harima,  .06-.  10 

Tomisato,  Kii. 

Kagoshima,  Satsuma,  .04-.  07 

Okinoshima,  Tosa,  .06-.  10 

Kayabe,  Ojima, 

Nachi,  Kii. 

Oshima,  Izu,  .06-.  10 


HIRASE:  JAPANESE  LAND  SHELLS 


9 


*457    hyperoptyx,  Pils. 
*733    subignobilis,  Pils. 
*486b  iotaptyx,  Pils. 
*292    iotaptyx,  var. 
clava,  Pils. 
*657a  ischna,  Pils. 
*754    jacobiana,  Pils. 
56a  japonica,  Crosse. 
198    japonica,  Crosse. 

(large  var. ) 
*403    japonica,  var.  inter- 

plicata,  Pils. 
11    japonica,  var. 

nipponensis,Kob. 
*56e  japonica,  var.  per- 

obscura,  Pils. 
*657b  kochiensis,  Pils. 
*934    kurozuensis,  Pils. 
564    martensi,  Herklots. 
500    martensi,  var. 

reiniana,  Kob. 
*768    martensi,  var. 

tinctilabris,  Pils. 
737    micropeas,  Mlldff. 

(var.) 

*486a  mikado,  Pils. 
*654    mima,  Pils. 
*762    mitsukurii,  Pils. 
*546a  monelasmus,  Pils. 
*646    munus,  Pils. 
*932    neniopsis,  Pils. 
*652    nesiothauma,  Pils. 
*434    nolani,  Pils. 

463    oostoma,  Mlldff. 
*926    oostoma,  var. 

goniopoma,  Pils. 
*696    oostoma,  var. 

dactylopoma,  Pils. 


Loochoo,  .  05-.  07 

Hirado,  Hizen,  .05-.07 

Ibuki,  Omi,  .08-.  12 

Senzan,  Awaji,  .05-. 08 

Kioragi,  Higo,  .06-10 

Tanegashima,  Osumi,  .05-.  08 

Senzan,  Awaji,  .04-.  06 

Takeya,  Izumo,  .04-.  06 

Nishigo,  Uzen,  .05-.  07 

Kyoto,  Yamashiro,  .03-. 05 

Shirono,  Buzen,  .08-12 

Kioragi,  Higo,  .08-.  12 
Kurozu,  Kii. 

Mikuriya,  Suruga,  .07-.  10 

Ibuki,  Omi,  .07-.  10 

Nachi,  Kii.  .08-.  12 

Mikuriya,  Suruga,  .05-. 08 

Ibuki,  Omi,  .05-08 

Oshima,  Osumi. 

Tomisato,  Kii,  .10-.  15 

Kayabe,  Ojima,  .05-.08 

Oshima,  Osumi,  .06-.  10 

Oshima,  Osumi. 

Oshima,  Osumi,  .10-.  15 

Fukura,  Awaji,  .07-.  12 

Mikuriya,  Suruga,  .04-. 06 

Wakayama,  Kii. 
Kashio,  Awaji. 


10  HIBASE:  JAPANESE  LAND  SHELLS. 

*748    orthatracta,  Pils.  Akasaka,  Mino. 

*674    oscariana,  Pils.  Fukurcgi,  Higo,  .08-.  15 

*653a  oshimee,  Pils.  Oshima,  Osumi. 

*695    oxycyma,  Pils.  Kagoshima,  Satsuma. 

*954    pachyspira,  Pils.  Miyai,  Kii. 

*584    perignobilis,  Pils.  Okinoshima,  Tosa,  .06-10 

*410b  perpallida,  Pils.  Nishigo,  Uzen,  .08-.  12 

*306c  pigra,  Pils.  Kashima,  Harima,  .06-.  10 

*663b  pinto,  Pils.  Tanegashima,  Osumi,  .06-10 

*817    plagioptyx,  Pils.  Goto,  Hizen. 
473    platyauchen,  Mart. 

(var.)  Nishigo,  Uzen,  .05-. 08 

669    platyauchen,  Mart. 

.    (small  var. )  Mikuriya,  Suruga,  .04-. 07 

502    platydera,  var. 

lambda,  Bttg.  Nohara,  Yamato,  .05-08 

*763    platydera,  var. 

kiiensis,  Pils.  Tomisato,  Kii,  .06-.  10 

*434d  platyderula,  Pils.  Aki,  Awa. 

*653b  pseudoshima?,  Pils.  Oshima,  Osumi. 

*664a  ptychocyma,  Pils.  Tanegashima,  Osumi,  .08-.  12 

*664b  ptychocyma,  var. 

yakushimas,  Pils.  Yakushima,  Osumi,  .07-.  10 

*993    sadoensis,  Pils.  Misakimura,  Sado. 

656    schmackeri,  Sykes.  Kochi,  Tosa,  .07-.  10 

987    sericina,  Mlldff.  Omimura,  Echigo. 
*736b  sericina,  var. 

rhopalia,  Pils.  Mikuriya,  Suruga,  .08-.  15 

*506    shikokuensis,  Pils.  Ushirogawa,  Tosa,  .07-.  10 

*820    shikokuensis,  Pils. 

(small  var.)  Tairiuji,  Awa  (Shikoku),     .05-07 
*506c  shikokuensis,  var. 

inokuchiensis,Pils.  Inokuchimura,  Tosa. 
*345    sieboldi,  var. 

diptyx,  Pils.  Hirado,  Hizen,  .04-. 06 

622    stearnsii,  Pijs.  Yaeyama,  Loochoo,  .08-.  12 

*594    stearnsii,  Pils. 

(small  var. )  Loochoo. 


HIRASE:  JAPANESE  LAND  SHELLS.  11 

*670    stereoma,  Pils.  Yakushima,  Osumi,  .08-.  12 

*661    stereoma,  var. 

cognata,  Pils.  Tanegashima,  Osumi,  .06-.  10 

*670a  stereoma,  var. 

hexaptyx,  Pils.  Yakushima,  Osumi. 
*671    stereoma,  var. 

nugax.  Yakushima,  Osumi. 

*505    subaurantiaca,  Pils.  Toyonishikami,  Nagato,        .06-.  10 

*4S8    subjaponica,  Pils.  Ibuki,  Omi,  .05-08 

*766    subulina,  var. 

leucopeas,  Pils.  Tomisato,  Kii. 

*688    surugensis,  Pils.  Mikuriya,  Suruga,  .06-.  10 

*1007    sus,  Pils.  Muya,  Awa. 

*662    tanegashimaB,  Pils.  Tanegashima,  Osumi,  .08-.  12 

*813    tantilla,  Pils.  Goto,  Hizen,  .08-.  12 

8    tau,  Bttg.  Kyoto,  Yamashiro,  .01-.02 

*550    tosana,  Pils.  Ushirogawa,  Tosa,  .07-12 

*638btryoni,  Pils.  Hachijo,  Izu,  .08-.  12 

*S16    una,  Pils.  Goto,  Hizen. 
462    valida,  var. 

fasciata,  Sykes.  Miyako,  Loochoo,  .04-.  06 

*633    valida,  var. 

perfasciata,  Pils.  Kunchan,  Loochoo,  .05-08 

732    (Reinia)  variegata, 

A.  Ad.  Hirado,  Hizen,  .04-.  07 

*942    (Reinia)  variegata, 

var.  nakadai,  Pils.  Hachijojima,  Izu. 

675    vasta,  Bttg.  Fukuregi,  Higo. 

"  CRYSTALLUS." 

*  ...  velatus,  Gude.  Kyoto,  Yamashiro. 

*  ...  sulcatus,  Gude.  Kyoto,  Yamashiro. 

COCHLICOPA. 

362    lubrica,  Mull.  Shikunobe,  Ojima,  .05-.  07 

CYCLOPHORUS. 

2    herklotsi,  Mart.  Kyoto,  Yamashiro,  .02-. 04 


12 


HIRASE:  JAPANESE  LAND  SHELLS. 


*421    herklotsi,  var. 

expallescens,  Ehrm.   Kngoshima,  Satsuma, 


Osbima,  Osumi. 
Kikai,  Osumi, 
Kikai,  Osumi,  (fossil.) 
Loochoo, 


*644    hirasei,  Pils. 

*574    kikaiensis,  Pils. 

*K84b  kikaiensis,  Pils. 

372    turgidus,  Pfr. 

684a  turgidus,  Pfr. 

(fossil,  large  var. )  Kikai,  Osumi, 
*713    turgidus,  var. 

angulatus,  Pils.       Loochoo, 

CYCLOTUS. 

54    campanulatus,  Mart.  Senzan,  Awaji, 
*612    hirasei, -Pils.  Loochoo, 

*307    micron,  Pils. 


Kashima,  Harima, 


DIPLOMMATINA. 


*604    cassa,  Pils. 

512    collarifera,  S.  &  B. 
*870    dormitor,  Pils. 
*620    insularum,  Pils. 
*S22    kiiensis,  Pils. 
*305b  kobelti,  Ehrm. 
*812    kobelti,  var. 

ampla,  Pils. 
*629    luchuana,  Pils. 

805a  nipponensis,  Mlldff. 
*647    oshimse,  Pils. 
*836a  pudica,  Pils. 

521    pusilla,  Mart. 
*487    pusilla,  var. 

omiensis,  Pils. 
*649    saginata,  Pils. 
*639    septentrionalis,  Pils. 
*668    tanegashima?,  Pils. 
*296    tenuiplica,  Pils. 
*64S    turris,  Pils. 
*510    uzenensis,  Pils. 
*679    yakushimse,  Pils. 


Kodakari,  Hida, 
Ibuki,  Omi, 
Kikaigashima,  Osumi. 
Yaeyama,  Loochoo, 
Tairiuji,  Awa  (Shikoku), 
Kashima,  Harima, 

Goto,  Hizen, 
Kunchan,  Loochoo. 
Kashima,  Harima, 
Oshima,  Osumi. 
Nachi,  Kii, 
Kashima,  Harima, 

Ibuki,  Omi, 
Oshima,  Osumi, 
Kaj-abe,  Ojima, 
Tanegashima,  Osumi, 
Kashima,  Harima, 
Oshima,  Osumi, 
Nishigo,  Uzen, 
Yakushima,  Osumi, 


.05-.  07 

,06-.  10 
.10-.  15 
.03 -.05 

.10-.  15 
.12-.  20 

.04-.  06 
.06-.  10 
.03-.  05 

.04-.  07 
.04-.  07 

.05-.  08 
.05-.  08 
.04-.  06 

.05-.  08 
.04-.  06 

.06-.  08 
.04-.  07 

.04^.07 
.06-.  10 
.05-.  08 
.06-.  10 
.04-.06 
.06-.  10 
.05-.  08 
.06-.  10 


HIRASE:  JAPANESE  LAND  SHELLS.  13 

ENNEA. 

*295    iwakawa,  Pils.  Kashima,  Harima,  .04-. 06 

*680    iwakawa,  var. 

yakushimas,  Pils.    Yakushima,  Osumi,  .05-. 08 

EULOTA  (AEGISTA). 

*451    aperta,  Pils.  Fukura,  Awaji,  .07-.  12 

*761    aperta,  var. 

cavata,  Pils.  Tomisato,  Kii,  .08-.  12 

*787    aperta,  var. 

trachyderma,  Pils.  Ikoma,  Kii. 
*937    aperta,  var. 

mikuriyensis,Pils.  Mikuriya,  Suruga. 

343    fried eliana,  Mart.        Hirado,  Hizen,  .04-.  07 

*960    intonsa,  Pils.  &  Hir.  Snimura,  Awa. 

288    kobensis,  S.  &  B.        Kyoto,  Yamashiro,  .10-,  15 

*969    kobensis,  var. 

gotoensis,  P.  &  H.  Goto,  Hizen. 

*353    martensiana,  Pils.       Sedake,  Osumi,  .15-.  25 

*929    minima,  Pils.  Oshima,  Osumi. 

*590    mimula,  Pils.  Kayabe,  Ojima,  .08-.  12 

*753    mimuloides,  Gude.     Itanami,  Omi. 
475    oculus,  Pfr.  Loochoo,  .Od-.12 

998    subchinensis,  Nev.      Loochoo. 
272    vermis,  Rve.  Loochoo,  .20-.  30 

EULOTA  (COELORUS). 

*9    cavicollis,  Pils.  Kyoto,  Yamashiro,  .06-.  10 

*815    caviconus,  Pils.  Goto,  Hizen. 

EULOTA   (EUHADRA). 

359    blakeana,  Newc. 

var.  blakei,  Kob.  Shikunobe,  Ojima,  .10-.  15 

528    blakeana,  var. 

sericea,  Gude.  Nobusayama,  Teshiwo. 

271    caliginosa,  Ad.  &  R.  Yaeyama,  Loochoo,  .08-.  12 

224    callizona,  var. 

amaliae,  Kob.  Tadachi,  Shinano,  .05-. 08 


14  HIRASE:  JAPANESE  LAND  SHELLS. 

82    callizona,  var. 

congenita,  Smith.   Kobe.  Settsu. 
*87    callizona,  var. 

dixoni,  Pils.  Inga,  Hoki,  .12-.  20 

399    callizona,  var. 

maritima,  P.  &  G.  Hagi,  Nagato,  .05-08 

*239    callizona,  var. 

minor,  Gude.  Hagi,  Nagato,  .06-10 

393    connivens,  Pfr.  Itoman,  Loochoo,  .04-.  06 

472    connivens,  var. 

phaeogramma,  Anc.  Kikai,  Osumi,  .05-.08 

*556    grata,  Gude.  Nishigo,  Uzen,  .30-.50 

73    luhuana,  Sowb.  Hirado,  Hizen,  .04-.07 

*547    luhuana,  var. 

aomoriensis,  G.,  P.     Chojamura,  Mutsu,  .08-.  15 

*186b  luhuana,  var. 

arimensis,  G.,  P.    Tadachi,  Shinano. 
248    luhuana,  var. 

eoa,  Crosse.  Mikuriya,  Suruga,  .10-.  15 

199    luhuana,  var. 

idzumonis,  P.  &  G.    Takeya,  Idzumo. 
*73b  luhuana,  var. 

nesiotica,  Pils.         Tanegashima,  Osumi. 
*682    luhuana,  var. 

pachya,  Pils.          Kikai,  Osumi,  (fossil)  .15-.  20 

19    luhuana,  var. 

tsushimana,  Mlldff.    Izuhara,  Tsushima,  .04-. 07 

*116    luna,  Pils.  Iwamizawa,  Ishikari. 

371    mercatoria,  Gray.        Loochoo,  .05-.08 

496    mercatoria,  var. 

atrata,  Pils.  Kunchan,  Loochoo,  .10-.  30 

*683    mercatoria,  var. 

daBmonorum,  Pils.  Kikai,  Osumi,  (fossil.)         .15-. 20 
*357    oshima?,  Pils.  Oshima,  Osumi,  .15-.  30 

231    peliomphala,  Pfr.        Gomei,  Kai,  .05-.08 

319    peliomphala,  Pfr. 

(large  var.)  Kyoto,  Yamashiro,  .08— .1.5 

560    peliomphala,  var. 

brandtii,  Kob.         Manabe,  Hitachi,  .07-.  10 


HIRASE:  JAPANESE  LAND  SHELLS.  15- 

90    peliomphala,  var. 

herklotsi,  Mart.  Kyoto,  Yamashiro,  .04-.  06 

139    peliomphala,  var. 

nimbosa,  Crosse.         Toyado,  Shimotsuke. 
*358    peliomphala,  var.  sep- 

tentrionalis,  Ehrm.     Shikunobe,  Ojima,  .06-.  10 

402    quaesita,  Desh.  Nishigo,  Uzen,  .05-.  08 

*994    sadoensis,  Pils.&Hir.  Sotokaifumura,  Sado. 

225    scaevola,  Mart.  Ibuki,  Omi,  .20-.  30 

186a  senckenbergiana,  K.    Kokubu,  Hida,  .15-.25 
199    senckenbergiana, 

Kob.  (var.)  Takeya,  Tzumo,  .08-.  15 

*828    senckenbergiana,  var. 

awaensis,  Pils.        Suimura,  Awa  (Shikoku),  .20-.  30 

*660    submandarina,  Pils.   Tanegashima,  Osumi,  .12— .20 

*835a  submandarina,  Pils.    Kikai,  Osumi,  (fossil.)  .15-. 25 
*777    submandarina,  var. 

compacta,  Pils.       Yakushima,  Osumi,  .25-.  35 
*672    submandarina,  var. 

magna,  Pils.  Yakushima,  Osumi. 

291    yaeyamensis,  Pils.      Loochoo,  .40— .60 

EULOTA   (EULOTELLA). 

4    siinilaris,  Fer.  Kyoto,  Yamashiro,  .02-.  04 

545    commoda,  A.  Ad.        Kayabe,  Ojima,  .06-.  10 

EULOTA   (PLECTOTROPIS). 

*431    aemula,  Gude.  Takeya,  Izumo,  .06-.  10 

*774    deflexa,  Pils.  Tobishima,  Ugo,  .12-.  20 

396    elegantissima,  Pfr.      Naha,  Loochoo,  .05-.  08 
*536    elegantissima,  var. 

cara,  Pils.  Kunchan,  Loochoo,  .07-.  12 

*943    hachijoensis,  Pils.       Hachijo-jima,  Izu. 

*407    horrida,  Pils.  Nishigo,  Uzen,  .12-.20 

*596    inornata,  Pils.  Yaeyama,  Loochoo,  .15-.  35 

*479    kiusiuensis,  Pils.         Kikai,  Osumi,  .15-.  25 
*914    kiusiuensis,  var. 

oshimana,  P.  &  H.  Oshima,  Osumi. 


16  HIRASE:  JAPANESE  LAND  SHELLS. 

*464    lepidophora,  Gude.  Loochoo,  .04-. 07 

273    mackensii, 

A.  Ad.  &  Rve.  Yaeyama,  Loochoo,  .10-.  15 

*752    omiensis,  Pils.  Itanami,  Omi,  .15-.25 

*752a  omiensis,  var. 

echizenensis,  Pils.  Arato,  Echizen. 

*773    pannosa,  Pils.  Atsumi,  Uzen,  .12-.20 

461    scepasma,  Pfr.  Loochoo,  .06-.  10 

*694    shikokuensis,  Pils.  Yoshida,  lyo. 

110    trochula,  A.  Ad.  Izuhara,  Tsushima,  .05-.08 

lOa  vulgivaga,  S.  &  B.  Kyoto,  Yamashiro,  .05-08 

lOb  vulgivaga,S.&B.var.  Ibuki,  Omi,  .05-.08 

*825    vulgivaga,  var. 

lanx,  Pils.  Suimura,  Awa  (Shikoku),    .10-.  15 

EULOTA   (ACUSTA). 

894    despecta,  Gray.  Naha,  Loochoo,  .04-.  07 

459    despecta,  Gray. 

(large  var.)  Loochoo. 
685    despecta,  Gray. 

(large  var.,  fossil. )  Kikai,  Osuini. 
*474a  despecta,  var. 

kikaiensis,  Pils.  Kikai,  Osumi. 

*249    gainesi,  Pils.  Ushika,  Teshiwo,  .10-.  15 

216    gainesi,  var. 

gudeana,  Pils.  Kiyokawa,  Ojima,  .06-.  10 

409    sieboldiana,  Pfr.  Nishigo,  Uzen,  .03-.  05 

*14    sieboldiana,  var. 

minor,  Gude.  Kyoto,  Yamashiro. 

GANESELLA. 

*352    adelinaB,  Pils.  Oshima,  Osumi,  .25-.  40 

*783b  cristata,  Pils.  Nachi,  Kii. 
*975    cardiostoma,  var. 

kagaensis,  P.  &  H.  Hakusan,  Kaga. 

*734    fausta,  Pils.  Mikuriya,  Suruga. 

*508    ferruginea,  Pils.  Ushirogawa,  Tosa,  .10-.  15 

*309    jacobii,  Pils.  Ibuki,  Omi,  .15-.  25 

12    japonica,  Pfr.  Kyoto,  Yamashiro,  .07-.  12 


HIRASE:  JAPANESE  LAND  SHELLS.  17 

*513a  japonica,  var.  cari- 

nata,  Pils.  &  Gul.  Ibuki,  Omi,                             .10-.  15 
*548a  japonica,  var. 

granulosa,  Pils.  Kyoto,  Yamashiro,                .07-.  12 
*252    japonica,  var. 

heteroglypta,  Pils.  Fukura,  Awaji,  .10-.  15 
106    japonica,  var. 

satsuma,  Pils.  Kamo,  Shima. 
460    largillierti,  var. 

cincta,  Pils.  Loochoo,                                 .08-.  12 
535    largillierti,  var. 

cosmia,  Pils.  Shimaziri,  Loochoo,               .08-.  12 

74    myomphala,  Mart.  Hirado,  Hizen,                       .15-. 25 
328    myomphala,  var. 

fusca,  Gude.  Kokubu,  Hida,                      .15-. 25 
96    myomphala,  var. 

minor,  Gude.  Toyonishikami,  Nagato,        .10-.  15 
*260    myomphala,  var. 

omphalodes,  Pils.  Omikado,  Inaba. . 

*289c  notoensis,Pils.&Hir.  Kitanosho,  Noto. 

*824    optima,  Pils.  Suimura,  Awa  (Shikoku). 

*61    pagodula,  Ehrm.  Nohara,  Yamato,                    .12-.20 

*78S    selasia,  Pils.  Nachi,  Kii. 

*834    sororcula,  Pils.  Kikai,  Osumi  (fossil). 

289    stearnsii,  Pils.  Kyoto,  Yamashiro,                .30-. 40 

*689a  tanegashimaB,  Pils.  Tanegashima,  Osumi. 
*689b  tanegashimaB,  var. 

dtilcis,  Pils.  Tanegashima,  Osumi. 

*577    wiegmanniana,  Pils.  Kochi,  Tosa.                           .10-.  15 

GEORISSA. 

*471    japonica,  Pils.  '  Kashima,  Harima,                 .04-.07 

*623b  luchuana,  Pils.  Yaeyama.  Loochoo. 

HIRASEA. 

*897    acuta,  Pils.  Imotoshima,  Ogasawara. 

*848    acutissima,  Pils.  Hahajima,  Ogasawara. 

*849    biconcava,  Pils.  Hahajima,  Ogasawara.           .10-.  15 


18 


HIRASE:  JAPANESE  LAND  SHELLS. 


*800    chichijimana,  Pils.  Chichijima,  Ogasawara. 

^863    diplomphalus,  Pils.  Chichijima,  Ogasawara. 

*847    eutheca,  Pils.  Hahajima,  Ogasawara. 

*864    goniobasis,  Pils.  Chichijima,  Ogasawara. 

*850   hypolia,  Pils.  Hahajima.  Ogasawara, 

*865    major,  Pils.  Chichijima,  Ogasawara. 
*854    (Fametesta)mirabilis, 

Pils.  Hahajima,  Ogasawara. 

^801    nesiotica,  Pils.  Hahajima,  Ogasawara, 

*863c  profundispira,  Pils.  Chichijima,  Ogasawara. 

*802    sinuosa,  Pils.  Hahajima,  Ogasawara, 


.08-.  15 

.10-.  15 
.10-.15 


^867    clara,  Pils. 


HIRASIELLA. 

Chichijima,  Ogasawara. 


*806    capsula,  Pils. 
595    hakodadiensis, 

Hartm. 
*852    hirasei,  Pils. 

759    japonica,  A.  Ad. 
*575    japonica,  var. 

uzenensis,  Pils. 
^808  ogasawarana,  Pils. 
^809  ogasawarana,  var. 

discrepans,  Pils. 
*862    ogasawarana,  var. 

optima,  Pils. 
*558    osumiensis,  Pils. 
308    reinii,  Kob. 


HELICINA. 

Hahajima,  Ogasawara. 

Kayabe,  Ojima, 
Hahajima,  Ogasawara, 
Tobishima,  Ugo  (type  loc. ), 

Nishigo,  Uzen, 
Hahajima,  Ogasawara, 

Chichijima,  Ogasawara. 

Chichijima,  Ogasawara. 
Kikai,  Osumi, 
Ibuki,  Omi, 


,05-.  08 
.10-.  15 
.08-.  12 

,06-.  10 
.10-.  15 


*55    reinii,  var.  expolita, 

Pils.  Senzan,  Awaji, 

*991    sadoensis,  Pils.&Hir.  Sotokaifa,  Sado. 


470    verecunda,  Gld. 
*624    yaeyamensis,  Pils. 
:*807b  yoshiwarana,  Pils. 
*807a  yoshiwarana,  var. 
arata,  Pils. 


Loochoo, 

Yaeyama,  Loochoo, 
Hahajima,  Ogasawara. 

Hahajima,  Ogasawara. 


,05-.  08 
,04-.  06 

.03-.  05 

.04-.  07 
.04-.  07 


HIRASE:  JAPANESE  LAND  SHELLS. 


*S57    yoshiwarana,  var. 

microtheca,  Pils.     Hahajima,  Ogasawara, 


KALIELLA. 


448    acutangula,  A.  Ad. 
*627    austeniana,  Pils. 
*641    borealis,  Pils. 
*482    ceratodes,  Gude. 
*518    circumcincta,  Reinh. 

var.  elata,  Gude. 
*609    crenulata,  Gude. 
*519    fraterna,  Pils. 
*678    guclei,  Pils.  &  Hir. 
*655    harimensis,  Pils. 
*971    kagaensis, 

Pils.  &  Hir. 
*697    kyotoensis,  Pils. 
*678    gudei,  Pils.  &  Hir. 
* .  .  .  lioderma,  Pils. 
*941    hachijoensis,  Pils. 
*892    hizenensis,  Pils. 
*720    modesta,  Pils; 
*300    multivolvis,  Pils. 
*466    nahaensis,  Gude. 
*625b  nahaensis,  var. 

kunchana,  Pils. 
*490    nanodes,  Gude. 
*846    ogasawarana,  Pils. 
okiana,  Pils. 
pagoduloides,  Gude. 
*952    pallida,  Pils. 
*743    prsealta,  Pils. 
*302    reinhardti,  Pils. 
^607    ruida,  Pils. 
*  .  .  .  subcrenulata,  Pils. 
*625a  yaeyamensis,  Pils. 
*606a  yamatoensis,  Pils. 


Kyoto,  Yamashiro, 
Yaeyama,  Loochoo. 
Kayabe,  Ojima. 
Kashima,  Harima. 

i 

Kashima,  Harima. 
Kochi,  Tosa. 
Kashima,  Harima. 
Kayabe,  Ojima. 
Kashima,  Ojima, 

Hakusan,  Kaga. 
Kyoto,  Yamashiro, 
Kayabe,  Ojima, 
Kashima,  Harima. 
Hachijo-jima,  Izu. 
Hirado,  Hizen. 
Oshima,  Higo. 
Kashima,  Harima, 
Loochoo, 

Kunchan,  Loochoo. 
Kyoto,  Yamashiro. 
Hahajima,  Ogasawara, 
Hirado,  Hizen. 
Kashima,  Harima. 
Hachijo-jima,  Izu. 
Ryozen,  Omi. 
Kashima,  Harima, 
Gojo,  Yamato. 
Kochi,  Tosa. 
Yaeyama,  Loochoo, 
Gojo,  Yamato, 


19 
.08-.  12 

.05-.  08 


.06-.  10 


.05-08 
.08-.  12 


.05-.  08 
.04-.  07 


10-.  15 


,05-.  07 


.06-.10 
.06-.  10 


20  HIRASE:  JAPANESE  LAND  SHELLS. 

LEPTOPOMA. 
275    vitreum,  Less.  Yaeyama,  Loochoo,  .05-.  08 

MACROCHLAMYS. 

*S38    cerasina,  Pils.  Tobishima,  Ugo,  .08-.  15 

*S21    cerasina,  var. 

awaensis,  Pils.  Tairiuji,  Awa  (Shikoku),     .08-.  12 

495    doenitzi,  Reinh.  Kyoto,  Yamashiro, 

*785    dulcis,  Pils.  Nachi,  Kii. 

*465    fulgens,  Gude.  Loochoo, 

*635    giidei,  Pils.  Kunchan,  Loochoo. 

*974    kagaensis,  Pils.  Hakusan,   Kaga. 

*2S2    micrograpta,  Pils.  Kashima,  Harima. 

*637    perfragilis,  Pils.  Kunchan,  Loochoo. 
*1000    perfragilis,  var. 

shikokuensis,  Pils.  Kotsuzan,  Awa. 

935a  semisericata,  Pils.  Kurozu,  Kii. 

*666    tanegashimse,  Pils.  Tanegashima,  Osumi, 

MANDARINA. 

*805    exoptata,  Pils.  Hahajima,  Ogasawara,  .25-.  40 

*S45    exoptata,  var. 

obtusa.  Pils.  Hahajima,  Ogasawara. 

*860    hirasei,  Pils.  Chichijima,  Ogasawara, 

467a  mandarina,  Gray.      Hahajima,  Ogasawara, 
*858    mandarina,  var. 

hahajimana,  Pils.  Hahajima,  Ogasawara,          .20-.  41 

*467b  mandarina,  var. 

ponderosa,  Pils.     Hahajima,  Ogasawara, 

*896    mandarina,  var. 

conus,  Pils.  Imotoshima,  Ogasawara. 

906    ruschenbergeriana, 

Pils  Ghichijima,  Ogasawara. 

859    pallasiana,  Pfr.          Chichijima,  Ogasawara. 

MELAMPUS. 

446    caffer,  Krauss.  Hirado,  Hizen,  .03-.05 


HIRASE:  JAPANESE  LAND  SHELLS. 


21 


MICROCYSTINA. 

i9    circuindata,  Pils.       Hachijojima,  Izu. 
*482     ceratodes,  Glide.          Kashima,   Hariina. 
*667    hiraseana,  Pils. 
*803    hahajimana,  Pils. 
*973    nuda,  Pils. 


,  (  )sumi. 

Hahajiina,  Ogasa  \\ara. 
Hakusan,   Kaga. 


483    sinapidium.  Reinh.  Kashima,  Hariina, 

*900    yakuensis,  Pils.  Yakusliima,  Osuini. 
*1002    higashiyamana, 

&  Hir. ,  Higashiyama,  Awa. 


NESOPUPA. 

dedeoora,  Pils.  Hahajinm,  Ogasa  \\ara, 


OMPHALOTROPIS. 

*588    japonica,  Pils.  Kashivvasbiina,  Tosa. 


*286a  brevispira,  Pils. 

456a  gracilis,  Hutt. 
*286b  kashima?,  Pils. 
*3l3b  kyotoensis,  Pils. 
*456b  obesispira,  Pils. 

313a  pyrgula,  A.  Ad. 


673    japonica,  Mlldff. 


OPEAS. 

Kashirna,  Hariina, 

Loochoo, 

Kashima,  Hariina. 

Kyoto,  Yamashiro, 

Loochoo, 

Kyoto,  Yamasbiro, 

OTESIA. 
Kagoshima,  Satsuma. 


PUNCTUM. 
*553    amblygonum,  var. 

pretiosum,  Gude.    Fukura,  Awaji, 
*517    japonicum,  Pils.          Kashima,  Hariina. 
*553b  morseanum,  Pils.        Hirado,  Hizen. 

PUPINELLA. 

*665a  funatoi,  Pils.  Tanegashima,  Osunri, 

*645    oshima?,  Pils.  Oshima,  Osumi, 

51    rufa,  Sowb.  Senzan,  Awaji, 

*731b  rufa,  var.  alba,  Pils.  Hirado,  Hizen, 


.06-.  12 
.08-.  12 

.06-.  10 


.08-.  12 
.05-.  08 

.08-.  12 
.05-.  07 
.04-.  07 
.04-.  07 
.0.5-.  07 
.04-.  07 


,04-.  07 


.06-.  10 
.06-.  10 
.03-.  05 
.06-.  10 


24  HTRASE:  JAPANESE  LAND  SHELLS. 

TROCHOMORPHA. 

*650    gouldiana,  Pils.  Oshima,  Osnmi,  .06-.  10 

631    horiomphala,  Pfr. 

(fritzei,  Bttg.  )         Kunchan,  Loochoo. 

TRUNCATELLA. 
*811c  kiusiuensis,  Pils.         Tanegashima,  Osumi,  .05-. 08 

VERTIGO. 

*570    hirasei,  Pils.  Yanagawa,  Chikugo. 

VALLONIA. 

281    ten  era,  Reinh.  Osaka,  Setts  u. 

ZONITOIDES. 

1005    arboreus,  Say.  Tokyo. 

554    minusculus,  Binn.       Fukura,  Awaji,  .04-.07 

*951    subarboreus,  Pils.        Hachijojima,  Izu. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE. 

Fig.  1.   Ganesella  myomphala  Martens.     Hirado,  Hizen. 

Fig.  2.   Clausilia  martensi  var.  reiniana  Kob.     Ibuki,  Omi. 

Fig.  3.   Eulota  callizona  var.  dixoni  Pils.     Takeya,  Idzumo. 

Fig.  4.  Eulota  senckenbergiana  var.  awaensis  Pils.  Suimura, 
Awa. 

Figs.  f»,  6.   Eulota  elegantissima  var.  cara  Pils.      Riukiu. 

Fig.  7.  Mandarina  mandarina  var.  trifasciata  Pils.  Nakano- 
shima,  Ogasawara. 

Fig.  8.   Fametesta  mirabilis  Pils.     Hahajima,  Ogasawara. 

Fig.  9.   Hirasea  profundispira  Pils.     Chichijima,  Ogasawara. 

Fig.  10.   Hirnsiella  clara  Pils.     Chichijima,  Ogasawara. 

Fig.  11.   Cyclophorus  hirasei  Pils.     Oshima,  Osumi. 

Fig.  12.   Pupinella  oshimas  Pils.     Oshima,  Osumi. 

Fig.  13.   Ganesella  largillierti  Phil.     Riukiu. 

Figures  8,  9,  10,  12  are  enlarged,  the  others  are  natural  size. 


JAPANESE    LAND    SHELLS. 


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